• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.275-281
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• 2013

Low temperature is one of the major environmental factors that affect productivity including reduced growth and budding of vines, and changes of metabolic processes in grape (Vitis spp.). To screen the specific expression of abiotic stress-related genes against cold treatment in 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early' grapevines, expression of various defense-related genes was investigated by RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Among the 67 genes analyzed by RT-PCR and real-time PCR, 17 and 16 types of cDNA were up-regulated, while 5 and 6 types were down-regulated in cold-treated 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early' grapevines, respectively. Genes encoding carotene (Cart3564 and Cart4472), chalcone isomerase (CHI), cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavonol synthase (FLS), endo-${\beta}$-glucanase precursor (Glu), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), leucine-rich repeats (LRR), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP), proline rich protein 2 (PRP2), small heat shock protein (sHSP), temperature induced lipocalin (TIL), and thaumatin-like protein (TLP) were up-regulated, while those encoding CBF like transcription factor (CBF1), chitinase-like protein (CLP), cold induced protein (CIP), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) were down-regulated by low temperature treatment in both in 'Kyoho' and 'Campbell Early'.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2017

Background: This study was aimed to determine the optimal vine induction method for growing of Korean schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), by comparing plant growth and fruit yields between plants grown with either fence-type (U-type) or A-type induction. Methods and Results: Plants were transplanted on August 17, 2014, and the plant height, stem node number and weight were measured every two weeks, six times from June 17, 2016. The plant height, stem node number, and leaf length and width were higher with the A-type than with the U-type induction, by approximately 37.0%, 49.1%, 27.6%, and 12.7%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the photosynthesis rates of plants grown with the two vine induction method, the leaf area and leaf number per plant were higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type, by approximately 23.7% and 46.0%, respectively. The number of green-color pixels, in a defined area of digital camera images of creeper leaves from the inducted vines, was significantly higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type. The number of fruit clusters per plant was approximately 26 and 36, under the U-type and A-type, respectively. A two fold higher total fruit weight per plant was observed in the plants grown under the A-type (250 g/plant) than the U-type (120 g/plant). Conclusions: The A-type vine induction method is optimal for cultivation of Korean schisandra.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.231-245
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• 2010

The the purpose of this study was to analyze of the vegetation structure and phytosociological changes in the area adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress for fifteen years. The result of this study was as follows; Of the 8 quadrates, site of the North Gate 2 was having a highest in the number of extinct trees, 15 kinds. This is probably due to trampling effect caused by climbers' steps. Site of the West Gate 1 and South gate 1 each had 8 kinds of extinct trees, respectively. The number of newly appeared trees was highest at site of the North Gate 1, (8 kinds) followed by the sites of South gate 1 and South gate 2, respectively (5 kinds). The highest decrease in number of tree species was observed in North Gate 1, therefore, there is a strong relationship between vegetation diversity and the number of users of the available spaces. In order to revitalize the unstable vegetation structure of the Area Adjacent to GeumJeong Mountain Fortress, Robinia pseudo-acacia has to be well maintained in the shrub tree layer, and vines, such as Smilax china, Humulus japonicus, and Pueraria thungergiana, should be removed. To recover natural vegetation, dead leaf layer should be protected, and more shrub trees need to be planted. In the understory and shrub tree layer, multi layer tree planting is highly recommended to recover natural vegetation and increase tree diversity. In order to improve bad soil condition caused by trampling effect of recreational users, special treatments to the soil structure are required, such as mulching and raking soil. Also, depending on its soil damage from users trampling, the areas in the park should be divided into usable areas and user limited areas by the sabbatical year system. To improve the soil acidity due to acidic rain, soil buffering ability should be improved by activating microorganisms in the soil by using lime and organic material.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.400-403
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of mechanization on lavor-saving in sweetpotato cultivation. The field experiment was conducted from 2005 to 2006 in Mokpo Experiment Station of the National Institute of Crop Science. In order to determine the efficiency of mechanical harvesting, different harvesting methods were compared. Mechanical harvesting method was done as follows: cutting of vines by machine, removal of plastic film mulching, and harvesting by two-row and one-row harvesting system. The result showed harvesting labor was decreased by 66.6% in two-row harvesting. The ratio of damaged sweetpotato by mechanical harvesting decreased by 49.4% in two-row and 38.4% in one-row harvesting compared to conventional method. The total labor cost was saved by 48.2% - 70.4% using mechanical method. In addition, the total income also increased by ca. 62.9% - 81.2%. Thus, it was concluded that mechanical harvesting is more efficient and economical method than conventional one.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2 s.109
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• pp.32-47
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate and propose a green-wall system with evergreen plants for urban greening of Tongyeong City. To achieve these goals, the requirements and possibilities for wall greening were investigated and evaluated considering the location, topography, and climate of Tongyeong City. Existing walls were analyzed and then a suitable green wall system is proposed. Tongyeong City and its 151 islands covers the central and the southern parts of the Goseong peninsula. Most of the land is covered with hills and mountains; $43.9\%$ of the land area has a slope greater than $15\%$ and most hills and mountains near the urban area have a slope of more than $30\%$. As a result of the topographical properties, concrete retaining walls can often be seen along the streets in urbanized areas. These retaining walls are not only unattractive, but they also create environmental problems, and thus should be replaced with native evergreen plants. Options for replacing the retaining walls include evergreen vine-plants such as Hedaa spp. and Euonymus radicans, but native evergreen shrubs such as Pittosporum tobira, Nandina domestica, Raphiolepis umbellata, Ilex cornuta, flex crenata, Fatsia japonic, and Aucuba japonica may be a more attractive option. Current wall conditions are unsuitable for planting vines, therefore, a reservoir-drainage-type plant box filled with a light artificial substrate is required for greening these concrete retaining walls. These might be irrigated in the dry season and fertilized annually by an appropriate system. These plant boxes could be attached along the entire walls. An experiment investigating effects of substrates and bark-chip mulching on the growth of Hedera spp. showed that the mixture of cerasoil and field soil(v/v, 4:6) was superior to field soil alone and to the mixture of perlite small grain, large grain, and field soil(v/v/v, 2:2:6). Bark-chip mulching tended to increase the growth of Hedera spp..

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2002

Grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae(Fitch), is a destructive grape insect pest because it forms root galls and kills the plant by directly destroying root system. The effects of insecticide treatments were examined to establish the chemical control system of phylloxera, and the damage by this insect was investigated in grapevine yards. The treatments of 40kg carbofuran 3GR per ha and carbosulfan 20WP of 10$\ell$ (1,000$\times$) per tree successfully reduced phylloxera densities. After the insecticide treatments in early season, the phylloxera population rebuilt up again at harvest season. In a grapevine yard where two times of carbofuran treatment (mid-May and post-harvest treatment) were applied a year from 1998 to 2000, total yield per ha in 2000 showed an increase of 30% over that of 1998. But the yield in 2000 was low 20% compared to the average standard yield of Korean grapevine yards. In a grapevine yard without chemical treatment during the same years, total yield per ha in 2000 showed 53% reduction compared to that of 1998. Also, damaged vines by phylloxera abruptly increased from 3% in 1998 to 50% in 2000.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.335-339
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• 2001

Grapevine leafroll-associated 3 closterovirus (GLRaV-3) is phloem limited virus, and one of the most severe viral diseases found in Korea. However, nonhomogenous distribution and low concentration and seasonal variations of GLRaV-3 in grapevines remain as main problems which prevent the introduction and molecular biology or serology experiments. Virus-infected plantlet in vitro was obtained from node tissue cuttings, which was GLRaV-3 infected 'kyoho' vines. The amount of purified virus was highest in vitro plantlet. Moreover, viruses seem to be relatively homogeneously distributed in all organs including leaf, stem and callus derived from in vitro plantlets. RT-PCR detection using in vitro plantlet tissue as template was most effective. When comparing ELISA to RT-PCR, RT-PCR detection was 1,000 times as effective as ELISA. These results can be explained by improved quality such as tenderness or less tannins in plantlet in vitro. In conclusion, until infected herbaceous host will be available, tissue culture can be usefully adopted as a technique for a good source of GLRaV-3 closterovirus for further studies.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 1997

Etiological and ecopathological studi88888es on the leaf blight of kiwifruit (Chinese gooseberry), a disease newly found in 1993 in Korea, were carried out in this experiment. The leaf blight symptom was prevalent in the southern area of Chonnam Province where kiwifruits were widely cultivated. The disease occurred from July to fall, causing early defoliation of kiwifruit vines. Small brownish circular or irregular lesions appeared initially on the leaves, starting from the marginal leaf areas, and enlarged. Afterwards small grayish black granules (acervuli) were formed on the lesions. The color of old lesions changed to grayish brown or grayish white. The causal fungus was identified as Pestalotiopsis menezesiana (Bress. & Torr.) Bissett according to its morphological characters and pathogenicity (pathogenic to Chinese gooseberry and grapevine, but not to other hosts of Pestalotiopsis spp.such as tea, apple, persimmon, and chestnut). As P. longiseta and P. neglecta were reported recently in Japan as pathogens causing similar blight symptoms in kiwifruit, P. menezesiana is a new leaf blight pathogen in kiwifruit. Development of the disease was stimulated by wounding, prevailing wind, and drought. The causal fungus was proven to be overwintered in the diseased leaves on the ground surface.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1999

Ultraviolet light is required for the sporulation of Didymella bryoniae, a gummy stem blight fungus in cucurbits such as watermelon, melon, oriental melon, cucumber and pumpkin. In this experiment, the upper limit of wave length for the production of pycnidia of D. bryoniae was 365 nm - 375 nm. Two plastic houses were covered with either common transparent film (wave length longer than 225 nm is transmitted) or UV-absorbing film ( wave lenght shorter than 388 nm is absorbed). In both houses, seedlings inoculated with D. bryoniae were placed in the center of the house at 30 days after transplantation of watermelon (cv. Whanhoseong), and the disease incidences between the houses were compared until 80 days after transplantation. The number of disease lesions and incidence of pycnidia-producing lesions under the UV-absorbing film were reduced by 90% and 80%, respectively, compared to the common transparent film. The internode lengths of plants grown in the two houses were not significantly different, but the plants grown under the UV-absorbing film had longer vines and more leaves than plants under the common transparent film. However, fruit characters such as weight, length, width, rind thick and brix, were not different between the two houses. Occurrence of aphids was reduced in the UV-absorbing film, but those of mites or diseases (powdery mildew and sooty mold) were not different between the houses. These results suggest that disease incidence of gummy stem blight of watermelon in the greenhouse can be controlled by the use of UV-absorbing film.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.467-472
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• 2013

Twenty and 16 accessions of the countrywide weedy melon (Cucumis melo var. agrestis) collections were evaluated in 1986 and 1990, respectively. There was a good variation in the plant height and their leaves were small in general. In sex expression, 30 of the accessions were andromonoecious, 4 were monoecious and 2 were hermaphrodite. Female flower set on main stems was extremely rare except for on hermaphrodite. On andromonoecious and monoecious plants, abundant female flowers set at the 1st and 2nd node of branch vines. Bitter taste was found in the young fruits of all the accessions tested. Mature fruits were dark yellow, yellow, light yellow or milky white in color, small in size, and very low in sweet taste. The number of seeds per fruit varied from 50.6 to 158.4 showing the characteristics of wild species for perpetuation in wild.