• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.295-307
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• 2001

This study was investigated to a effect of sociocultural environment on the vicissitudes of headgear in Europe on 19th Century. Form of headgear was increasingly more functional and simple. It was needed various items with various usage. Since Industrial Revolution the french Revolution. A diffusion of sport and increase of leisure time gave rise to entrance of mass headgear with reasonability and simplicity. But female headgear was more decorative than males. Until late 19th century when female has participated in social performance, female headgear was not functional and simple form. More often female took male headgear(fedora, straw boater, cap, tc.) than bonnet when female role-awareness was changed and sport is diffused.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.73-80
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• 2019

This paper tried to investigate the features of French garden pavillons (jardin pavillons) in the 17th and 18th centuries, in which the royal built them, publicly enjoying culture or privately having a refuge. The scope of the garden pavilions covered those associated with a pleasure place that accommodated performances, dancing, and dinners. They included not only rustic, Chinese, Turkish and Gothic pavilions but also grottos, nymphaeums, and artificial ruins built for banquets and festivals. This paper identified the features of the 17th and 18th century French garden pavilions as follows: Those pavilions firstly established French Neoclassicism, secondly applied the techniques of pastiche, thirdly reflected women's influence, and lastly revealed the short cycles of their vicissitudes. In conclusion this study, with the summary of the main text, explained the influence of the French pavilions on Europe and America.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 1978

The costume, considered as a manner of clothing, represents the distinctive character of a country, of an epoch, of a personage; and always it mirrors the vicissitudes of human civilization. It is interesting to study the costume of ancient Western Asia, its civilization and culture were transmitted to Egypt and Greece. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Loin clothes, tunics, wraps were in Western Asia. 2. Sleeves and Trousers has been the great contribution to costume. 3. The Art of dyeing, weaving, and embroidering were well known. 4. Tassels and Fringes were used in Western Asia. 5. Egypt and Greece were affected by Western Asia.

• Lingua Humanitatis
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.203-221
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• 2002

The ideal of middle class British masculinity and the representative of the new Victorian respectability, the ″gentleman″ was difficult to define amidst the class mobility and social change of the nineteenth century. Was the gentleman to be identified by class and by money\ulcorner By behavior and clothing\ulcorner By religion and morality\ulcorner This essay focuses on the problem of the ″gentleman″ as it was debated in the Victorian era and as it was reflected in the biography and work of the mid-nineteenth century's most important English writer, Charles Dickens. I examine the critical debate surrounding the Victorian idea of the ″gentleman″ by comparing the arguments of Shirley Robin Letwin's The Gentleman in Trollope(1982) and Robin Gilmour's The Idea of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel(1981). Letwin views the ″gentleman″ as largely transcending class structure, while Gilmour's more historically-conscious view locates the gentleman as emerging out of, and even enabling, the class negotiations of this period. Against the backdrop of such debates, I discuss Charles Dickens's struggles with the idea of the gentleman in theory and in practice. In his novels, especially his semi-autobiographical bildungsromane about the growth and development of boys into adulthood, Dickens prominently engages with the identity and definition of the gentleman. As I demonstrate in this essay, this interest originated from Dickens's own childhood trauma and his subsequent drive to attain gentility, a necessity complicated by the vicissitudes of his personal and professional life.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.682-688
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• 2009

Changes in lipophillic pigments concentration and its relation to color of fresh green tea liquor during heat treatment were studied. The results showed liquor greenness decreased markedly with extension of incubation time at $55^{\circ}C$, while the brightness and yellowness changed a little. Significant increase in 'a' and 'b' values of tea liquor was observed at $95^{\circ}C$. Color change of liquor at $55^{\circ}C$ was accompanied by a decrease in the level of chlorophylls, lutein and neoxanthin, and an increase in the pheophytins and ${\beta}-carotene$ levels. However, all pigments except ${\beta}-carotene$ decreased with time extension at $95^{\circ}C$. Significant correlation was found between pigments and color difference index. The browning of fresh green tea liquor was attributed to vicissitudes of lipophillic pigments during heat treatment, especially to the change of chlorophylls/pheophytins ratio. Result also showed addition of $Zn^{2+}$ at 1.6 ${\mu}mol/L$ could partially alleviate the decrease in greenness during heat treatment.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

In this paper, travel speed patterns were deducted based on historical DSRC travel speed data using Decision Tree technique to improve availability of the massive amount of historical data. These patterns were designed to reflect spatio-temporal vicissitudes in reality by generating pattern units classified by months, time of day, and highway sections. The study area was from Seoul TG to Ansung IC sections on Gyung-bu highway where high peak time of day frequently occurs in South Korea. Decision Tree technique was applied to categorize travel speed according to day of week. As a result, five different pattern groups were generated: (Mon)(Tue Wed Thu)(Fri)(Sat)(Sun). Statistical verification was conducted to prove the validity of patterns on nine different highway sections, and the accuracy of fitting was found to be 93%. To reduce travel pattern errors against individual travel speed data, inclusion of four additional variables were also tested. Among those variables, 'traffic condition on previous month' variable improved the pattern grouping accuracy by reducing 50% of speed variance in the decision tree model developed.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.53
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• pp.219-249
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• 2018

This essay attempts a historical examination of educational function of the novel. It pays attention to the eighteenth century sentimentalism, and its historical vicissitudes up to early twenties century. The eighteenth century is the period in which debates on the nature of emotion and its moral and aesthetic role have passionately taken place and the modern paradigm of thought on affect has been formed. This is why "affect revival phenomenon" in the late twenties century goes back to this period. This essay finds in Adam Smith the most sophisticated arguments on sympathy in their relation to the development of the novel; it examines the relationship of Smith's argument with modern novel in the tradition of sentimentalism, and its revision in modernist novel. Through this examination, it discusses how cognitive and non-cognitive approaches, the two representative positions in contemporary thinking on emotion/affect, have revised and transformed the eighteenth century sentimentalism.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.26
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• pp.353-377
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• 2012

This treatise studies on how ideology and value of Chinese minority race undergo change according to social, political transition that the Chinese minority race has experienced for a long time and I also have tried to elucidate how these kinds of their experiences have been effected upon their own life, even it is part of my basic subjects for my study. Hence I would give weigh to focus on contemplating process of the past and the present rather than predictive discussion of how their pursuing value will be transformed. For my ebullient study, I'm willing to make Yi-Zu's moral culture become axis of my treatise, and capitalize on not only how Han-Zu's ideological philosopies have been disseminated, but also how acculturation have been taken place in Yi-Zu's moral culture system. Yi-Zu has the longest history and the greatest their own population, even the largest residence of various Chinese minority races. And Yun-Nan is the historical place where not only various Chinese minority races have lived, but also acculturation between Chinese majority, Han-Zu and them have been begotten. Above all, I would delve into traditional religion to understand Yi-Zu's moral culture as was already mentioned that it is my axis of treatise. Furthermore, I deliberated on how Taoism have been infiltrated Yi-Zu's moral culture, also how Han-Zu's ideological philosophies have been permeated Yi-Zu's, and what is more how to help themselves still remained in Yi-Zu's. Through my such these efforts, I analyze the aspect of embracing of Han-Zu's moral culture by Yi-Zu's and some facts of vicissitudes about it.

• English & American cultural studies
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-92
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• 2018

This essay aims to examine chick lit written within the Asian American context. For the most part, the chick lit genre has been typically regarded as a site to study contemporary white women's experiences and to debate the genres' credentials as feminist literature. Though some may disagree, there is general consensus that chick lit has fallen out of vogue after reaching its peak in the first decade of the new millenium.; nevertheless, it is being revisited by readers and critics alike as it has recently re-emerged as a location upon which to examine how race and gender inform notions of national belonging and female subject formation in the twenty-first century. To this end, this essay reads Kim Wong Keltner's The Dim Sum of All Things (2004). Keltner's protagonist Lindsey Owyang is yet another twentysomething "chick" looking for love, self, independence, and success in the huge megalopolis of San Francisco. What sets Lindsey apart from the chick prototype is that she is a third-generation ABC (American-born Chinese) and issues relevant to Asian America frequently make their way into Lindsey's narrative. Though it is generally considered as standing a "few notches above the standard chick-lit fare" (Stover n. pag), I would argue that meaningful reflections on many of the major pillars of Asian American literature, history, and cultural politics are glossed over in favor of cursory musings about the daily vicissitudes of Lindsey's life. This essay thus takes to task Ferriss's claim that a "serious" consideration of chick lit "brings into focus many of the issues facing contemporary women and contemporary culture - issues of identity, of race and class, of femininity and feminism, of consumerism and self-image" (2). I contend that a close examination of Keltner's The Dim Sum of All Things discloses that the chick lit format undermines a "serious consideration" of Asian American issues by presenting in particular a highly problematic representation of race and of Asian American femininity.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.207-223
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• 2021

Objectives : This paper studied the different disease sites according to Yin and Yang deviation and the principal to applying the Five Shu Points acupuncture method to these sites of the Yin-Yang needling method as explained in the Shouyaogangrou chapter of the Lingshu. Methods : Of the seasonal needling method in the Neijing, the principle to managing the Five Shu Points and indications of each point were examined. Next, clinical applications of the Five Shu Points were analyzed. Descriptions of clinical expression were collected and examined to understand the underlying pattern. Results : If we connect the disease sites of the Yin-Yang needling method to the Five Shu Points needling method according to the seasonal changes, the Yang of Yin connects to Spring, Yin of Yang to Summer, Yang of Yang to Autumn, and Yin of Yin to Winter. Of the needling site, the collateral vessel is the collateral vessel of Spring, 'Meridian of Yin' is the meridian of the Yin domain or the meridian points of the Yin meridian. 'He of Yang' is the He point of the Yang meridian, and the Yin Xing and Shu are the Xing and Shu points of the Yin meridian. Upon examining cases in the Neijing where the Five Shu Points were applied, it could be found that the Xing and Shu points of the Yin meridian were used together, while the He point of the Yang meridian was used to eliminate Yang pathogen or to stimulate Yang qi, which matches the Yin-Yang needling method of the Shouyaogangrou chapter of the Lingshu. Conclusions : The Yin and Yang of the needling sites from the Yin-Yang needling method in the Shouyaogangrou chapter of the Lingshu refers to the Yin and Yang meridians, or the Yin and Yang domains. In the context of disease site description, the former Yin and Yang describes a spatial aspect, while the latter Yin and Yang refers to the vicissitudes of qi according to temporal change.