• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.1182-1193
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• 2021

The aims of this study were to develop a milk protein-based probiotic delivery system using a modified rennet-induced gelation method and to determine how the skim milk powder concentration level and pH, which can affect the rennet-induced intra- and inter-molecular association of milk proteins, affect the physicochemical properties of the probiotic delivery systems, such as the particle size, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, and viability of probiotics in simulated gastrointestinal tract. To prepare a milk protein-based delivery system, skim milk powder was used as a source of milk proteins with various concentration levels from 3 to 10% (w/w) and rennet was added to skim milk solutions followed by adjustment of pH from 5.4 or 6.2. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was used as a probiotic culture. In confocal laser scanning microscopic images, globular particles with a size ranging from 10 ㎛ to 20 ㎛ were observed, indicating that milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems were successfully created. When the skim milk powder concentration was increased from 3 to 10% (w/w), the size of the delivery system was significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 27.5 to 44.4 ㎛, while a significant (p < 0.05) increase in size from 26.3 to 34.5 ㎛ was observed as the pH was increased from 5.4 to 6.4. An increase in skim milk powder concentration level and a decrease in pH led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the encapsulation efficiency of probiotics. The viability of probiotics in a simulated stomach condition was increased when probiotics were encapsulated in milk protein-based delivery systems. An increase in the skim milk powder concentration and a decrease in pH resulted in an increase in the viability of probiotics in simulated stomach conditions. It was concluded that the protein content by modulating skim milk powder concentration level and pH were the key manufacturing variables affecting the physicochemical properties of milk protein-based probiotic delivery systems.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.983-987
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• 2014

Nigella sativa (N sativa), commonly known as black seed, has been used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of N sativa extracts are well known. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the anticancer activity of seed extract (NSE) and seed oil (NSO) of N sativa against a human lung cancer cell line. Cells were exposed to 0.01 to 1 mg/ml of NSE and NSO for 24 h, then percent cell viability was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays, and cellular morphology by phase contrast inverted microscopy. The results showed NSE and NSO significantly reduce the cell viability and alter the cellular morphology of A-549 cells in a concentration dependent manner. The percent cell viability was recorded as 75%, 50%, and 26% at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml of NSE by MTT assay and 73%, 48%, and 23% at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml of NSE by NRU assay. Exposure to NSO concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml and above for 24 h was also found to be cytotoxic. The decrease in cell viability at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml of NSO was recorded to be 89%, 52%, 41%, and 13% by MTT assay and 85%, 52%, 38%, and 11% by NRU assay, respectively. A-549 cells exposed to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of NSE and NSO lost their typical morphology and appeared smaller in size. The data revealed that the treatment of seed extract (NSE) and seed oil (NSO) of Nigella sativa significantly reduce viability of human lung cancer cells.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.894-904
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• 2021

Microencapsulation is a protective process for materials that are sensitive to harsh conditions encounted during food manufacture and storage. The objectives of this research were to manufacture a milk protein-based delivery system (MPDS) containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) using skim milk powder and to investigate the effects of manufacturing variables, such as reaction temerpature and holding time, on the physiccohemical properties of MPDS and viability of LGG under dairy food processing and storage conditions. MPDS was prepared using chymosin at varing reaction temperatures from 25℃ to 40℃ for 10 min and holding times from 5 to 30 min at 25℃. The morphological and physicochemical properties of MPDS were evaluated using a confocal laser scanning microscope and a particle size analyzer, respectively. The number of viable cells were determined using the standard plate method. Spherical-shaped MPDS particles were successfully manufactured. The particle size of MPDS was increased with a decrease in reaction temperature and an increase in holding time. As reaction temperature and holding time were increased, the encapsulation efficiency of LGG in MPDS was increased. During pasteurization, the use of MPDS resulted in an increase in the LGG viability. The encapsulation of LGG in MPDS led to an increase in the viability of LGG in simulated gastric fluid. In addition, the LGG viability was enhanced with an increase in reaction temperature and holding time. In conclusions, the encapsulation of LGG in MPDS could be an effective way of improving the viability of LGG during pasturization process in various foods.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.201-206
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to examined the dermatoxicity of ferrous chloride (FeCl2) and the antioxidative effect of Stachys japonica Miq (SJ) extract on FeCl2-induced cytotoxicity. For this study, superoxide anion-radical (SAR)-scavenging and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like abilities with cell viability were done. FeCl2 showed a significant decrease of cell viability in dose-dependent manner, and it was mid-toxic. The caffeic acid showed a significant increase of cell viability against FeCl2-induced cytotoxicity. In the protective effect of SJ extract on FeCl2-induced cytotoxicity, it showed SAR-scavenging and SOD-like abilities with a significant increase of cell viability. From these results, the cytotoxicity of FeCl2 is correlated with oxidative stress, and SJ extract effectively protected the cytotoxicity of FeCl2 by antioxidative effect. Conclusively, the natural resources like SJ extract may be a useful fundamental materials for the development of an alternative antioxidant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.442-450
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• 2023

This study sought to determine the desiccation tolerance and storage behavior of Sarcandra glabra seeds to assist in the establishment of an ex-situ conservation strategy for the species. The basic germination characteristics of S. glabra seeds were investigated. Subsequently, the seeds were dried to various desiccation levels to allow for analysis of their germination characteristics and seed integrity. In addition, the seeds were subjected to germination tests after being stored for different durations. The initial seed moisture content following the removal of the fleshy fruit was 32.8%, and the fresh seeds maintained their seed viability even after a decrease in the seed moisture content to 4.8%, while the germination percentage was 81.0%. The germination percentage of the seeds decreased to 55.0% and 30.0% when they were desiccated to moisture contents of 2.3% and 2.2%, respectively. By contrast, when the stored seeds were desiccated, they maintained their seed viability and vigor at a moisture content of 18.6%; however, when the moisture content decreased below 5.0%, both the seed viability and vigor significantly declined and the germination percentage fell below 20.0%. Furthermore, analysis of the seed leachate revealed that the decrease in the seed viability and vigor was associated with both increased electrical conductivity and increased concentrations of inorganic compounds such as potassium and calcium. In conclusion, the findings of this study show S. glabra seeds to possess desiccation tolerance that falls somewhere between the recalcitrant and intermediate seed types, with the observed variations depending on the degree of deterioration.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2009

The protective activity of seolitae chungkukjang added with green tea against oxidative stress was investigated under the cellular systems using LLC-$PK_1$ cells. The treatment of 2,2'-azobis(2-aminopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) showed increase in lipid peroxidation, and decrease in endogenous antioxidant enzymes activity and cell viability. However, the methanol extract of seolitae chungkukjang inhibited lipid peroxidation by 58.3%, and increased cell viability up to more than 60%. In addition, it enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Seolitae chungkukjang improved oxidative stress-induced cellular injury through the radical scavenging activities. In particular, the addition of green tea in seolitae chungkukjang showed stronger effect against oxidative stress induced by AAPH. The more addition of green tea resulted in the greater antioxidative effect through elevation in activities of SOD and GSH-Px, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, eventually leading to increase in cell viability. Theses results suggested that seolitae chungkukjang added with green tea have protective effects from cellular oxidative damage and could be considered as an application for the development of chungkukjang with functionality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.1829-1832
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• 2013

In the present study, investigations were carried out to screen the anticancer activities of fenugreek seed oil against cancer cell lines (HEp-2, MCF-7, WISH cells), and a normal cell line (Vero cells). Cytotoxicity was assessed with MTT and NRU assays, and cellular morphological alterations were studied using phase contrast light microscopy. All cells were exposed toi 10-1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ of fenugreek seed oil for 24 h. The results show that fenugreek seed oil significantly reduced the cell viability, and altered the cellular morphology in a dose dependent manner. Among the cell lines, HEp-2 cells showed the highest decrease in cell viability, followed by MCF-7, WISH, and Vero cells by MTT and NRU assays. Cell viability at 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$ was recorded as 55% in HEp-2 cells, 67% in MCF-7 cells, 75% in WISH cells, and 86% in Vero cells. The present study provides preliminary screening data for fenugreek seed oil pointing to potent cytotoxicity against cancer cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.143-148
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• 2006

Objectives : It is demonstrated that oxygen free radicals have cytotoxic effect on NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Recently, many of herb extracts have an effect of antioxidant in oxygen free radical-induced cytotoxicity. But, the toxic mechanism of oxygen free radical is left unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) and antioxidant effect of Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP) on NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Methods : The cytotoxicy was measured by cell viability by XTT assay in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. XTT assay is regarded as a very sensitive screening method for the determination of the cell viability on various chemicals. Results : In this study, H2O2 decreased cell viability according to the dose- and time dependent manners after NIH3T3 fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations of H2O2 for 4 hours. And also, CRP showed the effect of antioxidant on $H_2O_2-induced $ cytotoxicity in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Conclusion : These results suggest that $H_2O_2$ has highly cytotoxic effect on cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts by the decrease of cell viavility, and the herb extract such as CRP was showed the effect of antioxidant on $H_2O_2-induced$ cytotoxicity in these cultures.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.261-264
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• 2002

CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cells were transfected with plasmids containing both cis-acting HRE (hypoxia response element) and CMV-promoter that controls tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). CHO cells with HRE produced 16.2 fold higher t-PA concentration than CHO cells without HRE. It was noted that hypoxia strongly induced CHO cell apoptosis. which resulted in decrease of cell viability and protein production. In this study. by introducing Bcl-2, anti-apoptotic gene, we tried to recover cell viability and increase the protein production. When batch culture of both control cells without transfection of Bcl-2 and cells transfected with Bcl-2 were performed in the absence of CoCl ι hypoxia mimic condition. the cells with Bcl-2 were effected specific cell growth rates, maximum cell density. Immunoblotting assay showed Bcl-2 was recombinant with HRE dependent t- P A expression cassette, and their expression level was depended on hypoxia. By introducing Bcl-2, both cell viability and maximum cell density could be increased.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.591-601
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• 1998

The neurotoxic effects of radiation have been studied in NSC-34 hybrid cells derived from embryonic mouse spinal cord cells. NSC-34 cells irradiated at 25Gy were decreased the cell viability in a time and dose dependent manner. The decrease in cell viability induced by the irradiation was blocked by catalase. Antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, including D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) and chlorokynurenic acid (CKA), similarly blocked radiational induced in cell viability. We performed morphological analysis of light and electron microscope. NSC-34 cells irradiated at 25Gy were decreased the cell density and increased lysosomes and vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Especially chromatin modification was observed. These results indicated that radiation was involved in the oxidant-initiated neurotoxicity and the compounds catalase, APV and CKA were shown to be neuroprotective against radiation.