• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.617-633
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• 2016

A numerical study has been conducted to examine the improvement achieved in the ultimate pullout capacity of horizontal circular anchor plates embedded in undrained clay, by constructing granular columns of varying diameter over the anchor plates. The analysis has been carried out by using lower bound theorem of limit analysis and finite elements in combination with linear programming. The improvement in uplifting capacity of anchor plate is expressed in terms of an efficiency factor (${\xi}$). The efficiency factor (${\xi}$) has been defined as the ratio of ultimate vertical pullout capacity of anchor plate having diameter D embedded in soft clay reinforced by granular column to the vertical pullout capacity of the anchor plate with same diameter D embedded in soft clay only. The variation of efficiency factor (${\xi}$) for different embedment ratios and different diameter of granular column has been studied considering a wide range of softness of clay and different value of soil internal friction angle (${\phi}$) of the granular material. It is observed that ${\xi}$ increases with an increase in diameter of the granular column ($D_t$) and increase in friction angle of granular material. Also, the effectiveness of the usage of granular column increases with decrease in cohesion of the clay.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.299-312
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• 2013

The horizontal pullout capacity of a group of two vertical strip plate anchors, placed along the same vertical plane, in a fully cohesive soil has been computed by using the lower bound finite element limit analysis. The effect of spacing between the plate anchors on the magnitude of total group failure load ($P_{uT}$) has been evaluated. An increase of soil cohesion with depth has also been incorporated in the analysis. For a weightless medium, the total pullout resistance of the group becomes maximum corresponding to a certain optimum spacing between the anchor plates which has been found to vary generally between 0.5B and B; where B is the width of the anchor plate. As compared to a single plate anchor, the increase in the pullout resistance for a group of two anchors becomes greater at a higher embedment ratio. The effect of soil unit weight has also been analyzed. It is noted that the interference effect on the pullout resistance increases further with an increase in the unit weight of soil mass.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.825-844
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• 2017

This study aimed to find out the pullout capacity of inclined strip anchor plate embedded in anisotropic and nonhomogeneous fully saturated cohesive soil in undrained condition. The ultimate pullout load has been found out by using numerical lower bound finite element analysis with linear programming. The undrained pullout capacity of anchor plate of width B is determined for different embedment ratios (H/B) varying from 3 to 7 and various inclination of anchor plates ranging from $0^{\circ}$ to $90^{\circ}$ with an interval of $15^{\circ}$. In case of anisotropic fully saturated clay the variation of cohesion with direction has been considered by varying the ratio of the cohesion along vertical direction ($c_v$) to the cohesion along horizontal direction ($c_h$). In case of nonhomogeneous clay the cohesion of the undrained clay has been considered to be increased with depth below ground surface keeping $c_v/c_h=1$. The results are presented in terms of pullout capacity factor ($F_{c0}=p_u/c_H$) where $p_u$ is the ultimate pullout stress along the anchor plate at failure and $c_H$ is the cohesion in horizontal direction at the level of the middle point of the anchor plate. It is observed that the pullout capacity factor increases with an increase in anisotropic cohesion ratio ($c_v/c_h$) whereas the pullout capacity factor decreases with an increase in undrained cohesion of the soil with depth.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.703-710
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• 2010

기존 구조물에서 RC보는 여러 가지 이유로 불충분한 전단에 대한 문제에 직면하게 된다. 전단내력이 부족한 RC보의 전단 보강방법으로 강판이 널리 사용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 앵커볼트가 체결된 경사, 수직 슬릿형 강판의 표면부착에 의해 전단보강된 RC보에 대한 실험을 하였으며, 여러 형태의 앵커볼트 체결 슬릿형 강판으로 보강된 RC보에 대한 전단보강효과, 파괴모드 및 전단내력을 평가하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. 실험의 변수는 앵커볼트가 부착된 슬릿의 폭, 간격, 경사각 및 수직 길이로 하였다. 연구 결과, 에폭시 부착과 볼트 체결로 보강된 슬릿형 강판 실험체의 파괴 유형은 최대하중 시 전단파괴 모드로 나타났다. 휨균열은 보의 인장측에서 최초로 발생하였으며, 경사 균열은 전단스팬에서 발생하였다. 최종적으로 에폭시 부착과 볼트 체결로 보강된 슬릿형 강판에서의 급격한 박리현상은 지연되었으며, RC보의 본체로부터 완전하게 분리 되지는 않음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1990

Model tests for the ultimate pullout resistance of anchorages and investigation of failure behaviors in cohesionless soil have been conducted. The factors affecting the anchorage are mostly the geometry of the system, and soil properties of sands. The main conclusions of the experimental work were as follows. 1. The load - displacement relationship can be a form of parabolic curve for all plates. 2. The change in ultimate pullout resistance of anchor is mostly affected by embedment ratio and size of anchor, and influenced to a lesser degree by its shape. 3. Critical embedment ratio which is defined as the failure mode changes from shallow to deep mode is increased with increasing height of anchor. 4. For a constant anchor height, as the width of anchor increases the ultimate pullout resistance also increases. However, considering the efficiency of anchor for unit area, width of anchor does not appear to have any sigrnificant contribution on increasing anchor city. 5. Anchor capacity has a linear relation to sand density for any given section and the rate of change increases as the section increases. Critical depth determining the failure patterns of anchor is decreased with a decrease of sand density. 6. With increasing inclination angle, size of anchor, and decreasing embedment ratio, the ultimate pullout resistance of anchor under inclined loading is significantly decreased. 7. The ultimate pullout resistance of double anchor, a method of improving single of anchor capacity, is influenced by the center - to - center spacing adjacent anchors. It is also found that tandem and parallel anchor rigging arrangements decrease the anchor system capacity to less than twice the single anchor capacity due to anchor interference.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.563-580
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• 2010

Composite beams using bolts to attach steel plates to the side faces of existing reinforced concrete (RC) coupling beams can enhance both their strength and deformability. The behavior of those composite beams differs substantially from the behavior of typical composite beams made up of steel beams and concrete slabs. The former are subjected to longitudinal, vertical and rotational slips, while the latter only involve longitudinal slip. In this study, a mixed analysis method was adopted to develop the fundamental equations for accurate prediction of the load-carrying capacity of steel plate strengthened RC coupling beams. Then, a rigid plastic analysis technique was used to cope with the full composite effect of the bolt group connections. Two theoretical models for the determination of the strength of medium-length plate strengthened coupling beams based on mixed analysis and rigid plastic methods are presented. The strength of the strengthened coupling beams is derived. The vertical and longitudinal slips of the steel plates and the shear strength of the anchor-bolt connection group is considered. The theoretical models are validated by the available experimental results presented in a companion paper. The strength of the specimens predicted from the mixed analysis model is found to be in good agreement with that from the experimental results.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.645-653
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• 2008

용접조립 각형강관은 얇은 강판을 L형으로 절곡한 4개의 단위 부재를 플레어 용접으로 용접한 강관으로 용접조립 각형강관이 CFT 기둥으로 사용될 경우 콘크리트와 강관 폭의 중앙에 설치된 리브가 국부좌굴을 방지하는 역할을 하며 강관은 내부의 콘크리트의 구속하여 콘크리트의 구조내력을 향상시키는 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 용접조립 각형강관기둥의 제작방법을 소개하고 용접조립 각형강관과 용접조립 각형CFT 기둥 의 구조성능을 평가하기 위해 강관의 형상(용접조립 각형강관, 일반강관)과 폭두께비(B/t=50, 58, 67), 콘크리트의 강도(f'c=, 10MPa, 40MPa) 를 변수로 총 15개의 실대형 실험체를 제작하여 구조실험을 수행하였으며 용접조립 각형강관의 단면효율과 구조내력의 우수성을 확인하였다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.105-120
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• 2012

In this paper, the ultimate pullout capacity of a vertical plate strip anchors in cohesion-less soil is analyzed with the consideration of active and passive state of equilibrium in the soil. K$\ddot{o}$tter's equation is used to compute the active and passive thrusts (along with their point of application) which are subsequently used in the analysis in which, all the equation of equilibrium are properly interpreted. A comparison of the results with the experimental results vis-$\grave{a}$-vis available theoretical/empirical solutions shows that, the proposed analysis provides a better estimate of the pullout capacity.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.599-614
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• 2022

One of the methods of stabilizing retaining walls, embankments, and deep excavations is the implementation of plate anchors (like the Geolock wall anchor systems). Back-to-back Mechanically Stabilized Earth (BBMSE) walls are common stabilized earth structures that can be used for bridge ramps. But so far, the analysis of the interactive behavior of two back-to-back anchored walls (BBAW) by double-plates anchors (constructed closely from each other and subjected to the limited-breadth vertical loading) including interference of their failure and sliding surfaces has not been the subject of comprehensive studies. Indeed, in this compound system, the interaction of sliding wedges of these two back-to-back walls considering the shear failure wedge of the foundation, significantly impresses on the foundation bearing capacity, adjacent walls displacements and deformations, and their stability. In this study, the effect of horizontal distance between two walls (W), breadth of loading plate (B), and position of vertical loading was investigated experimentally. In addition, the comparison of using single and equivalent double-plate anchors was evaluated. The loading plate bearing capacity and displacements, and deformations of BBAW were measured and the results are presented. To evaluate the shape, form, and how the critical failure surfaces of the soil behind the walls and beneath the foundation intersect with one another, the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was applied. The experimental tests results showed that in this composite system (two adjacent-loaded BBAW) the effective distance of walls is about W = 2.5*H (H: height of walls) and the foundation effective breadth is about B = H, concerning foundation bearing capacity, walls horizontal displacements and their deformations. For more amounts of W and B, the foundation and walls can be designed and analyzed individually. Besides, in this compound system, the foundation bearing capacity is an exponential function of the System Geometry Variable (SGV) whereas walls displacements are a quadratic function of it. Finally, as an important achievement, doubling the plates of anchors can facilitate using concrete walls, which have limitations in tolerating curvature.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2000년도 사면안정 학술발표회
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• pp.3-38
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• 2000

Slope draperies in soil and rock are a well known method to avoid rockfalls into the roads or onto housings. Common wire mesh or a combination of wire mesh and wire rope nets are pinned to the slope by the means of fully grouted nails or anchors. Most of these installations have not been designed to stabilize the slope, but simply avoid the rocks from bouncing. The combination of soil- or rocknailing with a designable flexible facing system offers the advantage of a longterm stabilization of slopes and can replace other standard methods for slope stabilization. The capability to transfer axial and shear loads from the flexible facing system to the anchor points is most decisive for the design of the stabilization system. But the transfer of forces by mesh as pure surface protection devices is limited on account of their tensile strength and above all also by the possible force transmission to the anchoring points. Strong wire rope nets increase the performance for slope stabilizations with greater distances between nails and anchors and are widely used in Europe. However, they are comparatively expensive in relation to the protected surface. Today, special processes enable the production of diagonally structured mesh from high-tensile steel wire. These mesh provide tensile strengths comparable to wire rope nets. The interaction of mesh and fastening to nail / anchor has been investigated in comprehensive laboratory tests. This also in an effort to find a suitable fastening plates which allows an optimal utilization of the strength of the mesh in tangential (slope-parallel) as well as in vertical direction (perpendicular to the slope). The trials also confirmed that these new mesh, in combination with suitable plates, enable substantial pretensioning of the system. Such pretensioning increases the efficiency of the protection system. This restricts deformations in the surface section of critical slopes which might otherwise cause slides and movements as a result of dilatation. Suitable dimensioning models permit to correctly dimension such systems. The new mesh with the adapted fastening elements have already been installed in first pilot projects in Switzerland and Germany and provide useful information on handling and effects.