• 인지과학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.425-455
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• 2012

다차원 구어 단기기억 기제는 크게 음운적 통로와 어휘-의미적 통로로 구분된다. 전자를 음운단기기억, 후자를 의미단기기억이라고 할 수 있는데, 단기기억 과제를 정상적으로 수행하기 위해서는 두 통로 모두의 정보를 활발히 활용하여야 한다. 그리고 음운단기기억은 다시 음운입력완충기와 음운출력완충기로 나누어지며, 음운입력완충기는 음운자극의 입력 시, 음운출력완충기는 음운 산출 시에 작동한다. 본 연구에서는 유사한 수준의 전도 실어증 증상을 보이는 세 명의 환자에 대해, 각각의 언어 수행력을 구어 단기기억의 다차원적 측면에서 분석하였다. 그러기 위하여 세 명의 전도 실어증 환자들에게 단어 수준과 문장 수준에서 스스로 말하기, 따라말하기, 스스로 쓰기, 받아쓰기의 네 가지 양태의 언어과제를 실시하여 수행력을 비교 분석하였고, 숫자폭검사와 언어학습검사를 이용하여 음운단기기억력과 의미단기기억력을 평가하였다. 그 결과 세 대상자들은 네 양태의 언어 검사에서 다양한 수행력과 오반응 유형을 보였고, 단기기억력 검사 결과도 동일하게 나타나지 않았다. 즉 전도 실어증 환자들의 언어 수행력은 의미단기기억 또는 음운단기기억의 결함으로 설명될 수 있으며, 음운단기기억 가운데에서도 음운입력완충기, 음운출력완충기 혹은 둘 다의 결함 여부에 따라 언어특성이 상이하게 나타날 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 전도 실어증 환자들의 언어 검사와 단기기억력 검사 결과를 바탕으로, 언어와 다차원 구어 단기기억력과의 관계에 대하여 논의하고 있다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.136-146
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• 1998

Objectives : This study was performed to evaluate the effects of PTSD on memory function, to investigate the difference of memory function between PTSD and non-PTSD patients, and to identify major variables correlated to PTSD scale and Memory Assessment Scale. Methods: The authors used PTSD-scale(Mississippi scale and Combat Exposure Scale) for measuring PTSD severity. And, Beck Depression Inventory was also used. Memory assessment scale was assessed by well trained psychologist. Thirty one Vietnam veterans who had been hospitalized were collected consecutively. These patients were evaluated by psychiatrists with interview and measurement for fifteen months since March, 1997. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS and the stastistic methods used for analysis Chi-square, t-test, and Pearson's correlation. Results : 1) There were significant differences in short-term memory and verbal memory between PTSD and non-PTSD in Vietnam veterans. 2) Mississippi scale and Combat Exposure Scale were negatively correlated to short-term memory and verbal memory(Pearson's correlation). 3) Religion status was a significant variable between PTSD and non-PTSD in Vietnam veterans. 4) There is no significant difference in visual memory and total memory scale between PTSD and Non-PTSD in Vietnam veterans Conclusions : Neuropsychological changes were found in the posttraumatic stress disorder. There were significant differences in short-term memory and verbal memory between PTSD and non-PTSD in Vietnam veterans. Mississippi scale and Combat Exposure Scale were negatively correlated to short-term memory and verbal memory. We suggest that neuropsychological test might be used for an objective assessment of patients with the combat related PTSD and be considered helpful in the assessment of patients with the diagnosis. And we also suggest rehabilitation strategies would be used to compensate for memory deficits in PTSD patients.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2016

The aims of the present study are two-fold: 1) to explore differences on speech perception between younger and older adults according to noise conditions; and 2) to investigate which cognitive domains are correlated with speech perception. Data were acquired from 15 younger adults and 15 older adults. Sentence recognition test was conducted in four noise conditions(i.e., in-quiet, +5 dB SNR, 0 dB SNR, -5 dB SNR). All participants completed auditory and cognitive assessment. Upon controlling for hearing thresholds, the older group revealed significantly poorer performance compared to the younger adults only under the high noise condition at -5 dB SNR. For older group, performance on Seoul Verbal Learning Test(immediate recall) was significantly correlated with speech perception performance, upon controlling for hearing thresholds. In older adults, working memory and verbal short-term memory are the best predictors of speech-in-noise perception. The current study suggests that consideration of cognitive function for older adults in speech perception assessment is necessary due to its adverse effect on speech perception under background noise.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.92-94
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• 1997

By measuring the increase of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during the activation tasks, we can describe the brain regions that participate in certain specific functions. In this study, we composed the functional maps of verbal and nonverbal memory by performing the rCBF positron emission tomography (PET) activation studies and analyzing the differences between control and each activation state. Successive four tasks, which consist of one control state and three different activation tasks, were performed on 6 normal volunteers. All images were spatially normalized on standard atlas and the differences between control and activation states were statistically analyzed. The verbal memory activated predominantly left-sided structures, especially left superior temporal cortex, and the nonverbal short-term memory activated the right frontal cortex. Also, some regions ,where is thought to be related with short-term memory system, such as cingulate gyrus and hippocampus were activated. We conclude that biological validity of the brain regions for verbal and nonverbal memory could be tested using rCBF PET imaging technique and statistical analysis.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2001

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of PTSD on memory function and hippocampal volume, and to identify major variables correlated to hippocampal volume and memory function. Thirty four Vietnam veterans were collected for this study, among whom eighteen were PTSD patients and sixteen were combat control subjects. The author used Impact of Event Scale(IES), Combat Exposure Scale(CES), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HDRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Korea Memory Assessment Scale(K-MAS) was assessed for memory function. Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) was used to measure hippocampal volume. There were significant differences between PTSD and Non-PTSD veterans in IES, HDRS and BDI. Significant difference was found in verbal memory and total memory of K-MAS between PTSD and Non-PTSD veterans. There was significant difference in hippocampal volume between PTSD and Non-PTSD veterans. Short term memory, verbal memory and total memory were positively correlated to hippocampal volume. Hippocampal volume was negatively correlated to IES, HDRS, and BDI. These results suggest that PTSD severity be associated with hippocampal atrophy and memory dysfunction. Reduced or smaller hippocampal volume may be preexisting risk factor for stress exposure or the development of PTSD on combat exposure.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of an exercise program on frontal lobe cognitive function in seniors. Methods: The participants were 42 seniors using a health center in Seoul (experimental group) and 28 seniors using a facility for elders in Seoul (control group). The exercise program was carried out for 16 weeks from April to August 2007. The frontal lobe cognitive function, which includes short term memory, attention, immediate memory, delayed memory, verbal fluency and motor function, was measured by the Digit Span Forward test, Trail Making test, Immediate recall words test, Delayed recall words, Controlled oral word association test and Finger tapping test. The collected data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test, Chi-square, t-test, and ANCOVA using the SAS program. Results: The major findings of this study were as follows: Attention (p=.009), immediate memory (p=.005), delayed memory (p=.009), and verbal fluency (p=.004) improved after the exercise program. Conclusion: In this study, the exercise program was effective in improving frontal lobe cognitive function in elders. So it provides basic information for further nursing education on exercise programs which will be effective for prevention of early cognitive function decline in normally aging elders.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.194-203
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was aimed at evaluating the relationship between somatic symptoms, depression, anxiety and cognitive function in the patients with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury(MTBI). Methods : Thirty seven patients with MTBI were selected from those patients who had visited the Department of Neuropsychiatry of Wonkwang University Hospital from 2003 to 2007. To assess and quantify the somatic symptoms, depression and anxiety, Personality Assessment Inventory(PAI) was used. Assessment of cognitive function was carried out by using Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale(K-WAIS), Rey-Kim Memory Test, and Kims Executive Function Test. The effects of somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety on the cognitive function were evaluated by Pearson correlation test. Results : Somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety, all showed inverse correlation to cognitive function. Specifically, 1) an increase in somatic symptoms was associated with a decrease in attention, verbal short term memory, verbal recall and recognition, and visual memory. 2) An increase in anxiety was associated with a decrease in verbal recall and recognition. 3) An increase in depression was associated with a decrease in cognitive function that requires high attention and verbal memory. Conclusion : The patients with MTBI displayed diverse symptoms ranging from cognitive impairment to somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety. Somatic and emotional symptoms were correlated with cognitive function(especially executive function). Importantly, this study raises the possibility of treating the cognitive impairment associated with MTBI by treating somatic symptoms, depression, and anxiety.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2002

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to develop a cognitive rehabilitation program and to investigate the effect of the program that restores the deficiency of memory, which is necessary to operate on high cognitive function such as problem-solving or judgement, for TBI(traumatic brain injury) patients. Methods:Sixteen TBI patients participated in this study. The inclusion criteria were : 1) aged 18 to 60 ; 2) higher than IQ 80 ; 3) lower than MMSE-K 25 and K-MAS(Korean version of Memory Assessment Scale) 85. We administered our program to an experimental group(N=8) in order to improve attention and memory for 4 weeks(total 12 section). Our program was not administrated to a control group(N=8) for 4 weeks. After administrating this program, we measured MMSE-K and K-MAS for the experimental and control groups. Results:The findings of the study were as follows. 1) the experimental group showed significant improvement on MMSE-K score in comparison with baseline, but the control group did not. 2) the experimental group showed significant improvement on K-MAS score in comparison with baseline, but the control group did not. In particular, among the three subscales of K-MAS, only verbal memory scale revealed significant improvement, while visual and short-term memory scales revealed no differences. Conclusion:Our cognitive rehabilitation program improves cognitive state and memory, particulary verbal memory, for TBI patients. These results imply that our program aids in rehabilitation of basic cognition such as memory which is necessary to operate on high cognitive function such as problem-solving or judgement, for TBI(traumatic brain injury) patients.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.70-78
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• 2010

Objectives : This study investigated the differences of working memory among the subtypes of ADHD. Methods : Eighty-one children and adolescents with ADHD and thirty normal controls were recruited. Children with any cognitive disorders and low intelligence were excluded. In order to evaluate the verbal and visuospatial working memory, Digit span and Finger windows tasks were measured, respectively. Performances on these measures between children with ADHD and controls were compared. Further, performances among the groups of ADHD predominantly inattentive(ADHD-IA)(n=40), predominantly hyperactive-impulsive(ADHD-HI)(n= 10), and combined type(ADHD-C)(n=31), were compared. Results : Scores of Finger windows forward task were lower in the ADHD group as compared to the control group, whereas, the Digit span forward showed no difference. Both scores of Digit span backward and Finger windows backward task were lower in the ADHD group than the controls. Children with ADHD-IA performed poorer than children with ADHD-C on the Finger windows backward task. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that children with ADHD have deficits in spatial short-term memory and verbal and visuospatial working memory when compared to normal children. The deficits were evident in children with ADHD-IA subtype and in particular, performance on the visuospatial working memory task in this group was poorer than the ADHD-C group.

• 수면정신생리
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2004

목 적 : 본 연구는 $4{\sim}10\;Hz$의 빛과 소리자극이 인체의 단기기억력 및 긴장이완에 어떠한 영향을 주는지 관찰하기 위한 예비연구로 시행되었다. 방법：총 10명의 대상을 무작위로 동기화된 파형의 빛과 소리를 가한 처치군(R 군)과 동기화되지 않은 무작위 파형의 빛과 소리를 가한 허위군(P 군)으로 분류하고, 하루 15분씩 5일간 빛과 소리 자극을 가하였다. 단기기억력을 측정하기위한 척도, 불안 척도 그리고 자율신경심장 기능 검사 등을 시행하였다. 2일간 휴식 후 R군과 P군을 교차하여 5일간 같은 실험을 반복하였다. 결 과：R군에서 빛과 소리자극 1회 적용 후 단기기억력의 유의미한 향상이 관찰되었다. 자율신경심장기능 검사에서는 R군에서 유의미한 이완 효과가 관찰되었다. 결 론：이 연구 $4{\sim}10\;Hz$의 빛과 소리자극이 단기기억 및 긴장이완과 연관됨을 암시한다. 향후 실험대상수를 늘려 예비연구결과를 확인함이 필요하다.