• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.389-399
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• 1998

this study was focused on the effects of fire on spatial change of vegetation landscape in rural region. Fire types recognized as erown fire, severe surface fire and light surface fire in order of increasing intensity were described in a fire map. GIS was introduced to understand the relationship between fire types and topographic conditions or vegetation types. We also investigated land-use type and regeneration strategies after burning. Fire intensity depended on topographic conditions and vegetation types. Special land-use type in this area was collection of edible mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake). Mushrooms had been obtained from Pinus densiflora forests existing as edaphic climax or managed artificially. Regeneration strategy in burned areas was to make sprouts from burned oak stumps. A higher density and growth rate of sprouts, as compared to those on unburned areas, facilitated vegetation succession from P. densiflora forest to oak forest and consequently led to change of landscape pattern.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.292-303
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• 2021

Studies that relate the structure of tropical regrowth vegetation to soil properties are generally lacking in the literature. This study proposes three indices for assessing the structural regeneration of secondary forests. They are: (1) the tree diameter class, (2) the plant life form and (3) the woody/herbaceous plants ratio indices. They were applied to assess the regeneration status of forest regrowth vegetation (aged 1-10 years), derived savanna regrowth vegetation in south western Nigeria, and to secondary forests in different stages of succession in Columbia and Venezuela, Bolivia, Mexico in South and Central America and semi-arid savanna in Ethiopia and seasonal deciduous forest successional stages in India. In all the cases, the indices increased with increasing age of regrowth vegetation and hence, with increasing structural complexity of regenerating vegetation. The tree diameter class index increased from 32.1% in a 9-year secondary forest to 69.0% in an 80-year-old secondary forest in Columbia and Venezuela and from 0.4% in a 1-year fallow to 20.9% in 10-year regrowth vegetation in southwestern Nigeria. In semi-arid savanna in northern Ethiopia, the woody/herbaceous plants ratio index increased from 18.1% in a 5-year protected grazing enclosure to 75.1% in 15-year protected enclosure, relative to the status of 20-year enclosure. The indices generally had correlations of 0.6-0.90 with species richness and Simpson's/Margalef's species diversity, implying that they are appropriate measures of ecosystem development over time. The proposed indices also had strong and positive correlations with soil organic carbon and nutrients. They are therefore, significant indicators of fertility status.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2020

Vegetation carbon sequestration and regeneration are the two major parameters of forest research. In this study, we analyzed the vegetation carbon stock and regeneration of community-managed pine plantation of Kathmandu, central Nepal. Vegetation data were collected from 40 circular plots of 10 m radius (for the tree) and 1m radius (for seedling) applying a stratified random sampling and nested quadrat method. The carbon stock was estimated by Chave allometric model and estimated carbon stock was converted into CO₂ equivalents. Density-diameter (d-d) curve was also prepared to check the regeneration status and stability of the plantation. A d-d curve indicates the good regeneration status of the forest with a stable population in each size class. Diversity of trees was very low, only two tree species Pinus roxburghii and Eucalyptus citriodora occurred in the sample plots. Pine was the dominant tree in terms of density, basal area, biomass, carbon stock and CO₂ stock than the eucalyptus. The basal area, carbon stock and CO₂ stock of forest was 33±1.0 ㎡ ha^-1, 108±5.0 Mg ha^-1 and 394±18 Mg ha^-1, respectively. Seedling and tree density of the plantation was 4,965 ha^-1 and 339 ha^-1 respectively. The forest carbon stock showed a positive relationship with biomass, tree diameter, height and basal area but no relationship with tree density. Canopy cover and tree diameter have a negative effect on seedling density and regeneration. In conclusion, the community forest has a stable population in each size class, sequestering a significant amount of carbon and CO₂ emitted from densely populated Kathmandu metro city as the forest biomass hence have a potentiality to mitigate the global climate change.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.90-101
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• 2022

The study aims to assess composition, diversity and population indices of natural regeneration of woody species in Jebel El Gerrie forest reserve, Blue Nile State, Sudan. We conducted field work between December 2018 and January 2019. We used random sampling to collect vegetation data in the forest where we made a total of 90 circular sample plots (radius 17.84 m) and distributed them proportionally to the area of each of the four density-based vegetation classes of the forest i.e. high density (C1), medium density (C2), low density (C3) and crop land (C4). In each sample plot we identified all regenerating tree species and counted their regeneration frequencies. We calculated ecological metrics of regeneration frequency, density, abundance, richness, evenness, diversity and importance value index (IVI) and drew abundance rank curve. Results revealed that out of fifteen mature tree species present, natural regeneration of 8 species, which belong to 6 families, was observed. The relatively most frequently naturally regenerating and abundant species were Anogeissus leiocarpa and Combretum hartmannianum. Richness, evenness and diversity of regenerating species were 1.33, 0.82 and 1.7, respectively. One-way ANOVA (α=0.05) of mean regeneration densities disclosed that there were significant differences (F_3,86=16.77, p=0.000) between C2 & C3 (p=0.000) and C2 & C4 (p=0.000). While regeneration of seven tree species were absent, two, two and four species were of good, poor and fair regeneration status, respectively. A comparison of mean density of natural regeneration with that of parent trees reflects a poor regeneration status of the forest. The study provides empirical results on the regeneration status of species and signifies the need for management interventions for species conservation and restoration, maintenance of biodiversity and sustainable production.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.785-790
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• 2015

대면적 개벌의 대안으로서, 대상 개벌은 생산림지의 생태 조건 보전과 임분 재생을 모두 고려하는 작업법이다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 대상 벌채 기법의 적용 및 효율성에 대한 연구를 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 강원도 삼척에서 2012년부터 2014년까지 소나무림 대상 벌채 (10m, 20m 및 40m) 처리 전 후의 하층식생 반응 및 소나무 재생과 임분 환경 변화와의 상관성을 방형구법을 적용하여 조사 및 분석하였다. 하층식생 피도 및 종다양성은 대상 벌채 넓이에 상관없이 교목 종 및 광선호 종의 확장에 의해 증가하는 경향이었고, 신갈나무, 맑은대쑥 및 산딸기 등의 벌채 후 잔존 교목 및 광선호 종들의 활발한 증가가 관찰되었다. 대상 벌채 구역의 소나무 정착은 수관층 환경 (광량 및 수관열림도) 및 토양나출도와는 정의 상관, 그리고 하층식생 및 임상 목질잔해물의 피도와는 음의 상관을 나타내었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.42-57
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• 2011

We described the above-ground plant species composition and measured a range of soil physico-chemical properties and the composition and size of the soil seed bank in the remnant natural vegetations on the flood plains of the Han River within Seoul, South Korea. We used analysis of variance and multivariate analyses to analyse the data and S${\o}$rensen's similarity index to compare the composition of the vegetation and seed banks. The soils were circum-neutral and composed of mainly sand and silt fractions with a very limited clay component; a gradient based on sand/clay proportions was identified. The soil seed banks varied markedly between- and within-sites and had much greater species diversity than the above-ground vegetation. Two of the major dominants in the vegetation (Miscanthus saccariflorus and Phragmites australis) were found at very low densities in the seed bank. The site differences appeared to be correlated with the sand-clay gradient, suggesting that the soil properties differentially affected seed inputs into the soil, or that the processes than controlled sediment deposition during floods was also important in differentially affecting seed deposition. Lastly, there was relatively little similarity between the vegetation, dominated mainly by perennials, and the seed bank which contained a relatively large proportion of annuals and biennials. This result suggests that after disturbance caused by flooding there is the potential for many other species to colonize. This may impinge on the regeneration potential of the sites and cause concern for the future conservation of these important remnants of natural vegetation.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.13-34
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• 2023

Many ecologists try to understand plant communities and societies' changing processes by interacting with environmental factors. Plant communities formed in the sidings of streams, which are more dynamic than forest vegetation, are closely related to the disturbance regime of streams. U. pumila, which forms communities at the edges of streams, is distributed over the central and northern regions of the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we intended to explain the regeneration of U. pumila communities in the upstream region of the Namhangang River. Heights from the stream surface to the mid-high points of communities increased when the age class of U. pumila communities increased. On the other hand, the height of U. pumila tended to increase and decrease as the age class increased. The richness (S), evenness (J'), diversity (H'), and maximum diversity (H'max) also showed a tendency to increase and then decrease as the age class increased. On the other hand, the number of stems per individual and density (D) decreased as the age class increased. Seedlings of U. pumila failed to regenerate in the communities at the intermediate or higher stage of the age class. Regeneration of seedlings occurred in the spaces formed by the flooding, which occurred periodically in streams. After regeneration, U. pumila communities grew like a single organism. On the other hand, the plant species consisting of U. pumila communities exhibited a process in which the S and H' increased and then decreased as they developed. In other words, we determined that the changes in the species compositions were associated with changes in each species' environment and community. A space where seeds can regenerate seedlings should be provided for the regeneration of U. pumila communities. In the mid/upstream region of the Namhangang River, where the present study focused, newly formed communities were rare because the space required to regenerate U. pumila ceased to exist. Accordingly, we suggest securing an appropriate space for the regeneration of seedlings to maintain the U. pumila communities in the upstream region of the Namhangang River.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제85권3호
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• pp.524-531
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• 1996

소나무의 초기 천연 갱신에 영향을 미치는 중요한 인자가 무엇인지를 알아보기 위하여 강원도 평창군 중왕산 지역에서 이 연구를 수행하였다. 3개의 조사지와 1개의 임도 지역에 시험구를 설치하여 소나무의 발아와 치수의 묘고, 여름을 지나는 동안의 생존율을 조사하였다. 조사지 I과 III은 1992년에 간벌을 실시한 곳이고, 조사지 II는 1982년과 1989년에 모수림 작업을 시도한 후, 1993년까지 헥사지 논으로 지피 식생 처리를 한 곳이다. 세 조사지는 서로 다른 시기에 산림 작업의 형태로 교란이 일어난 곳이다. 소나무 치수는 간벌이 일어난 후에 나타났으며, 치수의 발생은 지피 식생이 적은 곳에서 잘 나타났다. 특히 산림 작업에 의해 토양이 드러난 곳인 작업로에 소나무 치수의 발생이 많았으며, 상층 수관의 울폐도가 낮은 곳에서 생장이 좋았다. 하층 식생은 소나무 치수의 발생과 생장에 제한요소로 작용하나 약 10~40%의 초본류는 소나무 치수를 보호하기 위하여 필요하다. 여름철의 집중호우는 주위에 초본이 없는 경우 완전히 뿌리를 내리지 못한 소나무 치수를 비에 떠내려가게 하는 역할을 하였다. 소나무 치수가 잘 성장하기 위해서는 묘고가 초본류의 높이인 약 50cm에 달하는 4~5년까지 제초 작업이 필요하다. 이 지역에서 소나무 천연 갱신에 주요한 영향을 미치는 요인 등 갱신을 도와주는 요인은 간벌과 집재 등의 산림 작업과 40% 이상의 광이었으며, 피도 70% 이상의 지피식생과 집중 호우 등은 오히려 소나무 묘목의 생존과 생장에 방해가 되었다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.58-65
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation measures on the fired woodland of Chesuk-bong in Mt. Chiri through the vegetation structure and comparison of growth pattern between natural seedlings and transplanted Abies koreana seedlings. It was also discussed the rate of standing and fallen trees of dead conifers in the management strategy for vegetation regeneration and protection of sub-alpine area. In this fired woodland, shrub layers consisting of Weigela subsessilis, Sambucus williamsii var. coreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, R. mucronulatum, Tripterygium regelii, and etc. were gradually expanded, and tree species such as Betula ermani, Sorbus commixta, Acer pseudosieboldianum, and Malus baccata var. mandshurica were also regenerated. The growth of height and crown width of Abies koreana seedlings transplanted for vegetation regeneration were a little lower than those of natural seedlings. The seedlings of A. koreana transplanted in this fired woodland grew about 50.6% normally, but the others had multi-branched or growth stopped by death of terminal shoot. Because the number of dead conifers by fire tend to be gradually increased as time passed, it can occurs to the soil erosion and landslide by weakness of the cohesion and resistance of soil. Therefore, it is consider that rehabilitation measures projects of the fired woodland in subalpine area may be more prevention a natural disaster like soil erosion, flood and landslide.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.305-316
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• 1993

Stands profiles, yearly changes in growth of annual rings, age and diameter structure, and spatial distribution pattern of individuals in the Pinus densiflora stands around the Yeocheon industrial complex were investigated. Growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora, which survived when vegetation of this area was damaged by air pollutants, was suppressed for about 10 years since 1974 when factories in this area began to operate, but since then such suppressed growth tended to be recovered. It was supposed that the suppresed growth was originated from air pollution and that improvement of growth since the suppressed period was due to the release from competition with them by death of neighbouring trees and the resuction of the amount of air pollutants. Physiognomy of Pinus densiflora stands showed mosaic pattern composed of different patches. Spatial distribution pattern of individuals an stand profiles were similar to those of Pinus densiflora stands regenerated after natural and artificial disturbances. In an age distribution diagram, age of Pinus densiflora population ranged from 1 to 33 years, Among these individuals were recrited corresponded to the suppresed period of growth of annual ring in Pinus densiflora survived when the vegetation was damaged by air pollution. On the other hand, from the result of analysis of frequency distribution diagram of diameter, it was postulated that even if whis Pinus densiflora community can be maintained as it is for the time being, it might be changed to Quercus community with the lapse of time.