• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2003

In support of remote sensing applications for monitoring processes of the Earth system, research was conducted to analyze the basic spectral response related to background soil and vegetation cover characteristics in the visible and reflective infrared wavelengths. Surface samples of seven stations were examined. Five soils were from land-field and two soils from tideland areas. The vegetation cover experiment was conducted on seven soil samples with known natural moisture content (%) by weight. To study the effect of vegetation cover, spectral measurements were taken on five or six vegetation cover treatments of the seven soils with 3 replications in air dry conditions. For collecting RS base data, used spectro-radiometer that measures reflection characteristics between 300~1,100nm was used and measured the reflection of vegetation from bean leaves. The relationships were evaluated for both a general soil line and for the individual lines of five soils, under air-dried condition as well as different vegetation cover ratio, through the determination of the line parameters. As vegetation cover ratio in bean leaves increases, features of soil reflectance decrease and those of plant reflectance become more and more apparent. In proportion to vegetation cover rate, near-infrared reflectance increased and visible reflectance decreased. Analysis results are compared to commonly used vegetation indices(RVI and NDVI ).

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2014

대기의 에너지를 측정하거나 지표면유출을 예측하는 기상 및 수문모델에서 지표면특성(식생피복)을 파악하는 것은 매우 중요한 요소이다. 1978년 Deardorff가 식생피복을 정량적으로 파악하기 위하여 식생피복지수(Vegetation Cover Fraction)를 제안한 후 식생피복지수에 관한 연구가 활발해졌다. 그러나 선행연구에서는 AVHRR, MODIS 그리고 KOMPSAT-2영상과 같은 고 저해상도 위성영상을 이용한 많은 연구가 있었으나, 중해상도 영상인 Landsat에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 Landsat OLI영상을 이용하여 식생피복지수 산정방법을 연구하였다. 정확하고 효율적인 식생피복지수 산정방법을 연구하기 위하여, 본 연구에서 제안된 방법과 선행연구방법을 비교평가 하였다. 실험결과 NDVI와 식생피복지수는 많은 연관성을 지니는 것으로 분석되었으며, 본 연구에서 제안된 방법을 이용한 식생피복지수가 특이점을 제외한 RMSE 7.3%로 전체 방법 중에서 가장 높은 정확도를 보였다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2017

Background: Monitoring terrestrial vegetation cover condition is important to evaluate its current condition and to identify potential vulnerabilities. Due to simplicity and low cost, point intercept method has been widely used in evaluating grassland surface and quantifying cover conditions. Field-based digital photography method is gaining popularity for the purpose of cover estimate, as it can reduce field time and enable additional analysis in the future. However, the caveats and uncertainty among field-based vegetation cover estimation methods is not well known, especially across a wide range of cover conditions. We compared cover estimates from point intercept and digital photography methods with varying sampling intensities (25, 49, and 100 points within an image), across 61 transects in typical steppe, forest steppe, and desert steppe in central Mongolia. We classified three photosynthetic groups of cover important to grassland ecosystem functioning: photosynthetic vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, and bare soil. We also acquired normalized difference vegetation index from satellite image comparison with the field-based cover. Results: Photosynthetic vegetation estimates by point intercept method were correlated with normalized difference vegetation index, with improvement when non-photosynthetic vegetation was combined. For digital photography method, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic vegetation estimates showed no correlation with normalized difference vegetation index, but combining of both showed moderate and significant correlation, which slightly increased with greater sampling intensity. Conclusions: Results imply that varying greenness is playing an important role in classification accuracy confusion. We suggest adopting measures to reduce observer bias and better distinguishing greenness levels in combination with multispectral indices to improve estimates on dry matter.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.17-31
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• 2016

Many researchers have evaluated the influence of vegetation cover on slope stability. However, due to the extensive variety of site conditions and vegetation types, different studies have often provided inconsistent results, especially when evaluating in different regions. Therefore, additional studies need to be conducted to identify the positive impacts of vegetation cover for slope stabilization. This study used the Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-based Regional Slope-stability Model (TRIGRS) to predict the occurrence of landslides in a watershed in Jinbu-Myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Korea. The influence of vegetation cover was assessed by spatially and temporally comparing the predicted landslides corresponding to multiple trials of cohesion values (which include the role of root cohesion) and real observed landslide scars to back-calculate the contribution of vegetation cover to slope stabilization. The lower bound of cohesion was defined based on the fact that there are no unstable cells in the raster stability map at initial conditions, and the modified success rate was used to evaluate the model performance. In the next step, the most reliable value representing the contribution of vegetation cover in the study area was applied for landslide assessment. The analyzed results showed that the role of vegetation cover could be replaced by increasing the soil cohesion by 3.8 kPa. Without considering the influence of vegetation cover, a large area of the studied watershed is unconditionally unstable in the initial condition. However, when tree root cohesion is taken into account, the model produces more realistic results with about 76.7% of observed unstable cells and 78.6% of observed stable cells being well predicted.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2006

During the breeding seasons in 2002 and 2003, the influences of vegetation cover on breeding processes of Black-tailed Gulls (Laurs crassirostris) were studied on Hongdo Island. We checked dutch sizes, calculated hatching success and survival rates on day 15 and a vegetation cover, There was significant positive relationship between vegetation cover and hatching success, and survival on day 15. In order to analyze the relationship, sample nests were categorized as 'exposed' and 'covered' nests, and the breeding processes at each nest were compared. Hatching success and survival on day 15 in covered nests were significantly higher than ones in exposed nests. However, in clutch size, there was no significant difference. The rate of the hatching and survival failure was different amongst the categorized nests. The primary cause of hatching failure in covered and exposed nests was 'disappeared', and the primary causes of survival failure on day 15 were 'disappeared' and 'killed by adults'. The failure in exposed nests was significantly larger than that of covered nests. In the breeding of Black-tailed Gulls on Hongdo Island, vegetation cover influenced the survival of eggs and chicks as the cover provided shelter against predators and extreme weather.

• 한국측량학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.393-399
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• 2005

식생은 700nm근처에서 명확한 흡수파장대와 반사파장대를 갖고 있으므로 그 반사율의 차이가 상당히 크다. 이러한 식생의 흡수 및 반사파장대에 착안하여 식생에 관한 리모트센싱 기법을 실행하기 위하여 많은 식생지수가 연구되어지고 있다. 현재, 일반적으로 많이 사용되고 있는 식생지수로는 정규식생지수(NDVI)와 수직식생지수(PVI)가 있다. 일반적으로 식생의 활력도를 나타내는 것은 증산속도나 이산화탄소 소비량 그리고 클로로필농도등 이지만 주로 클로로필농도를 이용한다. NDVI나 PVI을 구하는데 이용되는 적색파장대는 클로로필의 흡광작용이 강하므로 클로로필 농도를 파악하는데도 유효하다. 특히 NDVI는 개략적인 식생상황을 파악하는데 주로 사용되기 때문에 초기조사에 많이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 식생지수는 활력도와 식생피복에 관한 정보가 혼합되어 있기 때문에 활력도와 식생피복간의 중복이 없는 독자적인 파장대에 패하여 모니터링을 할 필요가 있다. 지금까지 많은 식생지수는 식생의 활력과 식생피복이 혼재되어 있어서 함께 평가하였으나 본 연구에서는 활력도와 식생피복율을 분리평가하기 위하여 잔디를 이용한 실험을 행하여 분리 평가의 효용성을 강조하고자 하였다. 따라서 분광반사특성을 이용하여 식생지수를 평가한 결과 식생의 활력과 피복을 분리하여 평가하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다.

• 농촌계획
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2024

This study aimed to develop a precise vegetation cover classification model for small streams using the combination of drone remote sensing and support vector machine (SVM) techniques. The chosen study area was the Idong stream, nestled within Geosan-gun, Chunbuk, South Korea. The initial stage involved image acquisition through a fixed-wing drone named ebee. This drone carried two sensors: the S.O.D.A visible camera for capturing detailed visuals and the Sequoia+ multispectral sensor for gathering rich spectral data. The survey meticulously captured the stream's features on August 18, 2023. Leveraging the multispectral images, a range of vegetation indices were calculated. These included the widely used normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) that factors in soil background, and the normalized difference water index (NDWI) for identifying water bodies. The third stage saw the development of an SVM model based on the calculated vegetation indices. The RBF kernel was chosen as the SVM algorithm, and optimal values for the cost (C) and gamma hyperparameters were determined. The results are as follows: (a) High-Resolution Imaging: The drone-based image acquisition delivered results, providing high-resolution images (1 cm/pixel) of the Idong stream. These detailed visuals effectively captured the stream's morphology, including its width, variations in the streambed, and the intricate vegetation cover patterns adorning the stream banks and bed. (b) Vegetation Insights through Indices: The calculated vegetation indices revealed distinct spatial patterns in vegetation cover and moisture content. NDVI emerged as the strongest indicator of vegetation cover, while SAVI and NDWI provided insights into moisture variations. (c) Accurate Classification with SVM: The SVM model, fueled by the combination of NDVI, SAVI, and NDWI, achieved an outstanding accuracy of 0.903, which was calculated based on the confusion matrix. This performance translated to precise classification of vegetation, soil, and water within the stream area. The study's findings demonstrate the effectiveness of drone remote sensing and SVM techniques in developing accurate vegetation cover classification models for small streams. These models hold immense potential for various applications, including stream monitoring, informed management practices, and effective stream restoration efforts. By incorporating images and additional details about the specific drone and sensors technology, we can gain a deeper understanding of small streams and develop effective strategies for stream protection and management.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.127-136
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• 2011

This study was conducted on the field application for a method which is currently used. Although the method was performed with experimental knowledge, this study attempted to approach scientific ways through thirty sets of test-bed and three times monitoring limited by control variations for three months. The factors on previous studies are slope location, slope degree, type (roadfill vs. roadcut), aspect, vegetation cover, species, thickness, vertical length, horizontal length, soil type, elevation, erosion, soil-moisture, soil-hardness, pH, and so on. However, the factors of a suitable and significant level are slope degree, type, aspect, thickness, soil-moisture, vertical length and horizontal length in slope revegetation. the results were as follows : As a result of survey on soil types based on the status before construction, the rate of vegetation cover with non-mesh construction in soil areas was better than the rate of vegetation cover with fiber meshes and wire meshes. The rate of vegetation cover with fiber meshes in weathered rocks was better than using wire meshes. The rate of vegetation cover with the wire meshes in blasted rocks was better than using fiber meshes. Also, the factors affecting the rate of vegetation cover presented the number of appearance species, soil-moisture, thickness. this result presented the more appearance species as a positive role, and the lower soil-moisture and the thicker soil as a negative role.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2011

고해상도 위성영상의 다중분광자료만을 이용하여 토지 피복도를 제작할 경우, 낮은 분광해상도와 단일 토지 피복 내에 존재하는 불균질성으로 인해 분류 결과의 정확도가 저하되는 문제가 발생한다. 특히 식생 클래스의 경우 단일 토지 피복임에도 불구하고 절감 특성에 따라 해당 영역 안에 산림, 초지, 농업지역 등이 함께 분류되는 문제가 두드러진다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 개선하기 위해 광학 영상 기반의 사전분류를 수행한 후 식생으로 분류된 영역에 대해 고해상도 위성영상의 다중분광정보와 SAR 영상 산란 정보를 통합하고 식생을 세분류하였다. 사전 분류와 식생분류는 최대우도 감독분류를 통해 수행되었으며 식생 세분류 결과와 사전 분류결과 중 비식생 클래스의 융합을 통해 계층적 분류 방법을 제안하였다. 제안 기법은 SAR 영상이나 GLCM 질감 정보를 영상 전체에 걸쳐 단순 통합한 분류결과뿐만 아니라 GLCM 질감 정보를 식생 지역에 적용한 계층적 분류결과에 비해 높은 정확도를 보였으며 특히 식생과 비식생의 분류 정확도가 모두 높게 나타났다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the function of microclimate amelioration of urban trees regarding the environmental benefits of street trees in summer, focusing on the heat pollution-urban heat island, tropical climate day's phenomenon and air pollution. We measured the diurnal variation of air/ground temperatures and humidity within the vegetation canopy with the meteorological tower observation system. Summertime air temperatures within the vegetation canopy layer were 1-2$^{\circ}C$ cooler than in places with no vegetation. Due to lack of evaporation, the ground surface temperatures of footpaths were, at a midafternoon maximum, 8$^{\circ}C$ hotter than those under trees. This means that heat flows from a place with no vegetation to a vegetation canopy layer during the daytime. The heat is consumed as a evaporation latent heat. These results suggest that the extension of vegetation canopy bring about a more pleasant urban climate. Diurnal variation of air/ground temperatures and humidity within the vegetation canopy were measured with the meteorological tower observation system. According to the findings, summertime air temperatures under a vegetation canopy layer were 1-2$^{\circ}C$ cooler than places with no vegetation. Due mainly to lack of evaporation the ground surface temperature of footpaths were up to 8$^{\circ}C$ hotter than under trees during mid-afternoon. This means that heat flows from a place where there is no vegetation to another place where there is a vegetation canopy layer during the daytime. Through the energy redistribution analysis, we ascertain that the major part of solar radiation reaching the vegetation cover is consumed as a evaporation latent heat. This result suggests that the expansion of vegetation cover creates a more pleasant urban climate through the cooling effect in summer. Vegetation plays an important role because of its special properties with energy balance. Depended on their evapotranspiration, vegetation cover and water surfaces diminish the peaks of temperature during the day. The skill to make the best use of the vegetation effect in urban areas is a very important planning device to optimize urban climate. Numerical simulation study to examine the vegetation effects on urban climate will be published in our next research paper.