• 생체재료학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.346-351
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• 2018

Background: Carbonate apatite ($CO_3Ap$) and silica-calcium phosphate composite (SCPC) are bone substitutes with good prospect for dental application. SCPC creates a hydroxyapatite surface layer and stimulate bone cell function while, $CO_3Ap$ induce apatite crystal formation with good adaptation providing good seal between cement and the bone. Together, these materials will add favorable properties as a pulp capping material to stimulate mineral barrier and maintain pulp vitality. The aim of this study is to investigate modification of $CO_3Ap$ cement combined with SCPC, later term as $CO_3Ap-SCPC$ cement (CAS) in means of its chemical (Calcium release) and physical properties (setting time, DTS and pH value). Methods: The study consist of three groups; group 1 (100% calcium hydroxide, group 2 $CO_3Ap$ (60% DCPA: 40% vaterite, and group 3 CAS (60% DCPA: 20% vaterite: 20% SCPC. Distilled water was employed as a solution for group 1, and $0.2mol/L\;Na_3PO_4$ used for group 2 and group 3. Samples were evaluated with respect to important properties for pulp capping application such as pH, setting time, mechanical strength and calcium release evaluation. Results: The fastest setting time was in $CO_3Ap$ cement group without SCPC, while the addition of 20% SCPC slightly increase the pH value but did not improved the cement mechanical strength, however, the mechanical strength of both $CO_3Ap$ groups were significantly higher than calcium hydroxide. All three groups released calcium ions and had alkaline pH. Highest pH level, as well as calcium released level, was in the control group. Conclusion: The CAS cement had good mechanical and acceptable chemical properties for pulp capping application compared to calcium hydroxide as a gold standard. However, improvements and in vivo studies are to be carried out with the further development of this material.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.707-714
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• 2013

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) is a naturally occurring biological process that has various applications in remediation and restoration of a range of building materials. In the present investigation, five ureolytic bacterial isolates capable of inducing calcium carbonate precipitation were isolated from calcareous soils on the basis of production of urease, carbonic anhydrase, extrapolymeric substances, and biofilm. Bacterial isolates were identified as Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. subtilis, and Lysinibacillus fusiformis based on 16S rRNA analysis. The calcium carbonate polymorphs produced by various bacterial isolates were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, X ray diffraction, and Fourier transmission infra red spectroscopy. A strain-specific precipitation of calcium carbonate forms was observed from different bacterial isolates. Based on the type of polymorph precipitated, the technology of MICCP can be applied for remediation of various building materials.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 1995

본 연구는 2.$0^{\circ}C$~85.3$^{\circ}C$, 2$\times$10\ulcornerM의 상압에서 탄산칼슘의 동질이상인 calcite, aragonite, vaterite의 생성과 그 형상에 미치는 온도의 영향을 조사한 것이다. 실험된 반응은 \circled1 Ca($HCO_3$)$_2$-Air bubble, \circled2 (OH)$Ca_2$ $-CO_2$, \circled3 (OH)$Ca_2$ $-H _2$$CO_3$, \circled4 $Ca(OH)_2$$-Na_2$CO$_3$, \circled5 $Ca(OH)_2$ $-K_2$ $ CO_3$, \circled6 $Ca(OH)_2$-($NH_4$)$_2$$CO_3$, \circled7 $CaCl_2$ $-Na2$ $CO_3$, \circled8 $CaCl_2$-K$_2$$CO_3$, \circled9 $CaCl_2$-($NH_4$)$_2$$CO_3$, \circled10 Ca($NO_3$)$_2$- $Na_2$$CO_3$, ⑪ Ca($NO_3$)$_2$- $K_2$$CO_3$, ⑫ Ca($NO_3$)$_2$등 12가지이며, 얻어진 실험결과는 아래와 같다. calcite는 반응종류에 상관없이 실험된 거의 모든 온도범위($2.0^{\circ}C$~$80.0^{\circ}C$)에서 생성하며 그 생성수율은 3$0^{\circ}C$정도일 때가 가장 높았다. aragonite는 반응에 따라 약간씩 차이는 있지만 주로 41.$0^{\circ}C$~53.$0^{\circ}C$ 사이에서 생성하기 시작하며 온도는 높을수록 그 수율은 높아진다. pH 또한 aragonite의 생성수율에 영향을 미치며 반응후 모액의 pH가 10.0~11.0 사이일 경우 생성수율이 최대가 되며 12.3 이상인 경우는 aragonite가 거의 생성되지 않았다. vaterite는 4$0^{\circ}C$ 이하에서만 생성하며 상당히 불안정하기 때문에 생성후 모액속에 방치할 경우 Cl￣를 포함하지않는 반응계에서는 10~60분 경과후 완전히 calcite로 전이하고 Cl￣를 포함하는 계에서는 약 140시간만에 완전히 calcite로 전이한다.

• 공학논문집
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.97-109
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• 2004

CaO의 첨가량에 따라 $CO_2$가스를 불어넣고 반응시간 변화에 따라 용매로 $C_2 H_5 OH$을 사용하여 에틸렌글리콜을 첨가한 CaO-$C_2 H_5 OH$-$CO_2$계의 기.액반응으로부터 비정질 $CaCO_3$의 합성과 결정구조를 전기전도도, X-선회절 및 주사전자현미경으로 조사하였다. 이 반응에서 900ml의 $C_2 H_5 OH$에 에틸렌글리콜 100ml를 첨가하고 CaO의 양을 10~40g으로 하여 $CO_2$가스를 1$\ell$/min의 유속으로 흡입시켜 얻은 합성분말의 겔형 물질을 신속히 여과, 감압하의 $60^{\circ}C$에서 건조하여 1${\mu}m$이하의 구형 vaterite상과 무정형인 비정질 $CaCO_3$을 얻었다. 그리고 비정질 $CaCO_3$의 일부는 중간생성물로서 연쇄형 calcite로 변화하는 것을 알 수 있었고 침강성 $CaCO_3$의 생성보다 먼저 초기 반응생성물은 비정질 $CaCO_3$이었고 이 경우 생성역역은 pH 7-9의 범위로 상당한 영향을 준다. 또한 비정질 $CaCO_3$은 용액 속에서 불안정하여 용해반응으로 인해서 결국 calcite로 결정화한다. 특히 비정질 $CaCO_3$은 CaO-$C_2 H_5 OH$-$CO_2$계의 반응에 의해서 침강되어 생성되거나 또는 gel상으로 된다.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2015

속도론적인 관점에서 실험변수를 조절하여 얻어진 결과로부터 침강성 탄산칼슘(precipitated calcium carbonate, PCC)의 생성을 핵생성속도로 규명하였다. 반응온도 $80^{\circ}C$에서 $Ca(OH)_2$ slurry, $Na_2CO_3$ 수용액 및 다양한 농도의 NaOH를 첨가하여 침강성 탄산칼슘의 생성거동을 관찰하였다. 핵생성속도는 주 반응물인 $Ca^{2+}$ 이온과 $CO{_3}^{2-}$ 용해속도를 조건으로 나누어 진행하였다. 두 이온의 농도가 고농도일경우에는 vaterite와 calcite가 혼재되어 나타났다. $Ca^{2+}$ 이온과 $CO{_3}^{2-}$ 이온농도 중 어느 하나만을 낮게 하여 반응시킨 경우에는 주로 calcite가 생성되었으며 두 이온농도가 모두 낮을 경우에는 aragonite가 형성되었다. 또한 NaOH 농도를 증가시킴에 따라 calcite의 생성은 감소하였으며 5M NaOH 수용액 내에서 단일상의 aragonite를 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 과포화도 조절을 통해 다형체(polymorphs) 중 특정 형태를 합성할 수 있었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.232-238
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 액-액 반응에 의한 액상탄산화법을 이용하여 탄산칼슘을 제조하였다. MEA를 사용하여 습식화학수법의 셔틀메카니즘을 도입하였다. MEA 30% 수용액에 고농도 이산화탄소(A)와 배기가스(B)를 사용하여 이산화탄소를 포집하였으며, 액상탄산화과정을 통해 슬러지 mg 당 0.35 mg의 이산화탄소를 고정하였다. 최종생성물의 SEM 분석결과 탄산칼슘의 구조는 calcite가 혼합되어 있으나 대부분 구형 vaterite가 생성되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.457-462
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• 2007

Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) can readily be prepared using ethanol as the reaction medium and ammonium carbonate as the source of carbon dioxide. Other additives, or any elaborate pH control are not needed to form the initial calcium carbonate precipitate. Ammonia generated from ammonium carbonate maintains the reaction medium in a neutral or weakly basic condition, retarding the crystallization of ACC, while ethanol itself inhibits the dissolution of ACC. The ACC prepared in this way provides a rare opportunity to fabricate molded biomimetic crystals in vitro, but the ACC is too fragile to be fabricated into proper shapes. The malleability of ACC is, however, greatly enhanced by incorporating poly(ethylenimine) (PEI). The ACC/PEI composite can then be fabricated, using a proper mold or template, into mechanically durable biomimetic crystals of definite shape. The ACC in the ACC/PEI composite can further be transformed into vaterite by heating under N2 atmosphere, while the native ACC simply converts into calcite.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.365-369
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• 2013

With the wide application of ASP (alkaline-surfactant-polymer) flooding, the scaling becomes more and more serious, which is harmful to the oilfield and environment. In order to investigate the effects of HPAM on calcium carbonate crystallization, the crystallization behaviors of $CaCO_3$ in HPAM (Hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) solutions were studied and the composition and morphology of $CaCO_3$ crystal were investigated in different concentrations of polyacrylamide solutions. The crystal forms and morphologies of $CaCO_3$ were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the crystallization of $CaCO_3$ is strongly influenced by the HPAM. The paper analyzed the internal cause, and the results show: The reasons leading to the change of morphology are carboxyl groups in polyacrylamide molecule and $Ca^{2+}$ in solution form chelates by coordination bond. And the chelates are adsorbed on the calcium hydroxide surfaces of solid-liquid interfaces so as to change the formation rate of calcium carbonate crystal nucleus. The research provides a reliable basis for the mechanism research of the scaling problem in the oil extraction process of ASP flooding and the adoption of scale inhibition and scale inhibitor.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2022

Soybean-urease induced carbonate precipitation (EICP), as an alternative to microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), was employed for soil improvement. Meanwhile, soluble calcium produced from industrial waste carbide slag powder (CSP) via the acid dissolution method was used for the EICP process. The ratio of CSP to the acetic acid solution was optimized to obtain a desirable calcium concentration with an appropriate pH. The calcium solution was then used for the sand columns test, and the engineering properties of the EICP-treated sand, including unconfined compressive strength, permeability, and calcium carbonate content, were evaluated. Results showed that the properties of the biocemented sand using the CSP derived calcium solution were comparable to those using the reagent grade CaCl₂. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that spherical vaterite crystals were mainly formed when the CSP-derived calcium solution was used. In contrast, spherical calcite crystals were primarily formed as the reagent grade CaCl₂ was used. This study highlighted that it was effective and sustainable to use soluble calcium produced from CSP for the EICP process.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.284-293
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• 2022

After extracting the calcium component from the KR slag and the converter slag using ammonium chloride solution, the extract was reacted with carbon dioxide to synthesize precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). In order to understand the effect of ultrasonic waves on calcium extraction from slags and calcium carbonate synthesis, the efficiency of calcium carbonate synthesis according to the with or without of ultrasonic waves was analyzed. The synthetic efficiency of PCC was investigated according to various experimental conditions, and the synthesized calcium carbonate was analyzed using XRD and SEM. In both slags, the amount of PCC decreased as the reaction temperature increased. The pH at the end of the experiment capable of synthesizing the maximum PCC in the carbonation reaction was 7 (irradiated with ultrasound) and 8 (irradiated without ultrasound), respectively. Because the pH of the extraction filtrate is different when irradiated with or without ultrasound, the pH was adjusted to 9 by injecting an additive (10 M NaOH) before the carbonation experiment, and then the experiment was performed. When calcium was extracted from KR slag, the crystal phase appeared as calcite regardless of the pH at the end of the experiment. However, when calcium was extracted from the converter slag and the pH was set to 7 at the end of the experiment, the crystal phase of PCC appeared as a mixture of calcite and vaterite.