• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2010

Objectives & Method：We investigated adverse symptoms, toxicity, treatment and prevention against adverse effects of restoratives for invigorating qi(補氣藥) in order to use herbal medicines accurately. Result：Ginseng Radix(人參), Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix(黨參), Panacis Quinquefolii Radix(西洋參), Astragali Radix(黃芪), Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba(白朮), Dioscoreae Rhizoma(山藥), Dolichoris Semen(白扁豆), Glycyrrhizae Radix(甘草), Jujubae Fructus(大棗) and Mel(蜂蜜) may give rise to some side effects, allergic reaction or toxic symptoms in restoratives for invigorating qi(補氣藥). The representative methods of poisoning treatment in western medicines are stopping medication, washing out the stomach, promotion of vomiting, causing diarrhea, supplies of grape sugar and symptomatic treatment, etc. The representative methods of poisoning treatment in oriental medicine take advantage of various herbs. And Oriental medical doctor should meet symptoms as patients call for attention. In order to prevent against poisoning of restoratives for invigorating qi(補氣藥), the patients should keep usage, dosage and notes. Conclusion：We should pay attention to clinical using of Ginseng Radix(人參), Codonopsis Pilosulae Radix(黨參), Panacis Quinquefolii Radix(西洋參), Astragali Radix(黃芪), Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba(白朮), Dioscoreae Rhizoma (山藥), Dolichoris Semen(白扁豆), Glycyrrhizae Radix(甘草), Jujubae Fructus(大棗) and Mel(蜂蜜) in restoratives for invigorating qi(補氣藥).

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1998

The morphological and chemical characteristics of leaves and fruits were observed in the three mulberry varieties, including Daeryugppong(Morus Lhou(Ser.) koidz), Kugsang 20(Morus Lhou(Ser.) koidz) and Cataneo(Morus alba L.). The leaf development in spring was earliest in Cataneo and latest in Kugsang. Content of total nitrogen and Mg in leaf was the highest in Cataneo while that of P2O5, K and Ca in Daeryukppong. Flowers started to bloom from May 8 and in full bloom around May 15. Mature fruits began to set from June 10 to 15 and lasted by July 10 in Cataneo. Average fruit weight was heaviest in Kugsang 20(3.52 g/fruit), while lowest in Daeryukppong(1.61 g/fruit). In fruits, glucose and fructose were the major sugars. Citric acid was the most abundant organic acid in three varieties with its average content from 0.8 to 0.14%. The major pigment in fruit was anthocyanin and its content varied among varieties. The stability of anthocyanin was evaluated under various pH, temperature, and sugar concentrations. Rutin was the major flavonol glycoside present in fruits and its content varied from 0.92 to 3.36 mg/gDW. Other flavonol glycosides such as isoquercitrin and quercitrin were also detected in fruit.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2004

Migration behavior of selected solvents and food samples showed differences of the chemical structures and polarities, the food samples which have similar polar expresses more higher affinity than different polar degrees. Water which is polar has a highest partitioning coefficient values on polar isopropanol, and oil which is nonpolar has highest partitioning value on non-polar toluene. The increasing order of partitioning values was accord with increasing water contents in food samples. It is showed that the wheat flour with 13.2% moisture content has the highest partitioning coefficient values on the isopropanol with -OH. Kp value of sugar showed remarkable lower partitioning coefficient values than other food samples due to high degree crystallinity. This phenomenon can be predictable with ${\delta}$ values, because order of partitioning coefficient values which comes out through the experiment and the sequence of Hildebrand solubility parameter value difference between food sample and printing ink solvent correspond almost. This Hildebrand solubility parameter value can be easily applied to the food package industry because the effect of food-safety can be considered without passing through complicated steps by using this method.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1994

Two strains of yeast (RA-74-2 and RA-912) showing superior fermenting ability at a high temperature were isolated from soils and wastewaters by an enrichment culture method. Based on the morphological and physiological charateristics, the two strains were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Kluyveromyces marxianus, respectively. RA-74-2 was able to grow upto $43^{\circ}C$ and sustain similar fermenting ability in the temperatures range from 30 to $40^{\circ}C$. In addition, the sugar- and ethanol-tolerance of RA-74-2 were 30% (w/v) glucose and 10% (v/v) ethanol, which appeared to be higher than those of nine other industrial yeast strains currently being used in the alcohol factories. The thermotolerant ethanol fermenting yeast RA-912 showed identical growth in the temperatures range from 35 to $45^{\circ}C$ and was resistant to various heavy metals. The quality and quantity of byproducts of the isolated yeast strains in fermentation broth after fermentation at $40^{\circ}C$ and $45^{\circ}C$ were similiar with those obtained at $30^{\circ}C$. These results show that RA-74-2 can be adopted for the ethanol fermentation process where the expenses for cooling system is significant, and suggest that RA-912 may be applied in either SSF(simultaneous saccharification and fermentation) or Flash-fermentation process and RA-912 may be used as a gene donor for the development of thermotolerant ethanol-fermenting yeasts.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.194-202
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• 2009

Sulfated fucans are known to have both anti-thrombotic and anti-coagulant activities. In this study, the variation in platelet aggregation and anti-coagulant activities was investigated in vitro with regard to administered dose, molecular weight distribution, sulfate content, and sugar composition in two algal fucoidans from Eisenia bicyclis and Undaria pinnatifida sporophylls (Mekabu). The anti-coagulant activity largely correlated with sulfate content and with molecular weight distribution in a dose-dependent manner. However, both fucoidans demonstrated inhibitory responses to ADP-induced platelet aggregation in dose- and structure-dependent manners that contrasted with the anti-coagulant activity. Neither molecular weight distribution nor sulfate content greatly affected platelet-aggregation inhibition (PA-inhibition) by the fucoidan fractions, whereas anti-coagulant activity was sensitive to these structural factors. Interestingly, an E. bicyclis fucoidan fraction exhibited almost complete PA-inhibition at a treatment dose of 500 mg/mL while retaining weak anti-coagulant activity. In conclusion, these observations suggest that fucoidan may be a useful anti-thrombotic or anti-platelet agent in various arterial thrombotic disorders, including post-vascular intervention with controlled bleeding complications, due to its anti-coagulant modulating activity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.455-461
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• 2016

Galectins are ${\beta}$-galactoside binding lectins that contain one or more carbohydrate recognition domains. As a consequence of sugar-binding properties, galectins exhibit a variety of interactions with glycoproteins, thus playing important roles in various pathological processes. A number of studies have shown roles of galectins in cancer. Galectin-7 is a prototype member of the galectin family implicated in epithelial stratification and cell migration. It can act as a potent dual regulator in different types of cancer. Galectin-7 may contribute either to neoplastic transformation and tumour progression through regulation of cell growth, cell cycle, angiogenesis, apoptosis and cell migration or may have a protective effect in cancer depending on the tissue type. A perusal of the literature indicates particular roles of galectin-7 in carcinomas and melanomas, while contributions await greater exploration in other types of cancers including sarcomas and leukemia. This review collectively summarizes available literature on expression and roles of galectin-7 in different cancers.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.255-259
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• 1993

Chitobiase from Aeromonas salmonicida YA7-625 was purified from culture broth through ammonium sulfate precipitation, chitin affinity adsorption, hydroxylapatite column chromatography and gel filtration, with 47.2% yield and 31.5 fold purity. The molecular weight of purified chitobiase was 15,000 daltons, and the chitobiase showes maximum activity at the condition of at $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. The effects of various metal ions and inhibitors show thatcystein, glutamic acid, serine, tryptophan, and tyrosine residues seem to be concerned in chitobiase activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.204-208
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• 1997

Aureobasidium puliulans possesses the capacity for simultaneous formation of fructosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase in various sugar media including sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose. Among them, sucrose (300 g/1) was the most suitable carbon source for fructosyltransferase production, while fructose (100 g/1) gave the maximal production of glucosyltransferase. There existed a critical concentration for the optimal formation of enzymes in sucrose, glucose and fructose media. By contrast, no effect of maltose concentrations up to 300 g/1 was observed. The specific activity of the glucosyltransferase on maltose medium was highest during the early period of fetmentation, after which a sharp decrease occurred, whereas fructosyltransferase activity on sucrose medium maintained a nearly constant rate for a given culture period. Concomitant production of fructosyltransferase and glucosyltransferase was investigated with different combinations of lower concentrations of sucrose and maltose. Maltose supplementation in sucrose media and sucrose addition to maltose media enhanced the activity ratios of fructosyltransferase to glucosyltransferase as compared to that of non-supplemented media. Several polymers and surfactants were added in an attempt to enhance enzyme production, and supplementation of polyoxyethylene-sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20) promoted fructosyltransferase production by 20%.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.558-565
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• 2007

On the basis of the increasing interest for the selection of beverages, this study aimed to evaluate the contents of nutrients and health ${\cdot}$ functional elements in the beverages. Total 161 beverages that bear nutrition lable (NL) as nutrition table and health ${\cdot}$ functional elements information were collected and classified to 8 groups. The evaluated nutrients that are obligatory for NL in Korea were total calorie, carbohydrate, protein, fat, and sodium. Presented values showed that milk & yogurt and soy milk are the most wholesome beverages while the total caloric contents also were higher among 8 groups. Sodium contents in soy milk were higher than any other groups. The caloric contents of other beverage groups come mainly from carbohydrate presumably simple sugar. The caloric content of sports drinks is the lowest but the sodium content is variable among products showing the range of 0 - 100 mg/100 ml. Nonobligatory nutrients for NL frequently expressed are Ca, Fe, vitamin C, folate, and dietary fiber. Their content per serving size does not exceed the tolerable upper intake level, however, habitual multiple intakes of certain product require attention for the prevention of overintakes. Many health ${\cdot}$ functional elements as catechin, carnitine, polyphenol, and nucleic acids etc were listed in NL without presenting the content and their functions appear to be exaggerated compared to the known scientific evidence.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.289-298
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• 2006

3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important molecule, which mediates diverse cellular processes. For example, it is involved in regulation of sugar uptake/catabolism, DNA replication, cell division, and motility in various acterial species. In addition, cAMP is one of the critical regulators for syntheses of virulence factors in many pathogenic bacteria. It is believed that cAMP acts as a signal for environmental changes as well as a regulatory factor for gene expressions. Therefore, intracellular concentration of cAMP is finely modulated by according to its rates of synthesis (by adenylate cyclase), excretion, and degradation (by cAMP phosphodiesterase). In the present review, we discuss the bacterial physiological characteristics governed by CAMP and the molecular mechanisms for gene regulation by cAMP. Furthermore, the effect of cAMP on phosphotransferase system is addressed.