• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 1998

Comparative cytotoxic activities of petroleum ether soluble fraction from various ginsengs of Panax species were evaluated using A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma) and SK-OV-3(human ovary carcinoma) cancer cell lines. Korean red ginseng, Korean white ginseng, American ginseng and Canadian ginseng were found to show more potent cytotoxicitles on A549 and SK-OV-3 cell lines than Chinese red ginseng, Japanese red ginseng and Sanchi ginseng. It is noteworthy that especially, red ginseng prepared from the root of Panax ginseng cultivated in Korea shows relatively stronger cytotoxic activities than those cultivated in China and Japan.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.193-203
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• 1985

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of the free lipids in Panax ginseng (Korea, Japan and China), Panax quinquefolium (America, Canada) and Panax notoginseng (China) were studied by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Free lipid contents were 1.13 to 1.24% in panax ginseng and 0.87 to 1.18% in Panax quinquefolium and 0.39% in panax notoginseng. Neutral lipid fractions were 81.2 to 84.4%, while glycolipid fractions 8.01% to 14.47% and phospholipid fractions 3.49 to 5.74% in free lipid contents. The major components were triglycerides, free sterols, diglyceride, free fatty acids and sterol esters in neutral lipid fractions, sterol glucoside, monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified steryl glucoside in glycolipid fractions and phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatide, ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline in phospholipid fractions. The contents and compositions of neutral lipids and glyclipids were some different among various ginsengs, whereas phospholipids showed relatively similar compositions in the contents. Seventeen fatty acids were analyzed in the four free lipid fractions from the various ginsengs and the main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid. It was found that the amounts of some fatty acids were different among the various ginsengs, but the fatty acid patterns of these ginsengs were on the whole similar.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.204-212
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• 1985

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of the bound lipids in Panax quinquefolium (Korea, Japan and China), Panax quinquefolium (America, Canada) and Panax notoginseng (China) were studied by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The could lipid contents in various ginsengs were 0.29 to 0.48%, in which neutral lipid fractions were 63.6 to 67.3%, glycolipid fractions 21.9 to 25.7% and phospholipid fractions 7.7 to 12.4%. The content compositions of neutral lipid fractions were lower and those of glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were higher in the bound lipids than in the free lipids from the various ginseng. The major components were fatty acids, diglycerides and free sterols in neutral lipid fractions, monogalactosyl diglyceride, sterol glucoside and esterified steryl g1ycoside in glycolipid fractions and phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid in phosphoipid fractions. Seventeen fatty acids were analyzed in the four bound lipid fractions from the various ginsengs and main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid. Total saturated fatty acid and palmitic acid contents were higher and total unsaturated fatty acid and linoleic acid contents lower in the total bound lipids than in the total free lipids from the various ginsengs.

• 생약학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.163-166
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• 1977

We have compared the metal contents of various ginsengs by atomic absorption spectrometer. Ginseng contains large amounts of K and Na, and small amounts of Mn, Mg, Zn and Cu. While comparing the metal contents of ginseng obtained from various countries, it was found that the Korean ginseng contained large amounts of metal ions. Yet we don't know the pattern of metal contents, but we propose that the difference between various ginsengs is due to soil properties.

• 약학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.242-249
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• 1978

We have compared the panaxadiol and panaxatriol contents of white ginsengs from different countries and red ginseng, by using gas and high-pressure liquid chromatographies. Oleanolic acid contents in various ginseng species were compared by gas liquid chromatography and densitometry. Korean ginseng was found to contain greater amount of panaxadiol and panaxatriol than those of any other countries. The ginsengs from other countries, especially Chikusetzu ginseng, were found to contain far greater amount of oleanolic acid than Korean ginseng.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to characterize the internal physical properties of fresh Korean ginsengs (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) through a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. Current external visual inspection cannot determine internal quality of ginsengs successfully. Relaxation time constants, T$_1$ and T$_2$*, were obtained from a series of MR images. Calculated Ti values were varied with different physiological states of ginseng tissues. Internal imaging information was obtained nondestructively from fresh ginsengs. One- and two-dimensional image analyses were performed. One-dimensional image analysis showed a potential of age identification of ginsengs rapidly. Internal quality of normal and abnormal ginsengs was evaluated using two-dimensional MR images. Various types of internal defects such as internal cavity and rotten spot were visualized clearly. The MRI technique had a feasibility to detect internal defects of fresh ginsengs effectively.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.13-25
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• 2009

연구 결과는 아래와 같다. 풍화토양에서 혈암 및 화강암지역이 높은 원소가, 화강암지역이 낮은 원소가 많았다. 이는 토양내의 이들 원소를 함유할 수 있는 광물의 존재와, 함량으로 설명이 될 수 있다. 밭 토양에서 천매암 지역이 높은 원소가, 화강암 지역은 낮은 원소가 많았다. 즉 이 관계는 토양 내 함유되어 있는 광물내 원소의 특성과, 풍화작용, 인삼의 생육기간 동안 발생하는 토양내의 물리, 화학적 작용 탓으로 설명할 수 있다. 모암에서 혈암이 높은 원소가, 화강암이 낮은 원소가 많았다. 각 암석별 원소 함량 차이는 암석 중 존재하는 광물의 특성으로 설명이 가능하다. 인삼은 각 지역별 함량 비교에서 높은 값이 혈암 지역의 T1, 천매암 지역의 Cs, B, 화강암 지역의 Be, Cd에서 나타났다. 이 들 관계는 토양 중 이들 원소들을 함유하고 있는 광물의 종류 및 함량 차이에 의한 영향과 토양 중에서 원소의 거동에 영향을 주는 물리, 화학적 특성 차이 탓이다. 동일 지역 연생 차이별 성분 비교에서 높은 원소가 혈암 지역은 2 년생, 천매암 및 화강암 지역은 4 년생에서, 타 지역 동일 연생별 평균 비교에서 높은 원소가 2 년생은 혈암지역이, 3, 4년생은 화강암 지역에서 나타났다. 이는 토양 중 광물의 특성, pH, 온도 등의 물리, 화학적 변수들이 특정연령 및 토양 지역에 더 잘 반영되었음을 암시한다. 풍화토와 밭토양의 관계에서 혈암 지역이 대부분 원소에서 풍화토가 높고, 천매암 및 화강암 지역은 밭토양이 높았다. 이는 풍화토는 개방된 상황에서 풍화를 받는 지역인데 반해, 밭토양은 인위적인 영향을 받았고, 해가림 밑에서 인삼이 다년생으로 자라면서 원소들이 인삼 내에서 흡수되고, 해가림 밑에서 풍화에 의한 영향을 받았을 것을 암시한다. 토양과 인삼의 성분과의 관계에 토양이 인삼에 비해 Cs, T1, Be에서 높고, 커다란 차이가 나타났다. 3 토양 중 화강암 지역의 인삼이 다른 두 지역보다 원소 함량에서 토양의 조성에 가까움을 암시한다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.253-260
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• 2003

In this study, the feasibility of magnetic resonance techniques for nondestructive internal quality evaluation of Korean red ginseng was examined. Relaxation time constants were measured using various grades of red ginsengs. Solid state magnetic resonance imaging technique was applied to image dried red ginsengs which have low moisture contents (about 13%). A 7 tesla magnetic resonance imaging system operating at a proton resonant frequency of 300 ㎒ was used for acquiring MR images of dried Korean red ginseng. The comparison test of cross cut digital images and magnetic resonance images of heaven grade, good grade with cavity inside, and good grade with white part inside red ginseng suggested the feasibility of the internal quality evaluation of Korean red ginsengs using MRI techniques. A good grade red ginseng included abnormal tissues such as cavities or white parts inside was observed by the signal intensity of MR image based on magnetic resonance properties of proton nucleus. Analysis on an one dimensional profile of acquired MR image of Korean red ginseng showed easy discrimination of normal and abnormal tissues. MR techniques suggested ways to detect internal defects of red ginsengs effectively.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.153-167
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• 1997

Conventionally, identification and classification methods of natural products include the morphological survey and assay of chemical disposition, sing these methods, however, is not satisfying for the precise identification of natural products because they are often valiable in the compositions and morphology To standardize the natural products identification and classification, genomic DNA analysis such as RAPD, RFLP and Amp-FLP can be adopted for this purpose. In this study, various ginsengs and bear gall bladder were tested for the development of genetic identification and classification method. Varieties of ginsengs such as, P. ginseng, P. quinquefolium, P. japonicus and P. notoginseng, were genetically analyzed by RAPD. Also, DNA isolated from Bear blood and gall bladder, Ursus thibetanus, Ursus americanus and Ursus arctos, were analyzed by the same method. The results demonstrated that the identification and classification of bear gall bladder and various ginsengs were possible by RAPD analysis. Therefore, this method was thought to be used as a additional method for the identification and classification of other natural products.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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• pp.388-395
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• 2000

This study was performed to examine the effects of infrared (IR)/heated-air combination drying on some quality attributes of Korean white ginsengs. Ginseng roots were dried in a dryer where both the far infrared ray and heated-air are available as drying energy sources. Diametral shrinkage, external color, total saponin content, and ginsenosides and free sugar composition of the IR/heated-air combination dried ginsengs were measured and compared with those of commercial white ginseng products. The external color became lower in lightness and higher in saturation as the IR radiating plate temperature increased. IR/heated-air combination dried white ginsengs at IR plate temperature of 100$^{\circ}C$ was comparable to the commercial white ginseng products in color characteristics. Diametral shrinkage ratios ranged from 20 to 36% and appeared to be independent on the different drying methods. No definite evidence could be found whether the IR/heated-air combination drying and the conventional. hot-air drying practice resulted in white ginsengs having different ginsenoside contents and compositions. No conclusion could be made on whether the various drying treatments used in the study had effects on the free sugar contents and compositions of white ginsengs.