• 제목/요약/키워드: various dosage

검색결과 437건 처리시간 0.024초

반응표면분석법-중심합성계획을 이용한 최적 응집제 주입량 산정 연구 (Optimization of coagulant dosage using response surface methodology with central composite design)

  • 김예슬;오재일
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제29권2호
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    • pp.193-202
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    • 2015
  • The determining the appropriate dosage of coagulant is very important, because dosage of coagulant in the coagulation process for wastewater affects removing the amount of pollutants, cost, and producing sludge amount. Accordingly, in this study, in order to determine the optimal PAC dosage in the coagulation process, CCD (Central composite design) was used to proceed experimental design, and the quadratic regression models were constructed between independent variables (pH, influent turbidity, PAC dosage) and each response variable (Total coliform, E.coli, PSD (Particle size distribution) (< $10{\mu}m$), TP, $PO_4$-P, and $COD_{cr}$) by the RSM (Response surface methodology). Also, Considering the various response variables, the optimum PAC dosage and range were derived. As a result, in order to maximize the removal rate of total coliform and E.coli, the values of independent variables are the pH 6-7, the influent turbidity 100-200 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.07-0.09 ml/L. For maximizing the removal rate of TP, $PO_4$-P, $COD_{cr}$, and PSD(< $10{\mu}m$), it is required for the pH 9, the influent turbidity 200-250 NTU, and the PAC dosage 0.05-0.065 ml/L. In the case of multiple independent variables, when the desirable removal rate for total coliform, E.coli, TP, and $PO_4$-P is 90-100 % and that for $COD_{cr}$ and PSD(< $10{\mu}m$) is 50-100 %, the required PAC dosage is 0.05-0.07 ml/L in the pH 9 and influent turbidity 200-250 NTU. Thus, if the influent turbidity is high, adjusting pH is more effective way in terms of cost since a small amount of PAC dosage is required.

정수장내 염소요구량 자동결정시스템 개발 (Development of Automatic Decision System for Chlorination Demand in Water Treatment Plant)

  • 오석영
    • 대한기계학회논문집B
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    • 제26권6호
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    • pp.757-764
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    • 2002
  • Chlorination dosage in water treatment plant of field is determined by chlorination demand experiment through two or three hours after raw water was sampled in inflow. It is impossible to continuously control for real time because the sampled water is adapted chlorination dosage after water treatment process had been proceeded. Therefore in this study, we will design informal chlorination demand system, this designed system will be experimented as to water quality and accuracy of control in various conditions. Throughout these experimental results, we will revise the system and the revised system is enable to optimal control of chlorination dosage. Finally, we have developed chlorination demand system, which can automatically determination of chlorination dosage to be determined according to variety of raw water quality inflow in water treatment plant.

정수장내 염소요구량 자동결정시스템 개발 (Development of Automatic Decision System for Cholrination Demand in Water treatment Plant)

  • 오석영;이성룡
    • 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 대한기계학회 2000년도 춘계학술대회논문집B
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    • pp.807-812
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    • 2000
  • Chlorination dosage in water treatment plant of field is determined by chlorination demand experiment through two or three hours after raw water was sampled in inflow. It is impossible to continuously control fer real time because sampled water is adapted chlorination dosage after water treatment process had been proceeded. Therefore in this study, we will design informal chlorination demand system this designed system will be experimented as to water quality and accuracy of control in various conditions. Throughout these. experimental results, we will revise the system and revised system is enable to optimal control of chlorination dosage. Finally, We have developed chlorination demand system, which can automatically determination of chlorination dosage to be determined according to variety of raw water quality inflow in water treatment plant.

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Development of Self-microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Atorvastatin

  • Jin, Shun-Ji;Cho, Won-Kyung;Park, Hee-Jun;Cha, Kwang-Ho;Park, Jun-Sung;Koo, Ja-Seong;Wang, Hun-Sik;Kim, Jeong-Soo;Kim, Min-Soo;Hwang, Sung-Joo
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제41권2호
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    • pp.103-109
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    • 2011
  • The objective of the study was to prepare self-microeulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) incorporating atorvastatin calcium and evaluate its properties and oral bioavailability. Solubility of atorvastatin in various vehicles was determined. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the good self-emulsification region. The droplet size distributions of the resultant emulsions were determined by dynamic light scattering measurement. The mean droplet size of chosen formulation (20% ethyl oleate, 40% tween-80, 40% Carbitol$^{(R)}$) was $23.4{\pm}1.3$ nm. The SMEDDS incorporating atorvastatin calcium appeared to be associated with better performance in dissolution and pharmacokinetic studies, compared with raw atorvastatin calcium. In dissolution test, the release percentage of atorvastatin from SMEDDS mixture could rapidly reach more than 95% within 3 min. Oral $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8hr}$ values in SD rats was $1994{\pm}335\;ng{\cdot}hr/mL$, which significantly increased (P<0.05) compared with raw atorvastatin calcium. The SMEDDS formulation was relatively stable when stored at $4^{\circ}C$ during 3 months. Our studies illustrated the potential use of SMEDDS for the delivery of hydrophobic compounds, such as atorvastatin, by the oral route.

선학초(仙鶴草) 추출액이 흰쥐의 생리활성(生理活性)에 미치는 효과 (Effect of Extract Agrimonsa Pilosa L. on biological Activity in Rats)

  • 이용호;김만배;정대수
    • 한국약용작물학회지
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    • 제10권3호
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    • pp.167-170
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    • 2002
  • 1998년 8월부터 11월까지 선학초(仙鶴草) 전초(全草) 추출액(抽出液)을 처리수준 0%, 0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06% 및 0.08%로 하여 흰쥐(Rat)에 경구투여(經口投與)하여 성장(成長) 및 생리활성상태(生理活性狀態)를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 선학초(仙鶴草) 전초(全草) 추출액(抽出液)을 흰쥐에 농도별(濃度別)로 투여한 결과 선학초(仙鶴草) 추출액(抽出液) 급여시(給與時) 증체양(增體量)은 무급(無給) 여구(與區) 대비(對比) 0.02% 급여구(給與區)가 353.2g으로 5% 성장하였으나 0.04% 급여구(給與區)에서는 5% 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 사두효솔면(飼枓效率面)에서는 무급여구(無給與區)와 0.02% 급여구(給與區)에서는 0.14로 비슷한 경향을 보였으나 다른 수준에서는 7%정도 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 3. 백혈구(白血球) 수(數)는 무급여구(無給與區)에 비해 0.02% 급여구(給與區)를 제외한 전(全) 급여구(給與區)에서 급여수준(給與水準)이 증가할 수록 백혈구(白血球) 수(數)가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 4. 혈소판(血小板) 수(數)는 0.06% 급여구(給與區)에서 무급여구(無給與區)에 비해 20% 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다.

하수처리시설에서 인 고도처리를 위한 일체형 침전부상공정(SeDAF)의 응집제 주입농도 자동제어기법 검토 (Automatic control of coagulant dosage on the sedimentation and dissolved air flotation(SeDAF) process for enhanced phosphorus removal in sewage treatment facilities)

  • 장여주;정진홍;김원재
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.411-423
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    • 2020
  • To remove phosphorus from the effluent of public wastewater treatment facilities, hundreds of enhanced phosphorus treatment processes have been introduced nationwide. However, these processes have a few problems including excessive maintenance cost and sludge production caused by inappropriate coagulant injection. Therefore, the optimal decision of coagulant dosage and automatic control of coagulant injection are essential. To overcome the drawbacks of conventional phosphorus removal processes, the integrated sedimentation and dissolved air flotation(SeDAF) process has been developed and a demonstration plant(capacity: 100 ㎥/d) has also been installed. In this study, various jar-tests(sedimentation and / or sedimentation·flotation) and multiple regression analyses have been performed. Particularly, we have highlighted the decision-making algorithms of optimal coagulant dosage to improve the applicability of the SeDAF process. As a result, the sedimentation jar-test could be a simple and reliable method for the decision of appropriate coagulant dosage in field condition of the SeDAF process. And, we have found that the SeDAF process can save 30 - 40% of coagulant dosage compared with conventional sedimentation processes to achieve total phosphorus (T-P) concentration below 0.2 mg/L of treated water, and it can also reduce same portion of sludge production.

정제된 Cellulase 구성요소간 상승작용이 펄프섬유의 특성에 미치는 영향 (제1부 Cx 구성요소비에 의한 변화) (Characteristics of Paper making fiber with Synergism and Combined effect of Purified two major Cellulase Components Treatment (I. The effects of Cx components contents))

  • 김병현;신종순
    • 한국인쇄학회지
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    • 제16권3호
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    • pp.157-170
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    • 1998
  • To investigate the most effective way of cellulase utilization on paper making process and the systematic way of how to combine its components for better use, purified two major cellulase were applied to bleached kraft pulp at various dosage in the refining process and estimated the synergism effect of each components in the characteristics of papermaking fiber. freeness was not changed by $C_1$ Component dosage but strongly increased by Cx Component dosage. Drop in fiber viscosity, increase in WQV, fiber shortening and fine generation was strongly influenced by Cx Component, it seems to be that Cx Component works a hydrogenate that breaks hydrogen bonding in fiber and enhances pooling effect of fiber. $C_1$ Component was little influenced these characteristics of fiber but considered to help to make fiber surface smooth.

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오존산화에 의한 반응성염료의 제거 및 THM생성능의 제어 (Ozonation of Reactive Dyes and Control of THM Formation Potentials)

  • 한명호;김범수;허만우
    • 한국염색가공학회지
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    • 제16권2호
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    • pp.34-40
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    • 2004
  • This study was conducted to remove the reactive dyes by the Ozone demand flask method which are one of the main pollutants in dye wastewater, Ozone oxidation of three kinds of the reactive dyes was examined to investigate the reactivity of dyes with ozone, Trihalomethane formation potentials(THMFPs), competition reaction and ozone utilization on various conditions for single- and multi-solute dye solution. Concentration of dyes was decreased continuously with increasing ozone dosage in the single-solute dye solutions. THMFPs per unit dye concentration were gradually increased with increase of ozone dosage. By the result of THMFPs change with reaction time, THMFPs were rapidly decreased within 1 minute in single-solute dye solutions. Dey were increased after 1 minute of reaction time, and then they were consistently decreased again after longer reaction time. Competition quotient values were calculated to investigate the preferential oxidation of individual dyes in multi-solute dye solutions. Competition quotients$(CQ_i)$ and values of the overall utilization efficiency, no$_3$, were increased at 40mg/1 of ozone dosage in multi-solute dye solutions.

Pharmaceutical Devices for Oral Cavity-based Local and Systemic Drug Delivery

  • Yun, Gyi-Ae;Choi, Sung-Up;Park, Ki-Hwan;Rhee, Yun-Seok;Lee, Beom-Jin;Lee, Jae-Hwi
    • Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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    • 제40권spc호
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    • pp.113-118
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    • 2010
  • Pharmaceutical technology has primarily focused on the development of the best dosage forms depending on the route of administration. The design of dosage forms is greatly influenced by the route of administration. Due to a variety of advantages such as avoidance of first-pass effect, abundant blood supply and easy access to the absorption site, the oral cavity has frequently been selected as a site for drug delivery. Since the oral cavity is relatively unique from the anatomical and physiological viewpoint, one should always consider these conditions when designing the drug delivery systems for the oral cavity. In this regard, the current review paper was prepared to summarize the essential features of the drug delivery systems utilized in the oral cavity, along with the introduction of various dosage forms developed to date.

방사선 조사가 분리대두단백의 기능적, 구조적 특성에 미치는 영향 (Effects of gamma irradiation on the functional and structural characteristics of soy protein isolates)

  • 오경남;이숙영
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제20권3호
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    • pp.256-264
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    • 2004
  • The effects of irradiation on the functional and structural characteristics of soy protein isolates were studied. Soymilk was irradiated at 1, 5, and l0kGy, after which soy protein isolates were prepared. The functional properties of soy protein isolates were examined including solubility, emulsion capacity and stability, foam capacity and stability, structural properties as represented by SDS-PAGE pattern, and secondary and tertiary structures. The solubility and emulsion capacity were increased by radiation treatment at 1kGy however the values were adversely affected again as dosage was increased above 5kGy. As irradiation dosage increased, an increase of foaming capacity at 1kGy and a decreasing turnover afterwards were also noted in foaming capacity, although the differences were not statistically significant. The SDS-PAGE pattern showed fragmentation and aggregation of protein molecules as affected by irradiation in proportion to the dosage increase. The results of CD and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed increased aperiodic structure contents with the dosage increase. It was assumed that irradiation dosagefrom 5 to l0kGy could initiate minimal denaturation of protein in various foods compared to general heat treatment.