• Journal of the Korean earth science society
• /
• v.31 no.7
• /
• pp.749-761
• /
• 2010

A relationship between cloud-to-ground lightning and rainfall was investigated by using the two-years (2006-2007) summer lightning data and the automatic weather stations (AWSs) data of the Korea Meteorological Administration. The negative lightning occurred at the core of highly concentrated convection, which is often accompanied with heavy rains. Whereas most positive lightning occurred at the anvil cloud with low density and light rains. The rainfall intensity is strongest when the negative and positive lightning occurred concurrently, and one with lightning is much stronger than that without lightning. A portion of the positive lightning of the total lightning was less than 10% during summer seasons, and the lightning without rains was about 34%. The rain rate was strongly correlated with the negative flash rate, and the correlation coefficients varied between 0.87 and 0.94 according to the co-location radius (5-15 km) of AWSs. Most of the lightning occurred 10 minutes before and/or concurrently occurred with rains. A portion of the convective rainfalls of the total rainfalls was at least 20% when we define the rainfalls with lightning as convective. The convective rainfall was greater during August than in June and July. In general, the portion of convective rainfalls showed a maximum diurnal variation during late afternoon as in the rains and lightning.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 1984

In order to determine the infestation patterns for metacercaria of digenetic trematodes, several kinds of fresh-water and brackish-water fish were caught in River Hyungsan, Kyungpook Province, Korea and examined from March to October in 1983. They were collected by netting, fishing with rod and line, or using the bait of crushed oil cake in transparent plastic bowls, and were dissected into the flesh, scales and 6ns with tail, and then examined for the presence and infestation density of larval trematodes. Of the 11 kinds of fish examined, the encysted larvae of Exorchis oviformis were found all of them, Metagonimus yokogawai from 9 kinds, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Metacercaria hasegawai and Metorchis orientalis from 6 kinds, alld Clonorchis sinensis from 4 Kinds in the present study. In the intensity of infestation with Clonorchis sinensis, the Korean shiner, Gnathopogon atromaculatus Nichols et Pope, was the most heavily infected species, the average number of metacercariae per grata of fish flesh being 45.5, followed by the striped shiner, Puntungia hirxi Ibersenstein 11.6, and Southern top-Inouthed minnow, Pseudorasbora larva (Temminck et Shlegel) , 9.7. The intensity of infestation with the iwetagonimus larvae in 8 species of fresh-water fish was relatively low, and the average number per gram of flesh varied from 0.23 to 9.1. In comparison, the brackish-water fish were more heavily infected and the mean number of cysts per gram of flesh in the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altiwelis, was 32.9. The results of this study generally indicate that Clonorchis sinensis and Metagcnimus yckogawai infection may occur by consuming raw fresh-water fish caught in the river Hyungpook, Kyungpook Province, Korea.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.263-273
• /
• 1999

Headache is a symptom with varied etiologies and extraordinarily frequent. Headaches can be a symptom of another diseases, such as meningitis, subarachnoid hemorrhage or brain tumor, may represent the disease entity itself as the case in migraine. The international Headache Society criteria were the first to distinguish between primary and secondary headache disorders. When evaluating a patient who presents with headache, the physician abviously needs to identify or exclude the myriad conditions that can cause secondary headache and initial diagnostic workup should be considered. If patient meets the criteria for a primary headache disorder, treatment commonly initiated without additional neurodiagnostic tests. The headache type, its associated feature, and the duration and the intensity of the pain attack all can influence the choice of acute therapy in migraine. Pharmacologically, such as NSAIDs, combination analgesics, vasoactive antimigraineous drugs, neuroleptics, antidepressants, or corticosteroids. Other approches to managing headache include a headache diary to identify triggers, biofeedback, relaxation technique and behavioral modification. Daily preventive medication should be considered by his attack frequency and intensity, and maintained for 4 to 6 months. Tension-type headaches are distinguished between episodic and chronic tension-type headache, but physician must make sure that patient is not drug-overuse or independent during symptomatic abortive therapy or preventive medication. The most difficult headache patients to treat are those with chronic daily headache. They often have physical dependency, low frustration tolerance, sleep problems, and depression. So discontinuation of overused medication is crucial. New developments in migraine therapy are broadening the scope of abortive and prophylactic treatment choices available to the physician. The enhanced ease of the use of sumatriptan and DHE will likely increase patient compliance and satisfaction.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.153-159
• /
• 2015

This study is to evaluate thedosiemtric leaf gap (DLG) at different depths for dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in order to evaluate the absolute dose and dose distribution according to the different positions of tumors and compare the measured and planned the multileaf collimator (MLC) transmission factor (T.F.) and DLG values. We used the 6 MV and 15 MV photon beam from linear accelerator with a Millenium 120 MLC system. After the import the DICOM RT files, we measured the absolute dose at different depths (2 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm) to calculate the MLC T. F. and DLG. For 6 MV photon beam, the measured both MLC T. F. and DLG were increased with the increase the measured depths. When applying to treatment planning systemas fixed transmission factor with its value measured under the reference condition at depth of 5 cm, although the difference fixed and varied transmission factor is not significant, the dosiemtric effect could be presented according to the depth that the tumor is placed. Therefore, we are planning to investigate the treatment planning system whichthe T. F. and DLG factor according to at the different depths can be applied in the patient-specific treatment plan.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.349-359
• /
• 2016

In order to analytically evaluate buffeting responses, the analysis of wind characteristics such as turbulence intensity, turbulence length, gust, roughness coefficient, etc must be a priority. Static aerodynamic force coefficients, flutter coefficients, structural damping ratios, aerodynamic damping ratios and natural frequencies affect the analytical responses. The bridge interested in this paper has being been used for 32 years. As the time passes, current terrain conditions around the bridge are different markedly from the conditions it was built 32 years ago. Also, wind environments were considerably varied by the climate change. For this reason, it is necessary to evaluate the turbulence intensity, length, spectrum and roughness coefficient of the bridge site from full-scale measurements using the structural health monitoring system. The evaluation results indicate that wind characteristics of bridge site is analogous to that of open terrain although the bridge is located on the coastal area. To calculate buffeting responses, the analysis variables such as damping ratios, static aerodynamic force coefficients and natural frequency were evaluated from measured data. The analysis was performed with regard to 4 cases. The evaluated variables from measured data are applied to the first and second analysis cases. And the other analysis cases were performed based on Design Guidelines for Steel Cable Supported Bridges. The calculated responses of each analysis cases are compared with the buffeting response measured at less than 25m/s wind speed. It is verified that the responses by the numerical analysis applying the estimated variables based on full-scale measurements are well agreed with the measured actual buffeting responses under wind speed 25m/s. Also, the extreme wind speed corresponding to a recurrence interval 200 years is derived from Gumbel distribution. The derived wind speed for return period of 200 years is 45m/s. Therefore the buffeting responses at wind speed 45m/s is determined by the analysis applying the estimated variables.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.21 no.9
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2020

This study examined the spectral information and reflectance of cracks of an embankment with drone-based hyperspectral imagery for crack detection. A Nano-Hyperspec mounted on a drone was used as a sensor, and hyperspectral videos of different intensities of illumination of the cracks on the embankment located in the downstream of Andong-Dam were obtained. An analysis of the data value of the illumination and peak data-value, the coefficients of determination were calculated to be 0.9864 of the uncracked areas and 0.9851 of the cracked area. The reflectance of each area showed a similar value and pattern, regardless of the intensity of illumination. This result may have occurred because the reference values of the white reference as the calculation criteria of reflectance varied according to the intensity of illumination. The reflectance at the cracked area was 5.65% lower in visible light and 4.58% lower in near-infrared light than that at the uncracked area. The detection of cracks may offer more precise results in further studies when the gimbal direction and camera angles of the drone are calibrated. Because hyperspectral imagery enables the detection of crack depths and types of clay minerals, which are difficult to identify in general RGB imagery, it can serve as a preemptive measure for evaluating the embankment stability.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.263-274
• /
• 1988

Recent patterns of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh- water and brackish-water ask were studied in three locations of the river Taewha during the period from April to October, 1988, and compared with the data reported previously in the same river, 0(16 species of fish examined, the encysted larvae of Cyathocotyle orientalis were found most frequently from 9 species of fresh.water fish. The metacercariae of Echinochasmus sp. , Metacercaria hasegawai and Metagonimus yokogawai were found from 8 species, those of Clonorchis sinensis from 7 species, and Exorchis oviformis and Metorchis orientalis from 5 species of fish. The infection rates of fish with C. sinensis metacercariae were not lower than those reported in 1980, whereas their intensity of infection was found lowered in 3 species, Ccreobagrus brevicorpus, Gnathopogon atromaculatus, and Funtungia herzi. The infection rates of 3 species of fish with M. yokogawai metacercariae were lower than the results in 1982, while the rate was higher in 2 species, Zacco platypus, and Z. temmincki, and rather stationary in Flecoglossus altivelis. The intensity of infection in several species of fish appeared rather higher than in 1980. The encysted larvae of C. orientalis, Echinochasmus sp., E. oviformis and Metacercaria hasegawai showed variations in infection rates of fish in 1980 and in the present study. It was found that the rate of infection with digenetic larval trematodes in fresh- water fish was still relatively high in the river Taewha, and the metacercarial burden in the fish varied greatly by different fish in 1980 and in the present study.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2007.05a
• /
• pp.1737-1741
• /
• 2007

Using kinematic wave equation, the influence of moving rainstorms to runoff was analysised with a focus on watershed shapes and rainfall distribution types. Watershed shapes used are the oblong, square and elongated shape, and the distribution types of moving storms used are uniform, advanced and intermediate type. The runoff hydrographs according to the rainfall distribution types were simulated and the characteristics were explored for the storms moving down, up and cross the watershed with various velocity. And the hydrographs were compared in the case of varing the rainstorm intensity and varing the rainstorm length in order to make the same total runoff volume. When the rainstorm intensity was varied the shape, peak time and peak runoff of a runoff hydrograph are significantly influenced by spatial and temporal variability in rainfall and watershed shapes. The peak time of down and upstream moving strorms appeared latest in the case of the elongated shape basin, meanwhile at cross stream moving storms, the peak time of elongated shape basin is earlier than the others. For storms moving downstream peak time was more delayed than for other storm direction in the case of elongated watershed. The runoff volume and time base of the hydrograph decreased with the increasing storm speed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
• /
• 2012.02a
• /
• pp.433-433
• /
• 2012

As the requirement in patterning geometry continuously shrinks down, the termination of etch process at the exact time became crucial for the success in nano patterning technology. By virtue of real-time optical emission spectroscopy (OES), etch end point detection (EPD) technique continuously develops; however, it also faced with difficulty in low open ratio etching, typically in self aligned contact (SAC) and one cylinder contact (OCS), because of very small amount of optical emission from by-product gas species in the bulk plasma glow discharge. In developing etching process, one may observe that coupon test is being performed. It consumes costs and time for preparing the patterned sample wafers every test in priority, so the coupon wafer test instead of the whole patterned wafer is beneficial for testing and developing etch process condition. We also can observe that etch open area is varied with the number of coupons on a dummy wafer. However, this can be a misleading in OES study. If the coupon wafer test are monitored using OES, we can conjecture the endpoint by experienced method, but considering by data, the materials for residual area by being etched open area are needed to consider. In this research, we compare and analysis the OES data for coupon wafer test results for monitoring about the conditions that the areas except the patterns on the coupon wafers for real-time process monitoring. In this research, we compared two cases, first one is etching the coupon wafers attached on the carrier wafer that is covered by the photoresist, and other case is etching the coupon wafers on the chuck. For comparing the emission intensity, we chose the four chemical species (SiF2, N2, CO, CN), and for comparing the etched profile, measured by scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, we adopted the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) algorithm for analyzing the chose OES data patterns, and analysis the covariance and coefficient for statistical method. After the result, coupon wafers are over-etched for without carrier wafer groups, while with carrier wafer groups are under-etched. And the CN emission intensity has significant difference compare with OES raw data. Based on these results, it necessary to reasonable analysis of the OES data to adopt the pre-data processing and algorithms, and the result will influence the reliability for relation of coupon wafer test and whole wafer test.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.187-194
• /
• 2011

This study analyzed the A1B climate change scenario provided by National Institute of Meteorological Research (NIMR), Korea, to investigate potential climate changes in watersheds of 15 multi-purpose dams in South Korea. The A1B climate change scenario is produced by Regional Climate Model (RCM) with 27 km horizontal grid spacings using a one-way nesting technique with Global Climate Model (GCM). Relative to present climate conditions (1971~ 2000), the modeled 10-year averaged daily temperatures at the watersheds of the 15 multi-purpose dams continuously increased to year 2100, whereas precipitation changes were varied regionally (north, central, and south regions of South Korea). At two watersheds located in Gangwon-province (north region), the modeled temporal variations of precipitation rapidly increased in the 2090's after a slow decrease that had occurred since the 2050's. At seven watersheds in the central region, including Gyeongsangbuk-province to Jeollanam-province, the modeled temporal variations of precipitation increase showed 10-year periodic changes. At six watersheds in the south region, the modeled temporal variations of precipitation increased since the 2070's after a rapid decrease in the 2060's. Compared to the climate conditions of the late of 20th century (1971~2000), the number of rainy days and precipitation intensity increased (3% and 6~12%, respectively) in the late 21st century (2071~2100). The frequency of precipitation events tended to increase with precipitation intensity in all regions. The frequency of heavy precipitation events (>50 mm $d^{-1}$) increased with >100% in the north region, 60~100% in the central region, and 20~60% in the south region.