• 생태와환경
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.360-366
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• 2013

본 연구는 하수 및 가축분뇨 처리장 방류수, 하천수를 이용하여 반코마이신 내성 장구균(Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci, VRE)의 검출여부를 확인하고 검출된 장구균의 표현형을 분석함으로써 하천에 대한 공공처리시설의 방류수에 포함되어있는 엔테로코커스의 영향을 파악하여 항생제 내성균이 환경에 미치는 영향 및 항생제 내성 연구에 기초 자료가 되고자 하였다. 엔테로코커스의 동정시험 결과 모두 32균주가 검출되었고 이는 모두 E. faecium으로 동정되었다. Multiplex PCR 시행한 결과 32균주 모두 Van A 표현형에 해당하는 반코마이신 내성 장구균으로 확인되었다. 조사지점별 세균의 E. faecium 집락수의 측정 결과 하수처리장 지역에서 평균적으로 가장 높게 나타났고, 하천 지역의 경우 상류지점에서 하류 지점으로 갈수록 세균의 colony 숫자도 늘어나는 것으로 조사되었다. 하수처리장 방류수 시료 26균주에 대한 최소억제농도 검사 결과, 19개의 항생제 중 내성, 감수성을 보인항생제 수는 각각 14, 5종으로 내성을 보이는 항생제의 수가 약 70% 이상으로 대부분을 차지하였다. 하천 시료 6균주에 대한 최소억제농도 검사 결과, 19개의 항생제 중 내성, 감수성을 보인 항생제 수는 각각 14, 5종으로 내성을 보이는 항생제의 수가 약 70% 이상으로 대부분을 차지하여 하수처리장 방류수 시료의 검사 결과와 동일하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.942-945
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• 2008

There have been concerns about possible pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus, which constitute more than 50% of probiotics in the worldwide market. In this study, Enterococcus in sixteen products manufactured by ten different companies was tested for the presence of six virulence genes and two vancomycin resistance genes. Results in this study showed the safety of Enterococcus on the Korean market and the importance of screening vanA, vanE, agg, cylA, esp, and gelE. Pulse-field gel electrophoresis showed that the sixteen isolates tested in this study are originated from three strains.

• Infection and chemotherapy
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.340-345
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• 2018

Frequent isolation of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal treated teeth with apical periodontitis, has proposed the role of this organism in endodontic treatment failures. Different factors have been suggested in the pathogenicity of this organism. In this study, 22 E. faecalis isolates from canals of root-filled teeth were identified, and phenotypic and genotypic characteristics were investigated. No resistance to vancomycin and gentamicin was noted, and most isolates (91%) were susceptible to ampicillin. Biofilm formation was detected in 73% of the isolates and may be considered as the most important virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of these isolates.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2016

일반적으로 지역사회 관련 경로로 감염되기 쉬운 S. aureus는 대부분이 MSSA로 알려져 있었으나 최근 CA-MRSA가 증가하고 있다. 항생제와 glycopeptides의 지속적인 남용은 VISA, VRSA가 더욱 증가할 가능성이 있다. 본 연구는 최근 10년간 일개 대학병원의 상처에서 분리한 황색 포도상 구균의 항생제 감수성 패턴과 항생제 내성의 유병률의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 실시 하였다. 본 연구에서는 남성이 여성보다 항생제 내성이 높게 나타났다. 그리고 연령에 따라 항생제 내성률이 증가하였다. 2006년 항생제 내성률은 penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, clindamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, rifampicin에서 각각 97.7%, 60.5%, 57.4%, 48.8%, 41.1%, 44.2%, 44.2%, 14.7%, 13.2%, 3.9% 나타났으며, 2016년 항생제 내성률은 penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, clindamycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, fusidic acid, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin, rifampicin에서 각각 95.9%, 62.6%, 55.7%, 28.6%, 50.3%, 34.7%, 38.8%, 34.0%, 2.7%, 8.2%로 나타났다. Vancomycin, linezolid, quinupristin/dalfopristin, teicoplanin 는 항생제 감수성에서 100%를 나타내었다. 특히, fusidic acid는 2006년에 비하여 2016년에 내성이 19.3% 증가하였고, 감수성이 12.4% 감소하였으며, 통계적으로 유의하였다. 따라서, 미생물 및 항생제 변화의 주기적인 검토와 이해를 통해 적절한 항생제 감수성을 지속적으로 연구해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.135-144
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• 2021

This study determined the antibiotic resistance patterns of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from the raw meat and feces of three game species from three different farms across South Africa. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018 guidelines. E. coli was tested against ampicillin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphafurazole and tetracycline. S. aureus was tested against tetracycline, erthromycin, vancomycin, penicillin, oxacillin and cefoxitin. There were no significant differences in the E. coli antibiotic resistance profiles between the meat and fecal samples (except towards ceftazidime where 5% of the meat isolates were resistant and 0% of the fecal isolates). The S. aureus meat isolates showed high (75%) resistance towards penicillin and on average, 13% were resistant to oxacillin/ cefoxitin, indicating methicillin resistance. The results from this study indicate that there is incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria from the feces and meat of wildlife species across South Africa, suggesting that cross contamination of the meat occurred during slaughter by antibiotic resistant bacteria from the abattoir personnel or equipment and or from carcass fecal matter. In addition, the results highlight the importance of food safety and hygiene procedures during slaughter to prevent cross-contamination of antibiotic resistant bacteria, as well as pathogens, onto raw meat.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 2005년도 제57차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.487-487
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• 2005

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2000

There are several main antibacterial susceptibility tests, such as agar dilution method, broth dilution method and disk diffusion technique. Especially, for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) test, agar dilution method has been widely used. But that method is so complicated and bothering that it's difficult to treat a large amount of strains. On the other hand, modified broth dilution method(add 1% glucose and 0.018% phenol red as a pH indicator to broth) is fast and easy to perform. Most of all, it can visualize the result by color. The MICs of 22 antibiotics Including penicillins, aminoglycosides, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, lincomycin, ceftiofur, vancomycin and quinolones, erythromycin, colistin. sul-fadimethoxine, trimethoprim for arcanobacterium pyogenes 14 strains, actinobacillus pleuropneu-moniae 41 strains and pasteurella multocida 37 strains, which were collected from porcine during 1996 ∼ 1999, were determined by modified broth dilution method. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was highly susceptible to all kinds of quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and to all aminoglycosides, like gentamicin, apramycin, kanamycin and ampicillin, cephalothin and ceftiofur. But It was quite resistant to solfadimethoxin, colistin and vancomycin. Pasteurella multocida was found to have high susceptibility to ampicillin, cephalothin, chlorampenicol and gentamicin but had mid-degree susceptibility to other aminoglycosides. In addition, it was susceptible to norfloxacin and nalidixic acid, but not to newer fluoroquinolone like ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin and it was resistant to colistin and kanamycin. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was highly susceptible to most of quinolones such as cipoofloxacin, enrofloxacin and norfloxacin and gentamicin and penicillin G. But it also obtained high resistance against the early quinolone, nalidixic acid and aminoglycosides such as amikacin, apramycin and kanamycin and erythromycin, chlorampenicol, tetracyclin and vancomycin.

• Journal of Korean Medical Science
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• 제33권48호
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• pp.295.1-295.7
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• 2018

Background: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infections have become a major healthcare-associated pathogen problem worldwide. Nosocomial VRE infections could be effectively controlled by screening patients at high risk of harboring VRE and thereby lowering the influx of VRE into healthcare centers. In this study, we evaluated factors associated with VRE colonization in patients transferred to emergency departments, to detect patients at risk for VRE carriage. Methods: This study was conducted in the emergency department of a medical college-affiliated hospital in Korea. Every patient transferred to the emergency department and admitted to the hospital from January to December 2016 was screened for VRE using rectal cultures. In this cross-sectional study, the dependent variable was VRE colonization and the independent variables were demographic and clinical factors of the patients and factors related to the transferring hospital. Patients were divided into two groups, VRE and non-VRE, and previously collected patient data were analyzed. Then we performed logistic regression analyses of characteristics that differed significantly between groups. Results: Out of 650 patients, 106 (16.3%) had positive VRE culture results. Significant variables in the logistic analysis were transfer from geriatric long-term care hospital (adjusted odds ration [aOR]: 8.017; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.378-46.651), hospital days (4-7 days; aOR: 7.246; 95% CI: 3.229-16.261), duration of antimicrobial exposure (1-3 days; aOR: 1.976; 95% CI: 1.137-3.436), and age (aOR: 1.025; 95% CI: 1.007-1.043). Conclusion: VRE colonization in patients transferred to the emergency department is associated primarily with factors related to the transferred hospitals rather than demographic and clinical characteristics.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.213-223
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• 2018

Continuous input into the aquatic ecosystem and persistent structures have created concern of antibiotics, primarily due to the potential for the development of antimicrobial resistance. Degradation kinetics and mineralization of vancomycin B (VAN-B) by photocatalysis using $TiO_2$ and ZnO nanoparticles was monitored at natural pH conditions. Photocatalysis (PC) efficiency was followed by means of UV absorbance, total organic carbon (TOC), and HPLC results to better monitor degradation of VAN-B itself. Experiments were run for two initial VAN-B concentrations ($20-50mgL^{-1}$) and using two catalysts $TiO_2$ and ZnO at different concentrations (0.1 and $0.5gL^{-1}$) in a multi-lamp batch reactor system (200 mL water volume). Furthermore, a set of toxicity tests with Daphnia magna was performed to evaluate the potential toxicity of oxidation by-products of VAN-B. Formation of intermediates such as chlorides and nitrates were monitored. A rapid VAN-B degradation was observed in ZnO-PC system (85% to 70% at 10 min), while total mineralization was observed to be relatively slower than $TiO_2-PC$ system (59% to 73% at 90 min). Treatment efficiency and mechanism of degradation directly affected the rate of transformation and by-products formation that gave rise to toxicity in the treated samples.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.247-256
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• 2023

Objectives: Enterococcus faecalis is a gram positive diplococci, highly versatile and a normal commensal of the gut microbiome. Resistance to vancomycin is a serious issue in various health-care setting exhibited by vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) due to the alteration in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This study is thus aimed to detect the VRE from the patients with root caries from the clinical isolates of E. faecalis and to evaluate the in-silico interactions between vanA and the Aegles marmelos bio-compounds. Methods: E. faecalis was phenotypically characterized from 20 root caries samples and the frequency of vanA and vanB genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Further crude methanolic extracts from the dried leaves of A. marmelos was assessed for its antimicrobial activity. This is followed by the selection of five A. marmelos bio-compounds for the computational approach towards the drug ligand interactions. Results: 12 strains (60%) of E. faecalis was identified from the root caries samples and vanA was detected from two strains (16%). Both the stains showed the presence of vanA and none of the strains possessed vanB. Crude extract of A. marmelos showed promising antibacterial activity against the VRE strains. In-silico analysis of the A. marmelos biocompounds revealed Imperatonin as the best compound with high docking energy (-8.11) and hydrogen bonds with < 140 TPSA (Topological polar surface area) and zero violations. Conclusion: The present study records the VRE strains among the root caries with imperatorin from A. marmelos as a promising drug candidate. However the study requires further experimentation and validation.