• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.113-131
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• 2014

Smartphone security threat has become an important issue in Information Science field following the wide distribution of smartphones. However, there are few studies related to such. Therefore, this study examined the factors affecting the intention of smartphone users to use the mobile vaccine against malware with the Protection Motivation Theory. To secure the reliability of the study, a surveying agency was commissioned. A total of 263 respondents, excluding 37 respondents who are users of iOS, which does not have mobile vaccine in the smart phone, or who gave invalid responses, were surveyed. The results showed that perception of the installed mobile vaccine significantly affected the Response Efficacy and Self-efficacy, and that the Perceived Severity, Perceived Vulnerability, Response Efficacy, and Self-efficacy significantly influenced the intention to use the mobile vaccine. On the other hand, Installation Perception of mobile vaccine itself did not affect the Perceived Severity and Perceived Vulnerability. This study is significant since it presented the new evaluation model of threat evaluation and response evaluation in the Protection Motivation Theory in accepting the security technology and raised the need for the promotion and exposure of mobile vaccine, since perception of mobile vaccine installation affects the response evaluation. It also found that the promotion must consider the seriousness of smartphone security, outstanding attribute of mobile vaccine, and user-friendliness of mobile vaccine above all.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

Streptococcus pneumonia is a very important pathogen for children and elderly people. Two types of pneumococcal vaccines are available in the market: pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). PPSVs have been used for more than 30 years, and PCVs for about 10 years. There have been many reports concerning the evaluation of the vaccines' efficacies in preventing pneumococcal diseases such as meningitis, pneumonia, and otitis media and bacteremia, but the clinical trials had been performed with different conditions, such as diverse vaccine valencies, age groups, races, target outcomes, immunological cut-off values, and follow-up periods. PPSV is recommended for elderly people and chronic disease patients such as asthma, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, and hyposplenic patients. According to the data from several systemic reviews and population-based surveillances, PPSV is effective for pneumococcal pneumonia and vaccine-type bacteremia among healthy adults. Until now, however, there is insufficient evidence of the effectiveness of PPSV among high-risk adults. PCV is very effective in preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children, but its efficacy for pneumonia is very low among children. The incidence of vaccine-related or non-vaccine-type IPDs is increasing after the introduction of 7-valent PCV (PCV7) as a routine immunization for children. Recently, 10- and 13-valent PCVs have been used for children, instead of PCV7. Therefore, continuous surveillance for serotype change among pneumococcal diseases is necessary to evaluate the vaccines' efficacy.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.191-198
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• 1998

Vsrio vulnificus is an estuarine gram-negative human pathogen that affects people with chronic hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, diabetes mellitus or other underlying diseases. V. vulnificus infection is mediated primarily by consumption of raw fish or by exposure of pre-existing wounds to seawater, causing permanent tissue damages or fatal septic shock. We have been developing a vaccine against V. vulnificus composed of whole cell Iysate of a V. vulnificus O-antigen serotype 4 strain. Oral administration of the V. vulnificus;oral vaccine;immunogenicity;protective efficacy vaccine elicited a high serum antibody response in rabbits. The induced antibodies were reactive not only to the homologous strain but also to heterologous O-antigen serotype strains, indicating cross-reactivities among serotypes. Western blot analysis revealed that the antibodies are mainly specific for outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and reacted equally well with OMPs purified from 9 O-antigen serotypes. The rabbit antisera showed opsonophagocytic killing activity against heterologous strains as well as the homologous strain. Passively transferred rabbit antisera into mice were protective against a lethal V. vulnificus infection. These data demonstrate that oral administration of the V. vulnificus vaccine induced a systemic antibody response which had a protective efficacy against V. vulnificus infections, suggesting that this vaccine preparation could be used to develop an oral vaccine against V. vulnificus.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.423-428
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• 1997

Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic gram-negative human pathogen, which affects people with underlying liver diseases or a suppressed immune system, often leading to primary septicemia with a mortality rate of higher than 60%. In an effort to develop an oral vaccine against V. vulnificus infection, we prepared a whole cell killed vaccine of V. vulnificus on a large scale and compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the vaccine administered in three formulation forms in rabbits. Since V. vulnificus O-antigen serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 account for more than 95% of clinical isolates, we prepared cell lysates from these six serotype strains and mixed in equal amounts for a vaccine. The vaccine was administered to rabbits intramuscularly (i.m.), orally as granules or as enteric-coated granules. In rabbits, all three formulation forms elicited a high level of serum IgG antibody reactive not only to the six strains but also to other O-antigen serotypes 6, 8 and 9, indicating cross-reactivities among the strains. Immunotherapeutic efficacy of the antisera was also evaluated by a passive immunization assay, which revealed that the orally immunized antisera as well as the i.m. immunized antisera was protective against a subsequent lethal challenge of V. vulnificus. These data demonstrate that oral immunization with a V. vulnificus whole cell lysate vaccine induced a systemic immune response and suggest the feasibility of development of this vaccine preparation as an oral vaccine.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.231-239
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• 2010

In vaccine research, proportional hazards model including only first event have been widely used for estimating vaccine efficacy because it is easy to interpret and convenient. However, this method causes not only loss of information but also biased result when heterogeneity of study subject in exposure and susceptibility exists. Furthermore, it is hard to ignore the possibility that each event is correlated with each other in the repeated events. Therefore, we compare various statistical models to estimate vaccine efficacy under various situations with heterogeneity and event dependency.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.136-144
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• 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette-$Gu\acute{e}rin$ (BCG) vaccine is the only TB vaccine currently available, but it is not sufficiently effective in preventing active pulmonary TB or adult infection. With the purpose of developing an improved vaccine against TB that can overcome the limitations of the current BCG vaccine, we investigated whether adjuvant formulations containing de-O-acylated lipooligosaccharide (dLOS) are capable of enhancing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of TB subunit vaccines. The results revealed that the dLOS/dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) adjuvant formulation significantly increased both humoral and Th1-type cellular responses to TB subunit vaccine that are composed of three antigens, Ag85A, ESAT-6, and HspX. The adjuvanted TB vaccine also effectively induced the Th1-type response in a BCG-primed mouse model, suggesting a potential as a booster vaccine. Finally, the dLOS/DDA-adjuvanted TB vaccine showed protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infection in vitro and in vivo. These data indicate that the dLOS/DDA adjuvant enhances the Th1-type immunity and protective efficacy of the TB subunit vaccine, suggesting that it would be a promising adjuvant candidate for the development of a booster vaccine.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.982-986
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• 2009

For the production of ghost bacteria vaccine to prevent the streptococcal disease in aquaculture fish species, a double cassettes vector was constructed and cloned in Escherichia coli DH5${\alpha}$. Ghost bacteria vaccine production from Escherichia coli DH5${\alpha}$/pHCE-InaN-GAPDH-Ghost 37 SDM (SIG) was maximized at a glucose concentration of 1 g/l, agitation of 300 rpm, and aeration of 1 vvm. The maximal efficiency of ghost bacteria formation was obtained at the mid-exponential phase ($OD_{600}=2.0$) with the concentration of 0.77 g/l for SIG. The molecular mass of GAPDH was detected at 67 kDa with the insoluble fraction, by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The protective efficacy of ghost bacteria vaccine was evaluated by challenge test using olive flounder. The cumulative mortalities of the positive control, formalin-killed cell (FKC) vaccine, and SIG vaccine immunized groups were 91%, 74%, and 57%, respectively. These results suggest that SIG vaccine showed efficacy as a vaccine and had a higher potential to induce protective antibodies than did FKC vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.707-717
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• 2000

Atropic rhinitis (AR) is one of major respiratory diseases in pigs. AR causes a great economic losses and is considered to be a multifactorial disease in which herd management, heredity, and environment. Several vaccines against have been developed commercially and used in pig farms but the efficacy of each vaccine is still questionable. In this study, one of commercial AR vaccines, which contains inactivated Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida type D and their toxoid was evaluated for vaccine efficacy by challenge test. Twenty piglets were divided into four groups as follows; group I was piglets from vaccinated sows (twice before parturition); group II was piglets from vaccinated sows (same as group I) and were vaccinated at 1 day old; group III and IV were piglets without any vaccination. Groups I, II, and III were challenged by intranasal instillation of $5.3{\times}10^7$ CFU of B bronchiseptica twice and $1{\times}10^9$ CFU of P multocida five times. Group IV was control group without any vaccination and any challenge. We compared serological results, recovery rate of P multocida by polymerase chain reaction, clinical signs and pathological findings between vaccinated groups and unvaccinated groups for efficacy of the vaccine, Serological responses against B bronchiseptica and toxigenic P multocida type D were not showed evident discrepancy between vaccinated groups and unvaccinated groups assuming that the antibody responses against the vaccine is very delayed. However, growth rate, clinical signs and snout lesion grading in vaccinated groups showed more favorable than those in unvaccinated group. Therefore, AR vaccination in this study is considered to be effective in the prevention of AR in pigs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.26-31
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• 1992

The oil emulsion and alhydrogel vaccines were prepared from a strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from calves with diarrhea and their protective efficacy and immunogenicity were tested in Guinea-pigs. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, isolated from calves with diarrhea, has K99 and F4l antigen as 46.2％ and 50.9％ with 48 and 53 strains respectively out of 104 strains. The protective efficacy of the gel and oil vaccines were 60% and 80% respectively. Agglutinin titers to sera of Guinea-pigs vaccinated with experimental gel and oil vaccines peaked at 5 and 6 weeks after vaccination.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.490-494
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• 2004

An efficacy test of PRP (polyribosylribitol phosphate)-TT (Tetanus toxoid) conjugate vaccines was carried out using BALB/c mice as an animal model by inoculating Haemophilus in­fluenzae type b (Hib) with a virulence enhancement factor (VEF). Three administrations of the conjugate vaccines at 2-week intervals elicited a significantly high level of PRP antibodies (P>0.0001). The protective activity of the PRP immunization was challenged with either Hib with iron dextran (Hib/) or with a combination of mucin and hemoglobin (Hibmh) as a VEF. The me­dium lethal dose $(LD_{50})$ for Hibmh and Hibiwas measured as 10 CFU (Colony Forming Unit) and $2.5{\times}10^{8}$ CFU respectively. Each immunized animal was challenged with five or ten times the $LD_{50}$ level of bacteria with a VEF. A significant difference in mortality between the immunized and control mice (P> 0.01) was observed with the Hibmh challenge inoculation but not with the Hibi challenge inoculation. These results show that a combination of mucin and hemoglobin was able to enhance the virulence of Hib in BALB/c mice to cause a lethal infection, thus suggesting that BALB/c mice introduced to this method can be an effective model animal for testing the protective efficacy of H. influenzae conjugate vaccines.