• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.406-416
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• 2023

Alarm system performance is a critical aspect of safety. While existing research has extensively examined the influence of acoustic attributes on alarm performance, consonance's impact remains largely uncharted territory. This study bridges this research gap by investigating the effect of consonance on alarm systems. We extend our investigation to encompass not only the sound characteristics of the alarm but also the acoustic qualities of the surrounding environment, recognizing their potential impact on alarm efficacy. Prior studies consistently link consonance to annoyance levels, resulting in a negative user experience. Thus, we explore the relationship between consonance and alarm system performance, with a particular focus on modulating annoyance as an explanatory factor. Utilizing an oddball paradigm, we categorized standard and oddball sounds into consonant and dissonant types, creating four sound combinations. Participants were asked to respond to the irregularly presented oddball sounds while ignoring the constantly presented standard sounds. Our results reveal significant differences between groups, with the Standard Consonant/Oddball Dissonant (SC/OD) group displaying notably slower response times than the Standard Dissonant/Oddball Consonant (SD/OC) group. This reaction time variation aligns with differences in annoyance levels, as the SC/OD group reports higher annoyance, suggesting that reaction time discrepancies may be linked to increased arousal due to heightened annoyance.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-86
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• 2010

Personalized services directly and indirectly acquire personal data, in part, to provide customers with higher-value services that are specifically context-relevant (such as place and time). Information technologies continue to mature and develop, providing greatly improved performance. Sensory networks and intelligent software can now obtain context data, and that is the cornerstone for providing personalized, context-specific services. Yet, the danger of overflowing personal information is increasing because the data retrieved by the sensors usually contains privacy information. Various technical characteristics of context-aware applications have more troubling implications for information privacy. In parallel with increasing use of context for service personalization, information privacy concerns have also increased such as an unrestricted availability of context information. Those privacy concerns are consistently regarded as a critical issue facing context-aware personalized service success. The entire field of information privacy is growing as an important area of research, with many new definitions and terminologies, because of a need for a better understanding of information privacy concepts. Especially, it requires that the factors of information privacy should be revised according to the characteristics of new technologies. However, previous information privacy factors of context-aware applications have at least two shortcomings. First, there has been little overview of the technology characteristics of context-aware computing. Existing studies have only focused on a small subset of the technical characteristics of context-aware computing. Therefore, there has not been a mutually exclusive set of factors that uniquely and completely describe information privacy on context-aware applications. Second, user survey has been widely used to identify factors of information privacy in most studies despite the limitation of users' knowledge and experiences about context-aware computing technology. To date, since context-aware services have not been widely deployed on a commercial scale yet, only very few people have prior experiences with context-aware personalized services. It is difficult to build users' knowledge about context-aware technology even by increasing their understanding in various ways: scenarios, pictures, flash animation, etc. Nevertheless, conducting a survey, assuming that the participants have sufficient experience or understanding about the technologies shown in the survey, may not be absolutely valid. Moreover, some surveys are based solely on simplifying and hence unrealistic assumptions (e.g., they only consider location information as a context data). A better understanding of information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services is highly needed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to identify a generic set of factors for elemental information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services and to develop a rank-order list of information privacy concern factors. We consider overall technology characteristics to establish a mutually exclusive set of factors. A Delphi survey, a rigorous data collection method, was deployed to obtain a reliable opinion from the experts and to produce a rank-order list. It, therefore, lends itself well to obtaining a set of universal factors of information privacy concern and its priority. An international panel of researchers and practitioners who have the expertise in privacy and context-aware system fields were involved in our research. Delphi rounds formatting will faithfully follow the procedure for the Delphi study proposed by Okoli and Pawlowski. This will involve three general rounds: (1) brainstorming for important factors; (2) narrowing down the original list to the most important ones; and (3) ranking the list of important factors. For this round only, experts were treated as individuals, not panels. Adapted from Okoli and Pawlowski, we outlined the process of administrating the study. We performed three rounds. In the first and second rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, we gathered a set of exclusive factors for information privacy concern in context-aware personalized services. The respondents were asked to provide at least five main factors for the most appropriate understanding of the information privacy concern in the first round. To do so, some of the main factors found in the literature were presented to the participants. The second round of the questionnaire discussed the main factor provided in the first round, fleshed out with relevant sub-factors. Respondents were then requested to evaluate each sub factor's suitability against the corresponding main factors to determine the final sub-factors from the candidate factors. The sub-factors were found from the literature survey. Final factors selected by over 50% of experts. In the third round, a list of factors with corresponding questions was provided, and the respondents were requested to assess the importance of each main factor and its corresponding sub factors. Finally, we calculated the mean rank of each item to make a final result. While analyzing the data, we focused on group consensus rather than individual insistence. To do so, a concordance analysis, which measures the consistency of the experts' responses over successive rounds of the Delphi, was adopted during the survey process. As a result, experts reported that context data collection and high identifiable level of identical data are the most important factor in the main factors and sub factors, respectively. Additional important sub-factors included diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionalities, and embedded and disappeared sensor devices. The average score of each factor is very useful for future context-aware personalized service development in the view of the information privacy. The final factors have the following differences comparing to those proposed in other studies. First, the concern factors differ from existing studies, which are based on privacy issues that may occur during the lifecycle of acquired user information. However, our study helped to clarify these sometimes vague issues by determining which privacy concern issues are viable based on specific technical characteristics in context-aware personalized services. Since a context-aware service differs in its technical characteristics compared to other services, we selected specific characteristics that had a higher potential to increase user's privacy concerns. Secondly, this study considered privacy issues in terms of service delivery and display that were almost overlooked in existing studies by introducing IPOS as the factor division. Lastly, in each factor, it correlated the level of importance with professionals' opinions as to what extent users have privacy concerns. The reason that it did not select the traditional method questionnaire at that time is that context-aware personalized service considered the absolute lack in understanding and experience of users with new technology. For understanding users' privacy concerns, professionals in the Delphi questionnaire process selected context data collection, tracking and recording, and sensory network as the most important factors among technological characteristics of context-aware personalized services. In the creation of a context-aware personalized services, this study demonstrates the importance and relevance of determining an optimal methodology, and which technologies and in what sequence are needed, to acquire what types of users' context information. Most studies focus on which services and systems should be provided and developed by utilizing context information on the supposition, along with the development of context-aware technology. However, the results in this study show that, in terms of users' privacy, it is necessary to pay greater attention to the activities that acquire context information. To inspect the results in the evaluation of sub factor, additional studies would be necessary for approaches on reducing users' privacy concerns toward technological characteristics such as highly identifiable level of identical data, diverse types of context data collected, tracking and recording functionality, embedded and disappearing sensor devices. The factor ranked the next highest level of importance after input is a context-aware service delivery that is related to output. The results show that delivery and display showing services to users in a context-aware personalized services toward the anywhere-anytime-any device concept have been regarded as even more important than in previous computing environment. Considering the concern factors to develop context aware personalized services will help to increase service success rate and hopefully user acceptance for those services. Our future work will be to adopt these factors for qualifying context aware service development projects such as u-city development projects in terms of service quality and hence user acceptance.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.151-176
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• 2021

As the information technology industry develops, various kinds of data are being created, and it is now essential to process them and use them in the industry. Analyzing and utilizing various digital data collected online and offline is a necessary process to provide an appropriate experience for customers in the industry. In order to create new businesses, products, and services, it is essential to use customer data collected in various ways to deeply understand potential customers' needs and analyze behavior patterns to capture hidden signals of desire. However, it is true that research using data analysis and UX methodology, which should be conducted in parallel for effective service development, is being conducted separately and that there is a lack of examples of use in the industry. In thiswork, we construct a single process by applying data analysis methods and UX methodologies. This study is important in that it is highly likely to be used because it applies methodologies that are actively used in practice. We conducted a survey on the topic to identify and cluster the associations between factors to establish customer classification and target customers. The research methods are as follows. First, we first conduct a factor, regression analysis to determine the association between factors in the happiness data survey. Groups are grouped according to the survey results and identify the relationship between 34 questions of psychological stability, family life, relational satisfaction, health, economic satisfaction, work satisfaction, daily life satisfaction, and residential environment satisfaction. Second, we classify clusters based on factors affecting happiness and extract the optimal number of clusters. Based on the results, we cross-analyzed the characteristics of each cluster. Third, forservice definition, analysis was conducted by correlating with keywords related to happiness. We leverage keyword analysis of the thumb trend to derive ideas based on the interest and associations of the keyword. We also collected approximately 11,000 news articles based on the top three keywords that are highly related to happiness, then derived issues between keywords through text mining analysis in SAS, and utilized them in defining services after ideas were conceived. Fourth, based on the characteristics identified through data analysis, we selected segmentation and targetingappropriate for service discovery. To this end, the characteristics of the factors were grouped and selected into four groups, and the profile was drawn up and the main target customers were selected. Fifth, based on the characteristics of the main target customers, interviewers were selected and the In-depthinterviews were conducted to discover the causes of happiness, causes of unhappiness, and needs for services. Sixth, we derive customer behavior patterns based on segment results and detailed interviews, and specify the objectives associated with the characteristics. Seventh, a typical persona using qualitative surveys and a persona using data were produced to analyze each characteristic and pros and cons by comparing the two personas. Existing market segmentation classifies customers based on purchasing factors, and UX methodology measures users' behavior variables to establish criteria and redefine users' classification. Utilizing these segment classification methods, applying the process of producinguser classification and persona in UX methodology will be able to utilize them as more accurate customer classification schemes. The significance of this study is summarized in two ways: First, the idea of using data to create a variety of services was linked to the UX methodology used to plan IT services by applying it in the hot topic era. Second, we further enhance user classification by applying segment analysis methods that are not currently used well in UX methodologies. To provide a consistent experience in creating a single service, from large to small, it is necessary to define customers with common goals. To this end, it is necessary to derive persona and persuade various stakeholders. Under these circumstances, designing a consistent experience from beginning to end, through fast and concrete user descriptions, would be a very effective way to produce a successful service.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.17-28
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• 2019

The touchscreen device is now commonly found in the form of mobile phones, tablet PCs, and other devices. Varied physical and visual experiences can be experienced through touchscreens. This study intended to explore how the physical and visual experiences provided by the touchscreen would affect people through their existing associations of behavior-attitude. Previous studies have found that certain behaviors affect attitudes. In particular, the approach-avoidance behavior has been noted to influence both social and personal attitudes. It was thus deemed necessary to ascertain the approach-avoidance effect exerted by touchscreens on the attitudes of users as the technology is widely used today. Experiment 1 provided an approach-avoidance experience via a touchscreen and demonstrated that touchscreen-based approach-avoidance dragging behavior on the touchscreen can affect a user's preference and purchase intent. It was found that a product that had been approached showed both higher preference and higher purchase intent than a product that had been avoided. Experiment 2 investigated whether a similar effect would occur when only the visual experience of approach-avoidance was provided. The outcome proved that products that had been visually approached had higher scores than products that had been avoided, both in terms of preference and purchase intent. The movement of the arm on the touchscreen (Experiment 1) and the visual perception of the approach-avoidance experience (Experiment 2) were both shown to influence participants' attitudes toward products. The results of this study suggest that the behavior and perception of users may be an important factor in designing touchscreen interfaces for online shopping.

• Journal of Communication Design
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• v.65
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• pp.530-538
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• 2018

Recently, museums are attracting the attention of visitors and society. However, research on museum interpretation conducted at domestic and foreign is relatively limited. The plan design of the museum commentary system was mainly based on the perspective of the experts, and most of them do not reflect the desire of the visitors. This study focused on visitors' experience of using museum Interpretation system. Through analyzing the effect of the Interpretation system of the museum that the visitor feels, we examined whether the Interpretation system of the museum meets the cultural needs of the visitors and identified the problems and deficiencies in the system. After that, the problems were rearranged and suggested the main elements of the commentary system of the museum finally, so as to help improve the museum commentary system and the educational function.In the first part of the study, the four major explanatory methods existing in the museum were confirmed. After that, we conducted in - depth interviews on four types of commentary methods and collected existing problems and deficiencies. The results of the type analysis were grouped into 14 types and the questionnaire was used to conduct a general survey on 14 problems. In this study, the user 's discomfort and problems were identified in the museum Interpretation system, and based on this, five key elements necessary for the museum Interpretation system were derived. Among them, inhalation is the weakest element in the museum commentary system, and future research will be conducted on how to apply each factor. I hope that you will be a reference material when you carry out research on the optimization of the Interpretation system of the museum and the improvement of the Interpretation experience.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.97-110
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• 2002

As users environments change, users primary needs for homepages also change more complicatedly. Today, users do not only want usability for homepages, but also to feel appropriate emotional experiences. Despite users needs, users do not always experience appropriate emotions that are conveyed by designers through homepage. I In this research paper, we analyzed the related factors with the emotional quality, which means the degree that users feel target emotions intended by designers. For analyzing factors related with the emotional quality, three hypotheses were verified; the factor of an emotion, the factor of users and the factor of designers. As the factor of emotions, the first hypothesis is that unclear emotional dimensions in users minds are related with the emotional quality. The second hypothesis, as the factor of users, is that the diversity of users experiences by same homepage is related with the emotional quality. The third hypothesis, as the factor of designers, is that the appropriate selection of design elements is related with the emotional quality. In the previous research, we selected the basic 13 emotional dimensions and 30 representative emotional words based on the statistical results and evaluations by professional designers. For this research, we conducted an experiment and user survey. In the experiment, we asked 30 designers to design homepages focusing on the typical emotion that was presented by a researcher. Based on the designing process and user evaluation, we performed statistical analyses: ANOVA with Tukey post hoc method and Factor Analysis. We found the discrepancy between the emotions that designers intend and the actual emotions that users experienced from homepages. From the result of analysis, we know that the factor of users and the factor of designers related with the emotional qualities, but the factor of emotions did not. The definiteness of emotions did not relate with the emotional quality. However, the diversity of emotions that users feel seeing the same homepages and design elements that designers chose for conveying target emotion related with the emotional quality.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.125-147
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• 2010

This paper Introduces an electronic auction service to be provided on Interactive TV (T-auction). This converged service is expected to much enhance the quality of the service to current online auction users through vivid visualization and live Interactive experience. Our study focuses on how the characteristics of the interactive TV-based shopping platform can affect users' attitudes towards the converged service. To develop our proposed research model, we extended the technology acceptance model and integrated it with a hedonic factor, or perceived enjoyment to reflect the dual characteristics of the converged system. We also adopted the variable of intermediary trust In the service as a critical mediating determinant for a successful commutations-mediated commerce. The research model was verified with an empirical study conducted on 970 Korean online auction users. Results show that both trust and perceived usefulness positively affect user adoption of the service. Trust had not only a direct effect on users' attitudes toward T-auction but also an indirect one by mediating the service quality, information quality, perceived enjoyment and ease of use. Meanwhile, the hedonic factor of T-auction contributes to increasing both the level of the intermediary's trust and its perceived usefulness. Users' enjoyment also was found to help form a positive attitude toward T-auction services. Theoretical and practical implications of this study for current e-auction service providers and potential t-auction service providers are also discussed.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.22
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• pp.139-169
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to analyze the search pattern and search outcome of the National Central Library OPAC users by measuring their success rates and identifying the factors of failure and the personal background which bring about the differences of the search outcome. Various methods have been used for the study. Personal interview was used to find the pattern of the search, observation method was used to investigate the search process and the failure factors, and a questionnaire was used to survey personal background of searchers. The data were collected during the period of 7 days from April 17, 1995 through April 23, 1995. The search of 1, 217 cases, sampling systematically 25% out of the whole users, were collected and analyzed for the study. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows : First, in regard to the pattern, known-item search(72.6%) was preferred to the subject search(27.4%) and in case of known-item search the access point used were in the order of title, author, title and author. Second, the overall success rate of known-item search was 50.3% and the success rates were in order of author and date, title, and author. The failure factors of known-item search were divided into users factor of 67% and the database factor of 33%, respectively. Third, in case of subject search, its overall success rate was 44.1% and the keyword was the major access point, and the average of precision ratio was very low. Fourth, the analysis of the personal background related to the search outcome has shown significant differences by sex, the experience of using OPAC, education level, and the frequency of using other information retrieval systems. Based on the results the following suggestions can be made to improve the search outcome : First, the system should be su n.0, pplemented online help function to assist users to overcome the failure during search. Second, user instruction in group or individual should be implemented for the users to understand the system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.353-371
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• 2010

Library anxiety has been recognized as one of the representative fields that concerns user's affectivity in library and information study. Considerable library users have been discovered to experience library anxiety according to researches. Although digital libraries are becoming more popular changing drastically from traditional libraries, few studies have addressed the measurement of digital library anxiety(DLA). The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a multidimensional digital library anxiety scale(DLAS) based on previous research in library anxiety and digital libraries. It will become possible to define the construct of DLAS, provide its underlying dimensionalities, and find out how much they explain the construct. Through the exploratory factor analysis, DLAS has been developed with 39 items representing seven distinct factors which were interpreted as affect, resources, know-how, security, language, technology, and task explaining 51.165% of DLA. Also, DLAS' characteristics about demographic variables and use pattern were found through the T-test and ANOVA analysis for each factor.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2017

Growing importance of online security on certification, many of the web-related security technology introduced day by day. Especially, using smart certificate (USIM) is recognized as one of the most safe and convenient method for the security of public certificate. The purpose of this study is to find the factors that affect the Intention of switching to smart certificate for the general public who use public certificate service. Based on migration theory, this study determined the relationship between pull factors, push factors and mooring factors which can affect the intention of switching to smart certificate. To empirically analyze the proposed hypothesis, the statistical analysis were conducted based on the response from 350 public certificate service users using SPSS 22.0 and Smart PLS 2.0. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, system quality, one of the pull factors has positive influence on perceived ease of use. On the other hand, the other pull factor, service quality has positive influence on both perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Second, push factors, user experience and information security awareness have positive influence on perceived ease of use only. Third, mooring factor, switching cost does not have influence on switching intention while perceived usefulness has positive influence on. The results of this research can be used for whom has interest to the switching intention of public certificate service for online security and provide the proper understanding about smart certificate service mechanism.