• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.366-371
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• 2006

This study was done to assess the physical and chemical properties after anaerobic fermentation treatment which use rice bran or wheat bran in plastic film house soil. The results which investigates the change of soil physical property after treatment 150 days showed a dramatic difference. The physical properties of control soil were the bulk density $1.46Mg\;m^{-3}$, hardness $2.30Kg\;cm^{-3}$, hydraulic conductivity $4.8cm\;hr^{-1}$, water stable aggregate(>0.5mm) 6.7%. Of the soil which treatment the rice bran in comparison to control soil, bulk density and hardness was diminished 12% and 58%, respectively. hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregate(>0.5mm) were increased 4.5 and 5.2 fold, respectively. And, in the soil which treatment the wheat bran, bulk density and hardness was diminished 14% and 67%, respectively. Hydraulic conductivity and water stable aggregate(>0.5mm) were increased 6.3 and 6.5 fold, respectively. $NO_3-N$ contents of the soil which treated the rice bran or wheat bran after treatment 20 days were diminished 98% in comparison to control soil. The decrease of $NO_3-N$ contents in the soil was investigated with the fact that it is caused by with increase of the soil-microbial biomass. EC of the soil which treated the rice bran were $1.48dS\;m^{-1}$ which was diminished 58% in comparison to control soil. That of soil which treated the wheat bran was increased $3.65dS\;m^{-1}$ in the early stage because of acetic and butyric acid. But it was reduced as under $2.0dS\;m^{-1}$ after treatment 30 days. As the conclusion the anaerobic fermentation treatment with rice or wheat bran was effective to the improvement of soil physical and salt accumulation of the plastic film house soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.808-813
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• 2011

This study was conducted to reduce the dependability of farmers on chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation. Soil chemical and biological properties were monitored before experiment and at the time of harvesting. The results showed that EC, available $SiO_2$, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ were decreased at the time of harvesting while pH, OM, and exchangeable $K^+$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were remain unchanged, compared with soil before experiment. Population of aerobic bacteria, Bacillus sp., and fungi were also increased at the time of harvesting in the paddy field, compared with before fertilization, in the treatment of 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost. Concentrations of N, P, and K in rice leaves increased with the fertilizers application, maximum increase was recorded in 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost. Non-significant difference was observed in the morphological parameters of rice among the treatments. The chlorophyll contents of rice leaf increased in a similar fashion up to 60 days, thereafter, sharp decrease was observed in all the treatments. Maximum yield (per 10a) was recorded in the field treated with 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost followed by standard applied fertilizer, 70% soil-testing fertilizer+ 30% compost, soil-testing fertilizer and unfertilized plot. Amylose content showed non-significant difference within the treatments. Protein content increased with the use of fertilizers and best protein content was recorded in the treatment of 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost. It was concluded that the amount of the chemical fertilizer used was directly proportional to the protein content of rice grain. However, the palatability of rice grown in unfertilized field was better than the treatments but minimum yield was obtained. Hence, the treatment of 50% soil-testing fertilizer+ 50% compost, was the best among the fertilizer combinations for rice cultivation as supported by the yield, protein and palatability index.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.824-829
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• 2011

In recent years, there has been an increasing public concern about fecal contamination of water, air and agricultural produce by pathogens residing in organic fertilizers such as manure, compost and agricultural by-products. Efforts are now being made to control or eliminate the pathogen populations at on-farm level. Development of efficient on-farm strategies to mitigate the potential risk posed by the pathogens requires data about how the pathogens prevail in livestock manure composts and organic fertilizers. Microbiological analysis of livestock manure composts and organic fertilizers obtained from 32 and 28 companies, respectively, were conducted to determine the total aerobic bacteria count, coliforms, Escherichia coli count and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Cronobacter sakazakii. The total aerobic bacteria counts in the livestock manure composts and organic fertilizers were in the range of 7 to $9log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and 4 to $6log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$, respectively. In the livestock manure composts, coliforms and E. coli were detected in samples obtained from 4 and 2 companies, respectively, in the range of 2 to $5log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and $2log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. In the organic fertilizers, coliforms and E. coli were detected in samples obtained from 4 and 1 companies, respectively, in the range of 1 to $3log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$ and $2log\;CFU\;g^{-1}$. In 3 out 32 compost samples, B. cereus was detected, while other pathogens were not detected. In 28 organic fertilizers, no pathogens were detected. The complete composting process can result in the elimination of pathogens in livestock manure compost and organic fertilizer. The results of this study could help to formulate microbiological guidelines for the use of compost in environmental-friendly agriculture. This research provides information regarding microbiological quality of livestock manure compost and organic fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.347-352
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• 2011

Environment-friendly agriculture (EFA) are aimed to reduce use of chemical inputs as possible the recycling of resources and the environment while preserving the local resources in the long term to ensure a constant productivity and profitability for producing safe food. This study was conducted to investigate characteristics on soil environment at paddy field of environment-friendly agriculture regions (EFARs) in Honam area. Survey point of EFARs Chungnam, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam, rice bran farming method in two districts, rice bran + snail farming method in eight districts, snail farming method in five districts and ducks farming method in three districts a total of 18 districts were selected. Annual of farming method, friendly-environment certification, amount of applied fertilizer, and history of cultivation to the farm household were surveyed. The content of available phosphate and silicate among the soil chemical properties in EFA paddy field were a little lower than optimum level, and those of agricultural methods fertilized with rice bran were a little lower than those of others. Hardness among the soil physical properties in EFA paddy field were a little lower than conventional practices, and that of agricultural methods fertilized with rice bran were a little lower than those of others. We showed fertilizer recommendation dose about soil nutritional shortages according to fertilization prescriptions index by crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.361-367
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• 2011

Soil fertility of alpine soils in Gangwon-Do has been deteriorating because of heavy input of chemical fertilizers for intensive crop production. To reduce application of chemical fertilizers, use of livestock manure compost in alpine soils increases consistently. Soil loss and runoff due to heavy rainfall in alpine area cause nutrient loss from soil, and subsequently pollute stream water. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess nutrient efficiency and loss in Chinese cabbage cultivated soil with different livestock manure composts in several slopes. As control, chemical fertilizer was applied at the rate of $250-78-168kg\;ha^{-1}$ for $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$. Each pig-and chicken manure compost was applied at the rate of $10MT\;ha^{-1}$. Chemical fertilizer + chicken manure compost was applied as same rate. Four treatments was practiced in 5, 20, and 35% filed slopes, respectively. We monitored the amounts of soil loss and runoff water after rainfalls, and we also analyzed the contents of nutrients in soil and runoff water through lysimeter installed in alpine agricultural institute in Gangwon-Do. T-N loss due to soil loss was much greater with increasing filed slops rather than different fertilizer treatments. T-N loss has positive relationship with field slopes, which showing soil loss (MT/ha) = 1.66 slopes (%) - 3.5 ($r^2$ = 0.99). Available phosphate and exchangeable cations showed similar tendency with increasing slopes. T-N and T-P losses caused by runoff water were highest in chemical fertilizer (NPK) + chicken manure compost treated plot, while lowest in chemical fertilizer treatment. T-N contents (2.13, 1.95%) in chinese cabbage treated either pig and chicken manure composts compared to that (2.65%) of chemical fertilizer were significantly less. This could be resulted from much greater T-N loss in soil treated with pig and chicken manure composts.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.858-863
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• 2010

The blueberry farming requires the soil condition of well-drainage, pH of 4.5 to 5.2, and high in organic matters for stable growth and development. Most of soil type of cultivated land in Korea, however, belongs to alkaline soils with low organic matter content and poor drainage. Therefore, the blueberry farmers use peat moss heavily to improve the soil condition, but the guideline on the effective and economic ratio of peat moss is not established yet. This study was performed to determine the cost effective peat moss ratio for amending soils, and to investigate the feasibility of using sawdust and coco peat as soil amendments. Peat moss, coco peat and sawdust are mixed with soil at the ratio of 0, 12.5, 50 and 100% (v/v). Among 3 organic materials with various mixture ratios, the pH of soil was the lowest in 100% peat moss and sawdust mixtures (pH 3.67 and pH 3.73, respectively), followed by pH 5.30 at 50% peat moss. The soil organic matter content are directly proportional to the mixture ratios in all three organic materials and the same trend was observed in the variation of content of exchangeable potassium in the coco peat treatments. On the contrary, the content of available phosphate, exchangeable calcium and magnesium decreased with increasing the ratio of organic materials. The nitrogen content in the leaves decreased as increasing the ratio of peat moss and coco peat in soil, but not of sawdust. The content of phosphate decreased but potassium increased as the ratio of sawdust and coco peat increased. There was no clear difference in the contents of magnesium and calcium among 3 organic materials. The plant height, stem diameter and dry weight of blueberry plants were the highest in 50 % peat moss, followed by 12.5% peat moss and 12.5% coco peat. The plants in 100% peat moss showed very poor growth. It can be concluded that peatmoss, when applied and managed appropriately, will be a good material for improving soil condition as well as securing desirable growth for blueberry. Upon coupling economic aspect, the optimum mixing ratio of peatmoss for blueberry farming is approximately 25-50%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.804-811
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• 2010

The lower portion of sloping paddy fields normally contains excessive moisture and the higher water table caused by the inflow of ground water from the upper part of the field resulting in non-uniform water content distribution. Four drainage methods namely Open Ditch, Vinyl Barrier, Pipe Drainage and Tube Bundle for multiple land use were installed within 1-m position from the lower edge of the upper embankment of sloping alluvial paddy fields. Knowledge of the spatial variability of soil water properties is of primary importance for management of agricultural lands. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of drainage in the soil on spatial variability of soil water content using the geostatistical analysis. The soil water content was collected by a TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) sensor after the installation of subsurface drainage on regular square grid of 80 m at 20 m paddy field located at Oesan-ri, Buk-myeon, Changwon-si in alluvial slopping paddy fields ($35^{\circ}22^{\prime}$ N, $128^{\circ}35^{\prime}$). In order to obtain the most accurate field information, the sampling grid was divided 3 m by 3 m unit mesh by four drainage types. The results showed that spatial variance of soil water content by subsurface drainage was reduced, though yield of soybean showed the same trends. Value of "sill" of soil water content with semivariogram was 9.7 in Pipe Drainage, 86.2 in Open Ditch, and 66.8 in Vinyl Barrier and 15.7 in Tube Bundle.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2011

Objectives of this study were to compare the environmental effects of digestates produced in bioenergy village on the rice paddy field for recycling. Digestates were applied to the soils and the soil properties and the crop responses were analyzed according to the standard methods of soil evaluation. Plant height and the number of tiller showed similar results in both the conventional and digestate treated field, and the yield of rough rice was higher in the field treated with digestates than that with chemical fertilizer. The amounts of nitrogen absorbed in straw and grain were larger in the digestates-treated field than chemical fertilizer-treated one, and efficiency of nitrogen applied was shown to be the highest in 100% treated digestate of the pig manure. Exchangeable cation and pH increased in the soil treated with digestate after harvesting, but salt was not accumulated. With these results, it was concluded that resource recycling in green town can be facilitated through the securement of arable lands for the application of digestates and the proper use of these fertilizers. Long-term effects of digestate application on the soil environment should be sustainingly studied.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.688-694
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• 2021

Turanose is a potential candidate for use as a functional sweetener because of its gentle taste, low calorie, and non-cariogenicity. The aim of this study was to replace sucrose with turanose to produce health-beneficial maesil-cheong. Quality effects of turanose on maesil-cheong were evaluated by determining the contents of free sugars, organic acids, amygdalin, and antioxidant activity. The pH and Brix values of sucrose- and turanose-based maesil-cheong remained at the same level between 2.83 and 3.00 and 54.6-58.6°Bx, respectively, after 90-day storage. Among oxalic, malic, and citric acids, citric acid content was the highest in both maesil-cheong samples. Turanose did not significantly hydrolyze in maesil-cheong, whereas sucrose was completely hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose. Thus, turanose is suitable for the development of acidic maesil-cheong to improve its health promoting effect. Turanose showed product qualities similar to sucrose-based maesil-cheong. Turanose can be used as a functional sweetener or bulking agent in processed foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.781-788
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• 2021

Due to the high sensitivity to radiation, excessive exposure needs to be prevented by accurately measuring the dose irradiated to the skin during radiation therapy. Although clinical trials use dosimeters such as film, OSLD, TLD, glass dosimeter, etc. to measure skin dose, these dosimeters have difficulty in accurate dosimetry on skin curves. In this study, to solve these problems, we developed a skin dosimeter that can be attached according to human flexion and evaluated its response characteristics. For the manufacture of the dosimeter, lead oxide (PbO) with high atomic number (Z_Pb: 82, Z_O: 8) and density (9.53 g/cm³) and silicon binders that can bend according to human flexion were used. In the case of a dosimeter made of PbO material, the performance degradation has been prevented by using parylene and others due to the presence of degradation due to oxidation, but the previously used parylene is affected by bending, so a new form of passive layer was produced and applied to the skin dosimeter. The characteristic evaluation of the skin dosimeter was evaluated by analyzing SEM, reproducibility, and linearity. Through SEM analysis, bending was evaluated, reproducibility and linearity at 6 MeV energy were evaluated, and applicability was assessed with a skin dosimeter. As a result of observing the dosimeter surface through SEM analysis, the parylene passive layer PbO dosimeter with the positive layer raised to the parylene produced cracks on the surface when bent. On the other hand, no crack was observed in the silicon passive layer PbO dosimeter, which was raised to silicon passive layer. In the reproducibility measurement results, the RSD of the silicon passive layer PbO dosimeter was 1.47% which satisfied the evaluation criteria RSD 1.5% and the linearity evaluation results showed the R² value of 0.9990, which satisfied the evaluation criteria R² 9990. The silicon passive layer PbO dosimeter was evaluated to be applicable to skin dosimeters by demonstrating high signal stability, precision, and accuracy in reproducibility and linearity, without cracking due to bending.