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Effect of Heat Processing on Thermal Stability of Kudzu (Pueraria thumbergiana Bentham) Root Isoflavones (가열처리가 칡 이소플라본의 열 안정성에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Sung-Won;Kim, Kyung-Seon;Hur, Nam-Yun;Kim, Kyung-Seon;Ahn, Soon-Cheol;Park, Cheon-Seok;Kim, Byung-Yong;Baik, Moo-Yeol;Kim, Dae-Ok
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.18 no.10
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    • pp.1447-1454
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    • 2008
  • Effect of heat processing on thermal stability of kudzu root isoflavone was investigated for future use such as various processed foods and functional foods. Kudzu root extracts were heated at 80, 100, 121, 140, 165, and $180^{\circ}C$ for up to 90 minutes before and after concentration, respectively. Changes in the amount of isoflavones were monitored using HPLC and thermal stability was investigated using Arrhenius equation. The amount of both daidzin and genistin decreased slightly during heating at 80, 100 and $121^{\circ}C$ but decreased significantly above $140^{\circ}C$. This indicated that daidzin and genistin are stable at temperatures near the boiling point of water. The degradation of both daidzin and genistin occurred in two steps and each step showed typical first order kinetic. The degradation rates were faster in the first step than the second step in both daidzin and genistin. Additionally, the degradation was accelerated when they heated after concentration compared to the sample heated before concentration. These results suggested that degradation of kudzu root isoflavone was highly dependent on both their concentration and heating temperature. This study provides the basic information on thermal stability of kudzu root isoflavones, which can be used for future processing of functional foods.

Usefulness of Breast Lymphoscintigraphy after Whole Body Bone Scan (유방암 환자에서 전신 뼈 검사 후 감시림프절 위치 파악 검사의 유용성)

  • Jang, Dong-Gun;Bahn, Young-Kag;Chung, Seok;Park, Hoon-Hee;Kang, Chun-Goo;Lim, Han-Sang;Kim, Jae-Sam;Lee, Chang-Ho
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.133-137
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: Breast cancer is known to be more vulnerable to bone metastasis and lymph node metastasis than other types of cancer, and nuclear examinations whole body bone scan and lymphoscintigraphy are performed commonly before and after breast cancer operation. In case whole body bone scan is performed on the day before lymphoscintigraphy, the radiopharmaceutical taken into and remaining in the bones provides anatomical information for tracking and locating sentinel lymph nodes. Thus, this study purposed to examine how much bone density affects in locating sentinel lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 22 patients (average age $52{\pm}7.2$) who had whole body bone scan and lymphoscintigraphy over two days in our hospital during the period from January to December, 2009. In the blind test, 22 patients (average age $57{\pm}6.5$) who had lymphoscintigraphy using $^{57}Co$ flood phantom were used as a control group. In quantitative analysis, the relative ratio of the background to sentinel lymph nodes was measured by drawing ROIs on sentinel lymph nodes and the background, and in gross examination, each of a nuclear physician and a radiological technologist with five years' or longer field experience examined images through blind test in a five-point scale. Results: In the results of quantitative analysis, the relative ratio of the background to sentinel lymph nodes was 14.2:1 maximum and 8.5:1 ($SD{\pm}3.48$) on the average on the front, and 14.7:1 maximum and 8.5:1 ($SD{\pm}3.42$) on the average on the side. In the results of gross examination, when $^{57}Co$ flood phantom images were compared with images containing bones, the score was relative high as 3.86 ($SD{\pm}0.35$) point for $^{57}Co$ flood phantom images and 4.09 ($SD{\pm}0.42$) for bone images. Conclusion: When whole body bone scan was performed on the day before lymphoscintigraphy, the ratio of the background to sentinel lymph nodes was over 10:1, so there was no problem in locating lymph nodes. In addition, we expect to reduce examination procedures and improve the quality of images by indicating the location of sentinel lymph nodes using bone images as body contour without the use of a source.

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Access Restriction by Packet Capturing during the Internet based Class (인터넷을 이용한 수업에서 패킷캡쳐를 통한 사이트 접속 제한)

  • Yi, Jungcheol;Lee, Yong-Jin
    • 대한공업교육학회지
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.134-152
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    • 2007
  • This study deals with the development of computer program which can restrict students to access to the unallowable web sites during the Internet based class. Our suggested program can find the student's access list to the unallowable sites, display it on the teacher's computer screen. Through the limitation of the student's access, teacher can enhance the efficiency of class and fulfill his educational purpose for the class. The use of our results leads to the effective and safe utilization of the Internet as the teaching tools in the class. Meanwhile, the typical method is to turn off the LAN (Local Area Network) power in order to limit the student's access to the unallowable web sites. Our program has been developed on the Linux operating systems in the small network environment. The program includes following five functions: the translation function to change the domain name into the IP(Internet Protocol) address, the search function to find the active students' computers, the packet snoop to capture the ongoing packets and investigate their contents, the comparison function to compare the captured packet contents with the predefined access restriction IP address list, and the restriction function to limit the network access when the destination IP address is equal to the IP address in the access restriction list. Our program can capture all passing packets through the computer laboratory in real time and exactly. In addition, it provides teacher's computer screen with the all relation information of students' access to the unallowable sites. Thus, teacher can limit the student's unallowable access immediately. The proposed program can be applied to the small network of the elementary, junior and senior high school. Our research results make a contribution toward the effective class management and the efficient computer laboratory management. The related researches provides teacher with the packet observation and the access limitation for only one host, but our suggested program provides teacher with those for all active hosts.

A Graph Layout Algorithm for Scale-free Network (척도 없는 네트워크를 위한 그래프 레이아웃 알고리즘)

  • Cho, Yong-Man;Kang, Tae-Won
    • Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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    • v.34 no.5_6
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    • pp.202-213
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    • 2007
  • A network is an important model widely used in natural and social science as well as engineering. To analyze these networks easily it is necessary that we should layout the features of networks visually. These Graph-Layout researches have been performed recently according to the development of the computer technology. Among them, the Scale-free Network that stands out in these days is widely used in analyzing and understanding the complicated situations in various fields. The Scale-free Network is featured in two points. The first, the number of link(Degree) shows the Power-function distribution. The second, the network has the hub that has multiple links. Consequently, it is important for us to represent the hub visually in Scale-free Network but the existing Graph-layout algorithms only represent clusters for the present. Therefor in this thesis we suggest Graph-layout algorithm that effectively presents the Scale-free network. The Hubity(hub+ity) repulsive force between hubs in suggested algorithm in this thesis is in inverse proportion to the distance, and if the degree of hubs increases in a times the Hubity repulsive force between hubs is ${\alpha}^{\gamma}$ times (${\gamma}$??is a connection line index). Also, if the algorithm has the counter that controls the force in proportion to the total node number and the total link number, The Hubity repulsive force is independent of the scale of a network. The proposed algorithm is compared with Graph-layout algorithm through an experiment. The experimental process is as follows: First of all, make out the hub that exists in the network or not. Check out the connection line index to recognize the existence of hub, and then if the value of connection line index is between 2 and 3, then conclude the Scale-free network that has a hub. And then use the suggested algorithm. In result, We validated that the proposed Graph-layout algorithm showed the Scale-free network more effectively than the existing cluster-centered algorithms[Noack, etc.].

Effects of Elevated Air Temperature on Yield and Yield Components of Rice (온도 상승 조건이 벼의 수량 및 수량구성요소에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Kyu-Jong;Nguyen, Duc-Nhuan;Choi, Doug-Hwan;Ban, Ho-Young;Lee, Byun-Woo
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.156-164
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    • 2015
  • High temperature stress would affect rice production in the future as heat wave is expected to occur frequently under climate change conditions. The objective of this study was to obtain rudimentary information to assess the impact of heat stress on rice yield and its yield component in Korea. Two rice cultivars "Hwaseongbyeo" (Japonica) and "Dasanbyeo" (Tongil-type) were grown at different nitrogen fertilization levels in two seasons. These cultivars were grown in 1/5000a Wagner pot placed within four plastic houses where temperature was controlled at ambient, ambient$+1.5^{\circ}C$, ambient$+3^{\circ}C$ and ambient$+5^{\circ}C$ throughout the rice growing season in Suwon ($37^{\circ}16^{\prime}N$, $128^{\circ}59^{\prime}E$), Korea. The degree of temperature change affected grain yield whereas the level of nitrogen had little impact on grain yield. The number of panicle per pot and spikelet per panicle were not significantly different among temperature treatments in both cultivars tested. In contrast, 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio were decreased significantly under the treatments raising the air temperature to the level of $5.0^{\circ}C$ and $1.5^{\circ}C$ above the ambient air temperature in Dasanbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo, respectively. Reduction of 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio under the temperature treatments of $3.0^{\circ}C$ and $5.0^{\circ}C$ above the ambient air temperature resulted in significantly less grain yield for Dasanbyeo and Hwaseongbyeo, respectively. The greater sensitivity of grain yield to temperature increase in Dasanbyeo was attributable to the sharp decrease of 1000-grain weight and ripened grain ratio with the temperature rise above $23^{\circ}C$ during ripening period. On the other hand, Hwaseongbyeo had little variation of them in the temperature range of $23-27^{\circ}C$. These results suggested that grain yield would decrease under future climate conditions due to grain weight decreased by shorter grain filling period as well as the ripened grain ratio reduced by spikelet sterility and early abortion of rice kernel development. Thus, it would be essential to use cultivars tolerant to heat stress for climate change adaptation, which merits further studies for developing varieties that have traits to avoid spikelet sterility and early abortion of rice kernel, e.g., early morning flowering, under heat wave.

The Reliability and Validity Studies of the Korean Version of the Perceived Stress Scale (한글판 스트레스 자각척도의 신뢰도와 타당도 연구)

  • Lee, Jongha;Shin, Cheolmin;Ko, Young-Hoon;Lim, JaeHyung;Joe, Sook-Haeng;Kim, SeungHyun;Jung, In-Kwa;Han, Changsu
    • Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.127-134
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    • 2012
  • Objectives : Perceived stress scale is a self-report inventory to estimate the degree of individual perceived stress in daily life. The aim of this study was to introduce this scale and test the reliability and validity of the Korean version of PSS. Methods : The total of 154 female hospital workers were included in this study. The survey questionnaires were conducted for demographic information. All participants were required to complete PSS, Hamilton Anxiety scale and Beck Depression Inventory. Reliability and validity studies were conducted and internal consistency was examined. Results : The mean score of the PSS reported in this sample was $20.69{\pm}4.56$. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.819, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.66. PSS had a significant positive correlation with the HAM-A(r=0.49, p<0.01), and the BDI(r=0.55, p<0.01). Factor analysis yielded 2 factors with eigenvalues of 3.924 and 2.608, accounting for 65 percent of variance. Factor 1 represented "stress" and factor 2 represented "control of stress". Conclusions : This study indicates that the PSS is appropriate for estimating the perceived stress levels. These results support the use of PSS in large sections of the population in Korea.

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The Effects of Price Salience on Consumer Perception and Purchase Intentions (개격현저대소비자감지화구매의도적영향(价格显著对消费者感知和购买意图的影响))

  • Martin-Consuegea, David;Millan, Angel;Diaz, Estrella;Ko, Eun-Ju
    • Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.149-163
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    • 2010
  • Previous studies have shown that retail price promotion change consumers' purchase behavior and that retailers use price promotion more frequently. Keeping constant the benefits received by consumers, there are several ways for retailers to communicate a price promotion. For example, retailers can present a price reduction in absolute terms ($, ${\euro}$), percentage terms (%), or some combinations of these two methods (Della Bitta et al. 1981). Communicating a price promotion in different ways is similar to the framing of purchase decisions (Monroe 1990). Framing effects refers to the finding that subjects respond differently to different descriptions of the same decision question (Frisch 1993). Thus, the presentation of the promotion has an impact on consumer deal evaluation and hence retail sales. In fact, much research in marketing attests to the effects of price presentation on deal perception (Lichtenstein and Bearden 1989; Urbany et al. 1988; Yadav and Monroe 1993). In this sense, a number of marketing researches have argued that deal perceptions are also determined by the degree to which consumers are able to calculate the discounts and final purchase prices accurately (Estelami 2003a; Morwitz et al. 1998), which suggests that marketers may be able to enhance responses to discounts by improving calculation accuracy. Consequently, since calculation inaccuracies in the aggregate lead to the underestimation of discounts (Kim and Kramer 2006), consumers are more likely to appreciate a discounted offer following deeper processing of price information that enables them to evaluate a price discount more accurately. The purpose of this research is to examine the effect of different presentations of discount prices on consumer price perceptions. To be more precise, the purpose of this study is to investigate how different implementations of the same price promotion (semantic and visual salience) affect consumers' perceptions of the promotion and their purchase decisions. Specifically, the analysis will focus on the effect of price presentation on evaluation, purchase intentions and perception of savings. In order to verify the hypotheses proposed in the research, this paper will present an experimental analysis dealing with several discount presentations. In this sense, a2 (Numerical salience presentation: absolute and relative) x2 (Worded salience presentation: novel and traditional) x2 (Visual salience: red and blue) design was employed to investigate the effects of discount presentation on three dependent variables: evaluation, purchase intentions and perception of savings. Respondents were exposed to a hypothetical advertisement that they had to evaluate and were informed of the offer conditions. Once the sample finished evaluating the advertisement, they answered a questionnaire related to price salience and dependent dimensions. Then, manipulation checks were conducted to ensure that respondents remembered their treatment conditions. Next, a $2{\times}2{\times}2$ MANOVA and follow-up univariate tests were conducted to verify the research hypotheses suggested and to examine the effects of the individual factors (price salience) on evaluation, purchase intentions and perceived savings. The results of this research show that semantic and visual salience presentations have significant main effects and interactions on evaluation, purchase intentions and perception of savings. Significant numerical salience interactions affected evaluation and purchase intentions. Additionally, a significant worded salience main effect on perception of savings and interactions on evaluation and purchase intentions were found. Finally, visual salience interactions have significant effects on evaluation. The main findings of this research suggest practical implications that firms should consider when planning promotion-based discounts to attract consumer attention. Consequently, because price presentation has important effects on consumer perception, retailers should consider which effect is wanted in order to design an effective discount presentaion. Specifically, retailers should present discounts with a traditional style that facilitates final price calculation. It is thus important to investigate ways in which marketers can enhance the accuracy of consumers' mental arithmetic to improve responses to price discounts. This preliminary study on the effect of price presentation on consumer perception and purchase intentions opens the line of research for further research. The results obtained in this research may have been determined by a number of limiting conceptual and methodological factors. In this sense, the research deals with a variety of discount presentations as well as with their effects; however, the analysis could include additional salience dimensions and effects on consumers. Furthermore, a similar study could be carried out including a larger, more inclusive and heterogeneous sample of consumers. In addition, the experiment did not require sample individuals to actually buy the product, so it is advisable to compare the effects obtained in the research with real consumer behavior and perception.

A Study on Dental Health Awareness of High School Students (고교생들의 구강보건의식 행태에 관한 연구 -경기 이천시 소재 고교-)

  • Yoo, Su-Min;Ahn, Geum-Sun
    • Journal of dental hygiene science
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.23-31
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    • 2003
  • In this research, dental health awareness of 3rd graders of high schools in Icheon-city was investigated in order to use the result of this research as the basic data for school dental health program, education direction, and educational purpose. The research was done from Sep. 23. to Oct. 5 and the followings are the results of survey. (1) 85.0% of the students brush their teeth once or twice a day and more female students brush their teeth 3 times a day than male students. (2) 77% of the students had experienced dental caries and 38.0% of the students have periodontal disease, which has lower percentage than cavity. (3) Most of the students can not go to the dentists because they do not have time and 84.0% of the students have been treated in dental clinics so this tells that most of the students had experienced dental treatment. (4) 46.8% of the students had interests in dental health and male students showed more interests than female students and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). (5) Most of the students hear the importance and information of dental health from mass media such as TV and radio or from people around. The research shows that most of the students do not get periodic dental checkups. (6) 80.8% of the students had never taught dental health education for improvement of dental health and 76.2% of the students think that the dental health education is needed. There was no difference according to the gender. (7) Most of the students think that the dental health education is needed to prevent cavity and gingiva disease and it shows that more students tend to attend the dental health education. (8) 69.3% of the students think that brushing your teeth is important to maintain good dental health and there was no difference according to the gender. Most of the students weren't aware that periodic dental checkups, right brushing, and using fluoric toothpaste is effective for cavity protection. (9) After looking into the knowledge of the students on dental health, it shows that the knowledge is low and there is no difference according to the gender.

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Application of ECVAM as a Indicator for Monitoring National Environment in Korea (국토환경 모니터링 지표로서의 국토환경성평가지도 활용방안)

  • Kim, Eunyoung;Jeon, Seong-Woo;Song, Wonkyong;Kwak, Jaeryun;Lee, June
    • Journal of Environmental Policy
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.3-16
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    • 2012
  • Objectives of the Korean Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map (ECVAM) is to evaluate environmental value used in comprehensive environmental information in order to encourage eco-friendly land use and management. The first research was conducted in 2001 to establish the evaluation items and the criteria of the ECVAM, and the first nationwide map was established in the period of 2003 to 2005. The maps are updated annually to reflect environmental changes of land. The evaluation items and the criteria have been modified based on feasibility studies to improve the accuracy of the maps. This study re-evaluated the ECVAMs from 2005 to 2010 with criteria used in current environment and analyzed the changes in the area of the maps in 6 years. This is also an investigation on the maps whether they are appropriate as an index for sustainable environmental monitoring. The result shows that the 1st grade level of the ECVAM area with the highest conservation value had been expanding since 2005. These changes were analyzed in terms of updating the 4th Forest Map (2008) produced once every 10 years, reflecting the new legal protected areas such as Baekdudaegan Protected Area(2010), and the environmental/ecological assessment items such as the National Ecological Network (2009). This mean the ECVAM are a monitoring index that integrates individual environmental indexes including the increase of forest age and diameter due to sustainable management of forest areas, and the change of conservation areas. Therefore, ECVAM can be used as a new index integrating national environmental indicators for monitoring changes of national environment and policy. In order to utilize the ECVAM, improving accuracy and reducing renewal cycle time of thematic maps are required.

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Spatial problems of Korea -A delphi survey- (國土管理의 方向定立을 위한 國土診斷 -專門家 集團의 問題意識을 中心으로-)

  • Kim, Inn;Yu, Woo-Ik;Huh, Woo-Kung;Park, Young-Han;Park, Sam-Ock;Yu, Keun-bae;Choi, Byung-Seon
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.16-38
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    • 1994
  • The spatial structure of Korea has been changed drastically during the second half of this century. The events such as the Korean War and the resultant division of the Korean Peninsular into two Koreas, rapid industrialization and urbanization are the major causes among others for the spatial changes of the nation. The changes in turn have spawned a number of spatial problems. It is time, we argue, to diagnose how much the nation is now ill-structured, and to discuss of which directions the long-term spatial management be reoriented. A delphi survey was conducted during the early 1993 to fulfill such research needs. Questionnaires were distributed among geographers, planners, and high governmental officials throughout the nation. These 'experts of spatial problems' were requested to evaluate the past spatial policies and strategies, and to identify spatial and environmental problems at the national, regional and local levels. The survey included questions with regard to the spatial problems in North Korea too. A complementary literature survey in the fields of spatial sciences was accomplished as well in order to identify the major research interests and issues with regard to the nations's spatial structure. The delphi survey results indicatee that the present spatial structure: in relation to consumption, housing and economic activities is satisfactory in overall, while rather poor in terms of education, leisure and community activities. Most of the experts consider infrastructural improvements are urgent in the areas of roads, waste disposal facilitles, railroads, harbors, water supply and drainage systems. The over-concentration of economic, social and political function in the Seoul Metropolitan Region is perceived to be the most serious spatial problem in Korea. The long-term solutions suggested are strategies toward a more balanced regional development as well as toward a cleaner environment. The concensus among the experts for the short-term solution is the redistribution of population and industries from the Seoul Metropolitan Region to the intermediate and small cities. The land use policies and concurrent large-scale infrastructural projects are evaluated largely pertinent and desirable in general. It is, however, suggested that development projects be conducted in a more harmonious way with environment. The survey respondents suggest that the present environmental management policies should be reexamined critically. With regard to regional and local problems, transportation and pollutions are thought to be most serious in the Seoul Metropolitan Region, while employment opportunities, and information, education and health care services are most deprived in small cities and rural areas. The majority of the experts consider a city size of 250, 000-500, 000 population is desirable to live within. Respondents beileve that North Korea's physical environment is still not aggravated much whereas its infrastructural provisions are largely pool. The co-authors of this research figure a "environmentaly sound and spatially balanced Korean Penninsular" as the ideal type of spatial structure in Korea. The basic guidelines toward this ideal prototype are suggested: the recovery of spetial integrity, progressive restructuring of the nation, land uses geared to public welfare rather than private interests, and eco-humanistic approach in spatial policies.

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