• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.476-482
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• 2003

We studied the effects of soy isoflavone supplements on bone metabolism marker (serum osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline) and urinary mineral excretion (urinary Ca, Mg, Zn) in 47 postmenopausal women. There were 24 participants in the treatment group and 23 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas: Physical examination, diet survey, bone metabolism marker and urinary mineral excretion. The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.9 mg) and the control group (25.4 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. The analysis of bone metabolism marker changes in the treatment group after 12 weeks of taking the isoflavone supplements demonstrated significant differences in the following: Serum osteocalcin (13.7 ng/mL in befor versus 6.8 ng/mL in after) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (5.9 nmol/mmol Cr in befor versus 4.5 nmol/mmol Cr in after). The subjects in the treatment group showed no significant difference in urinary Ca excretion. But the subjects showed a significant difference in urinary Mg (131.9 mg/day in befor versus 115.6 mg/day in after) and Zn (400.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day in befor versus 310.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day in after) excretion in the isoflavone treatment group at the levels of p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively. No changes were made in the intake of minerals. The composition of serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline, and indicators of bone metabolism, including the excretion Mg and Zn, significantly decreased. As a result, bone mineral loss was lessened. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 476~482, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1118-1128
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the acute effect of caffeine consumption on the change of mineral concentration in serum and urinary mineral excretion in healthy young females. On two separate mornings at one week intervals, each subject drank a coffee which contained no caffeine and 3mg/kg body weight caffeine. To obviate dietary effects on mineral concentration in serum and urine, each subject fasted at least ten hours before consuming the test beverage. At one, two, three and four hours, serum and urine production collected seperately for measurement of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration. The results were as following : 1) Mean age of subjects was 20.6$\pm$0.32, Mean body mass index of subjects was 21.64$\pm$0.89, which was within $\pm$10% of ideal body weight. 2) Total urine volume of caffein groups for 4 hour after caffeine consumption was higher than that of decaffeine one, but urine pH was unchanged after caffeine consumption. Total urinary four hour excretion of creatinine was not affected by caffeine consumption and creatinine clearance also was not different from the control value. 3) In serum, mean three hour content of sodium(p<0.01) and phosphorus was higher in the subject given the caffeine. Mean serum magnesium and calcium contents were lower in caffeine group than that of decaffeine one. Mean serum magnesium content for three hour after caffeine ingestion was affected by caffeine consumption(p<0.001). Mean serum content of potassium was unaffected by caffeine consumption. 4) Total urinary four hour excretion of sodium, increased significantly after caffeine consumption(p<0.05), while total urinary four hour excretion of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was unchanged after caffeine intake. Urinary excretion of Na, Ca, P and Mg was greatest at one hour after caffeine consumption, especially urinary sodium and potassium excretion was significantly high(p<0.05, p<0.01). The above results show that only 3mg caffeine per kg body weight increase the urinary macro mineral excretion in healthy young females.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.225-231
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• 1997

Thirteen healthy control, 13 pre-eclamptic, 7 diabetic(DM) and 12 gestational diabetic(GDM) pregnant women participated in a study ofthe interrelationships between the levels of protein, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc and copper in urine. Urinary protein, magnesium and copper levels were significantly higher (p<0.0005, p<0.0003, p<0.005 respectively) in pre-eclamptic women than those of control, DM and GDM women. Urinary zinc excretion in pre-eclamptic women (1.61 mg/g creatinine) was higher than that of DM women (0.81mg/g creatinine); urinary zinc losses of control and GDM women were wre between the other two rups. The GDM women excreted significantly ore phosphorus in their urine in comparison to control and preeclamptic women (p<0.02), but this was not seen in DM women. Among the DM women, urinary protein excretion was positively correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin(r=0.940) and fasting blood glucose concentration (r=0.889). Urinary zinc excretion also was correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (r=0.853) and fasting blood glucose (r=0.956). In the GDM and pre-eclamptic women there were also significant correlations between urinar calcium and magnesium (r=0.857, r=0.749 respectively) and between urinary protein and copper(r=0.638, r=0.778 respectively).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.716-728
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of dietary Ca levels on metabolic changes of Ca and skeleton in postmenopausal women, 10-month-old ovariectomized female rats were compared with 2 month old rats. The rats were fed either 0.2% or 1.2% Ca diets for 16 weeks. Food intake and weight gain as higher in rats fed high Ca diets and in ovariectomized rats. Apparent Ca absorption as higher, and Ca balance was lower in the low Ca groups. Vertebrae density was higher in old rats or those fed a high Ca diets. The old rats and ovariectomized rats showed decreased bone formation, increased bone resorption and kidney function deterioration resulting in increased urinary Ca excretion. Contradictory to the above observation, old rats and ovariectomized rats still showed higher bone mass and bone ash content. Therefore aging was not fully onging in 10-month-old rats. Bone weights, mineral contents, and mineral/wt ratio were lower in ovariectomized rats. Dietary Ca level did not affect urinary Ca excretion, urinary protein excretion, GFR, serum alkaline phosphatase, or urinary hydroxyporline excretion. This means that dietary Ca level did not influence kidney function or bone turnover. However Ca content and the ash content of femur, 4th vertebra, and scapula were increased in high Ca groups. Therefore, it is considered that decreased bone formation and accelerated bone resorption may account for the increased osteoporotic risk in women in menopause after middle age. However, Ca metabolism can be improved and bone components can be maintained if Ca is supplemented.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.291-301
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• 2004

We studied the effects of soy isoflavones supplementation with exercise on bone mineral density and the urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline as an index of bone resorption rates in postmenopausal women. A total of 67 postmen-opausal women were assigned to Isoflavone (90 mg/day) or placebo groups. These group were further divided into groups that undergone a regular exercise or a rather sedentary state performing daily activity only. Four groups were Placebo-control group (n = 16), Placebo-exercise group (n = 16), Isoflavone-sedentary group (n = 19) and Isofla-vone-exercise group (n = 16). After the intervention, we compared anthropometric mesurement, dietary recall, bone mineral density (femoral neck, lumbar spine), urinary deoxypyridinoline between the groups and between the pre and post studies. There were no significant differences between the four groups in terms of average age, height, weight, period after menopause at the baseline. The average age of the subjects were 55.2 yrs, average height, weight, period after menopause were 154.7 cm, 59.3 kg, 5.58 yrs, respectively. After eight week intervention period, there were no significant differences between the four groups in bone mineral density, but urinary deoxypyridinoline excretion was significantly decreased both in Isoflavone-sedentary and Isoflavone-Exercise groups. These results suggest that Isofla-vone supplementation alone or with exercise may be preventive measures through the decrease of bone reabsorption rate in post-menopausal subjects. Whereas exercise alone did not appear to be an effective measure in bone loss with these subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1096-1104
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• 1996

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of sodium cholride supplementation on bone metabolism in female rats consuming a low calcium diet. Twenty five female rats were divided into three dietary groups (control Na : 0.1038%, 1% Na : 1.036%, 2% Na : 2.072%). All experimental diets contained 0.27% Ca and were fed to rats with deionized water for 7 weeks. Bone mineral density(BMD) and bone mineral content(BMC) of total body, spine and femur were measured using energy x-ray absorptiometry(DEXA) by small animal software. Then Ca efficiency was calculated from BMD and BMC. Serum Ca, P, Na and urine Ca, P, Na were determined. Urinary pyridinoline, serum ALP were measured to monitor bone resorption. Following 7 weeks, sodium cholride supplemented groups had higher urinary Ca excreteion, urinary pyridinoline, crosslinks value and serum ALP. There was no significant difference in case of serum Ca among all groups. Sodium chloride supplemnted groups had lower Ca effciency of total, spine and femur BMD and BMC than that of control group. In conclusion high salt intake not only increases urinary Ca excretion as urinary Na excretion does but also increase bone resorption and decrease Ca efficiency of each bone. It is been suggested that high salt intake may be harmful for bone maintenance. Therfore, the decrease of salt intake to the level of recommendation would be desirable.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1988

In a study about minerals cycling in grassland agro-ecosystem, investigation on relations among two minerals, potassium(K) and magnesium(Mg), and nitrogen(N) was performed. Four kinds of diets different in K and N levels were fed to four goats with a Latin-square method and $2{\times}2$ factorial design. As the basal diet, press cake silage prepared from Italian ryegrass was used because of its uniformity and comparatively low mineral concentrations. Supplementation of K and N were made using potassium bicarbonate and urea. In the experiment, it was clearly shown that high K concentration in the forage crops is the main reason of the low utilization of Mg in ruminant animals. However, high nitrogen intake resulted in the increase of magnesium retention, urinary potassium excretion, water intake and volume of urine and in the decreases of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The results of high nitrogen intake seemed to be produced in the following order;increase of urine, increase of water intake, increase of urinary potassium excretion, and decrease of intake minus urinary potassium excretion. The amount of potassium intake minus urinary potassium excretion had significantly close relationships with magnesium utilization and serum magnesium concentration. As a conclusion, higher nitrogen intake by ruminants seemed to be preferable for magnesium utilization through increased water intake and urinary potassium excretion, if the sufficient drinking water could be supplied to ruminants.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.346-353
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• 1996

The anthropometric measurements, nutrient intake, concentrations of minerals in scalp hair and urine and urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid(5-HIAA) of 30 autistic children not taking psychoactive drugs and 30 nonautistic control children were determined. The autistic children were taking significantly lower amounts of vitamin A, niacin, ascorbic acid and iron. The intake of vitamin A, niacin, and iron in autistic children were found to be 22$\%$, 75$\%$ and 58 of RDA, respectively. The decreased anthropometric measurements in height and weight of autistic children seems partly due to lower intake of these micronutrients. The food intake in vitamin and mineral group of autistic children was significantly lower. It is probably related to decreased intake of fruit in autistic children. There was no toxicity of cadmium and aluminum in both groups according to their contents in scalp hair. Autistic children showed elevated levels of hair calcium and zinc but lowered levels of copper and iron. The urinary excretion urinary excretion of 5-HIAA.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.569-579
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the urinary Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in sixty-two postmenopausal women. The study was conducted through anthropometric checkup, 24-hour recall, 24-hour urine and bone mineral density using DEXA. Average age, height, weight and body fat of the subjects were respectively 65.39 years, 150.19 cm, 58.03 kg and 37.22%. The average spine and femoral neck BMD of subjects were -2.19, -3.13. The mean intakes of Ca, P and Mg were 524.7 mg, 993.10 mg, and 254.6 mg and those of Zn, Cu and Mn were 8.6 mg, 1.5 mg, and 3.5 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Ca (UCa), P (UP) and Mg (UMg) were 161.07 mg, 673.68 mg, and 99.87 mg. The average 24-hour urinary excretion of Zn (UZn), Cu (UCu) and Mn (UMn) were 366.50 ${\mu}g$, 22.57 ${\mu}g$, and 1.55 ${\mu}g$. Ca intake showed significantly positive correlations with urinary UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.01) and spine BMD (p < 0.05). P intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05), UMg (p < 0.05) and UZn (p < 0.05). Mg intake showed significantly positive correlations with UZn (p < 0.05) and Mn intake showed significantly positive correlations with UCa (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis indicates that Ca intake and UMg is the most important factor to increase spine BMD. On the other hand, UCa is the most important factor to decrease spine BMD. Higher femoral neck BMD was related to UP, while lower femoral neck BMD was related to UCa. In conclusion, Dietary intake of Ca showed positive effect of spine BMD, while excessive P intake showed negative effect on BMD due to increases in UCa, UMg and UZn. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between bone metabolism and mineral excretion.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.140-149
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• 1992

It was hypothesized that variations within the range of usual calcium(Ca) and sodium(Na) intakes of Korean influence bone mineral density(BMD) in healthy premenopausal women The relationship of nutrient intake urinary excretion physical activity and circulating IGF-1 level with spine({{{{ { L}_{2 } }}}}-{{{{ { L}_{4 } }}}}) and femur BMD was determined in 47 normal premenpausal women. There was a positive relationship between BMD of the lumbar spine and body weight. The BMD of femoral neck was positively correlated with Ca and protein intakes from animal source and circulating IGF-1 level. There was a negative relationship between femur BMD and both Na intake and urinary excretion. The complex interrelations between femur BMD regression analysis, From this analysis. Ca intake from animal origin was the only significnat Premenopausal women of femur BMD. In the basis of femur BMD three groups were divided Premenopausal women of femur BMD$\leq$0.84g/cm2 showed depressed Ca intake of animal origin in later and early life and enhanced urinary Na excretion compared to women of femur study suggests that dietary Ca is a major constituent affecting femur BMD because of a decrease in net Ca absorption and an increase in urinary Ca loss.