• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.135-145
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to present meaningful information and policy implications concerning the determinants of royalties to the government-funded research centers and agencies. These groups are responsible for policies encouraging technology transfer from the public sector to the private sector. To identify key determinants of royalties in technology transfer, this study conducted AHP survey analysis (Survey period: 01/10~31/10, 2016) of 85 companies which were participants of the R&D project "Next Generation BioGreen21" of R.D.A in the "N"center from 2011 to 2015. Research results show that the critical factors include: 1)Technical considerations for determining the profitability of the technologies, 2)The interest and willingness of the management group, 3)Necessity and urgency of technology transfer. These findings suggest three main policy implications. First, the government-funded research centers and agencies should develop technologies that help companies improve their commercialization as well as the profitability in the near future. Second, government-funded research centers and agencies should consider reducing the administrative burden of the royalty payment for private companies. Third, public R&D projects should reflect the proper research schedule for technology development on the basis of the R&D time span of companies which transfer technology.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3-12
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• 2016

Developed countries have been taking their private security industry to the next advanced level to maintain safety of society, promote cooperative security in conjunction with public security such as the police, cultivate domestic security industry, and spur economic growth. In Korea, Service Security Business Act(currently, Security Business Act) enacted in 1976 laid groundwork for rapid institutional development. Nonetheless, the need to rename current title of Security Business Act has been discussed continuously among scholars and industry. Particularly, a bill(bill no.: 2389) was proposed in 2012 to rename 'Security Business Act' completely to 'Private Security Industry Act'. Under those circumstances, this study was intended to discuss proposals that had been made to rename the Act for underpinning development of security industry, along with its amendment, by gathering opinions from scholars in the field of security. It is undeniable that there is need for renaming the Act. As the renaming of the Act can have positive impact in many aspects for promotion of security industry, the urgency to rename the Act is indisputable. The results suggested that scholars specializing in security hoped the Security Business Act to be renamed primarily to Guard and Security Industry, and if not, to be renamed to Security Industry Act. The renaming of the Act will give rise to the need to amend many parts of provisions contained therein as follow-up action.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-83
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• 2015

Recently, climate change risk assessment has been discussed as a medium process for making climate change adaptation policies in the research field of climate change adaptation. Climate change risk assessment has been understood to have an intermediary role among impact assessment, vulnerable assessment and policy, and is used in the process of devising adaptation policies in the United Kingdom (UK). This paper quantitatively assessed the risks of climate change in Korea, applied the methods used in the UK, underwent the classification process and suggested implications of Korean adaptation policies. A survey of experts, based on Delphi's method and the classification criterion developed by Klinke and Renn(2002), was also carried out. A list of climate risks was created from the climate change impact and vulnerability assessment report of Korea, first national adaptation policy of Korea, and general climate risks of the UK. From the results, 42 risks out of total 125 risks were selected based on their importance. The assessed risks with factors, such as high impact and urgency, are related to repeated and large scale damage from storms and floods caused by abnormal or extreme weather events. Ecological changes and social infrastructure risks were engaged as required as a policy response for medium to longer term. As for making the classification, types of climate risks were suggested to manage the basic capacity in relation to social trust, triggering mechanism and responsibility. Following suggestions are put forward as the base of autonomous adaptation: increasing the capacity of civil society, mutual trust and civil participation in adaptation policy process.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 2012

Background : Interstitial cystitis is a disorder of the bladder characterized by urgency and frequency of urination, and pelvic pain. The cause of interstitial cystitis is not clear. Modern medical treatments include behavioral therapy, medication, intravesical infusion therapy, and surgical treatment, but the goal of treatment is based on symptom relief rather than a cure. According to a recent report, in an animal model, oriental medicine treatment, Yukmijihwang-tang improved the symptoms of interstitial cystitis. However, clinical studies and experimental research are lacking. Objectives : In this study, We investigated Chuknyojetong-tang, acupuncture, moxibustion and bee venom effect on interstitial cystitis. Methods : We targeted 25 patients diagnosed with interstitial cystitis at the university hospital and treated them for more than one month. We used acupuncture, Chuknyojetong-tang, and bee venom. The effects were evaluated using ICSI and ICPI at the begin of treatment and at the end of treatment. Results : All of the 25 patients were female, average age was $53.3{\pm}13.5$ years, and the average month of disease-duration was $69.0{\pm}59.8$. The duration of treatment was $8.0{\pm}5.4$ months, and 60% of patients were improved. After treatment, we used correlation coefficient method, multiple regression analysis. ICSI difference increased as treatment period increased. ICPI difference increased as age decreased. Total difference also increased as treatment period increased. These results imply that treatment effect was improved. Conclusions : These findings suggest that oriental medicine therapy using Chuknyojetong-tang, acupuncture, moxibustion, and bee venom would be very effective on interstitial cystitis.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.11-38
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• 2012

The Supreme Court stand in the position in specific lawsuit that it doesn't allow the discretionary not covered service, but recently in revocation suit of fine disposal that is imposed on medical fee of leukemia patient, it altered the existing adjudgement and admitted the discretionary not covered service exceptionally. It put forward the allowable condition roughly in that case. According as this alteration, it has become more important to embody the allowance conditions of exceptions. The Supreme Court presented three things, which are procedural condition, medical condition and subscriber's agreement. Concerning procedural condition, several present conciliation procedures are as follows: medical care benefit arret request, relative value conciliation etc, prior request on anti-cancer drug among chemicals which exceed acceptance criteria, request of non benefit object on common drugs. To be granted the existence of those system, there should be no obstacle to use that. Even if it were so, we should take circumstances into consideration; individual situation is unescapable concerning substance and urgency of the discretionary not covered service, process of the procedure, time required etc. Regarding medical condition, safety and effectiveness will be verified through evaluation procedures of new medical skill. About the necessity, the Supreme Court made clear through a sentence that it allow the discretionary not covered service, in case that needs to treat a patient out of the standard of medical benefit. Strict interpretation is right and it answer the purpose of the sentence that the supreme court permit the discretionary not covered service, exceptionally. We need to differentiate medical necessity and medical validity. Subscriber's agreement should holds true if it entails full explanation, and if it is preliminary, explicit and individual. On this account, it should be difficult to admit that someone agree effectively when he call for the affirmation that he is recipient of medical care. Reasonable expense needs to be a part of review whether the agreement is valid. Meanwhile If we adjust system of medical expense and eventually reorganize a fee for consultation payment system (Fee-for-service controlled by item to DRG (Diagnosis Related Groups)), controversial area of the discretionary not covered service will be decreased and that will guarantee the discretion of the doctor.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.203-249
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• 2009

It is the so-called Shinchon Severance Hospital Case brought to an end by the decision of the Supreme Court that opened the real discourse of withholding or withdrawing of LST (Life-Sustaining Treatment) in the legal profession as well as medical profession in Korea. Everyone has sympathy with the validity and necessity of legal regulation on withdrawing-including withholding-of LST save the requirements & procedure of withdrawing of LST. In this situation, the legislative bill of amendment to the Korean Civil Law introducing of adult guardianship was pre-announced by the Ministry of Justice on September 18th 2009. The adult guardianship is a guardianship system that supports an mentally handicapped adult to deal with his affairs by support of a guardian. The object of adult guardianship includes affairs of body or well-being as well as property of adult wards. In particular, affairs of medical matters are of importance in the duty and authority of adult guardians. So, the introduction of adult guardianship is of much importance de lege lata as well as de lege ferena in the discussion of withdrawing of LST as a medical treatment. Since the legislation on withdrawing of LST intents to protect the right of death with dignity on the basis of patients' autonomy, the ratio legis of withdrawing of LST is variant from that of adult guardianship. In this context, it seems reasonable to legislate the withdrawing of LST separately from the adultguardianship. In the meantime, the adult guardianship of the legislative bill of amendment to the Korean Civil Law is related to the withdrawing of LST, since the main purpose of adult guardianship is to protect patients' quality of lives and to regulate guardianship contracts based on patients' autonomy. In that context, it seems reasonable to incorporate the legislation of withdrawing of LST into the adult guardianship system. In the latter case, it is not easy to adopt the withdrawing of LST into the legislative bill of the Korean Civil Law for the bill is pre-announced already as previously stated. However, the legislation of withdrawing of LST is not inferior to the legislation of adult guardianship as a matter of urgency. Moreover, it is likely that the legislative bill of Amendment to the Korean Civil Law generates discrepancies in interpretation of the requirements & procedure of withdrawing of LST as the amended German Civil Law did. In short, it is desirable for the legislator to revise the legislative bill despite delay.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.54-58
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• 2006

Purpose: The committee on trauma of the american college of surgeons, in its manual resources for optimal care of the injured patients involved in falls from less than 20 feet need not be taken to trauma centers. Because triage criteria dictate less urgency for low-level falls, this classification scheme has demerits for early detection and treatment of serious problems in the emergency room. Methods: A prospective analysis was conducted of 182 patients treated for fall-related trauma from June 2003 to March 2004. Falls were classified as group A (<3 m), group B (${\geq}3m$, <6 m), and group C (${\geq}6m$). Collected data included the patient's age, gender, site and height of fall, surface fallen upon, body area of first impact, body regions of injuries, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results: The 182 patients were classified as group A (105) 57.7%, group B (61) 33.5%, and group C (16) 8.8%. There was a weak positive correlation between the height of fall and the patients' ISS in the three groups (p<0.001). There were significant differences in GCS (p=0.017), RTS (p=0.034), and ISS (p=0.007) between group A and B. In cases that the head was the initial impact area of the body, the GCS (p<0.001) and the RTS (p=0.002) were lower, but the ISS (p<0.001) was higher than it was for other type of injuries. Hard surfaces as an impact surface type, had an influence on the GCS (p<0.001) and the ISS (p=0.025). Conclusion: To simply categorize patients who fall over 6 meters as severely injured patients doesn't have much meaning, and though patients may have fallen less than 6 meters, they should be categorized by using the dynamics (impact surface type, initial body - impact area) of their fall.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5867-5870
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• 2013

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Malaysian women with an ASR of 17.9 and a mortality rate of 5.6 per 100,000 population in 2008 (GLOBOCAN, 2008). The 5 year prevalence was estimated to be 14.5 per 100,000 population. As the second most common cancer affecting productive females, cervical cancer imposes an impact to the socioeconomic aspect of the country. However, the poor uptake of cervical cancer screening is a major problem in detecting early pre-cancerous lesions and thus, delay in initiating treatment for cervical cancer. Realizing the urgency to increase the uptake of PAP smear, besides enhancing the promotion of PAP smear screening for women above 35 years old, the call-recall system for pap smear screening had been piloted in one of the suburban districts which aimed to improve regular participation of women for cervical and breast cancer screening. This is of public health importance as identifying the best feasible option to increase patient's respond to participate in the screening program effectively in our setting will be helpful in implementing an organized regular population based screening program tailored to our setting. The pilot program of cervical cancer screening in Klang was an opportunity to assess different options in recalling patients for a repeat pap smear to increase their participation and adherence to the program. Methods and Results: This was a population based randomized control trial. Women aged 20-65 years in the population that matched the inclusion and exclusion criteria were re-called for a repeat smear. There are four different intervention groups; letter, registered letters, short messages services (SMS) and phone calls where 250 subjects were recruited into each group. Samples were generated randomly from the same population in Klang into four different groups. The first group received a recall letter for a repeat smear similar to the one that has been given during the first invitation. The intervention groups were either be given a registered letter, an SMS or a phone call to re-call them. The socio-demographic data of the patients who came for uptake were collected for further analysis. All the groups were followed up after 8 weeks to assess their compliance to the recall. Conclusions: The study will provide recommendations about the most effective methods for recall in a population based pap smear screening program on two outcomes: i) patients response; ii) uptake for repeat pap smear.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37B no.12
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• pp.1195-1207
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• 2012

Fast and reliable message broadcasting is critical for safety critical applications of VANET due to the urgency and/or significance of the messages for passengers and drivers. For reliable message delivery, a mechanism for checking the reception of message at the neighboring vehicles and retransmitting it if necessary is required. Especially, in urban environments, where the traffic density tends to be high, mechanisms that minimize control message overhead such as beacon are appropriate in order to minimize the message collisions. Furthermore, broadcast delivery is especially difficult at the intersection due to the road side obstacles such buildings, and hence, a mechanism that enables effective and efficient delivery across intersections is required. In this paper, we propose a beaconless reliable and efficient broadcast approach which specifically taking into account the urban streets. The proposed approach checks the message reception of neighboring vehicles implicitly by taking into account the broadcast of message by next vehicle as the acknowledgement. When retransmissions is necessary around the intersections, vehicles located within the intersection area, where the chance of successful signal propagation toward every branch of the intersection is higher due to less signal attenuation caused by road side obstacles, are to do the retransmissions. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can provide better reliability while consume less resources than the existing approaches.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.4 s.94
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• pp.459-467
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• 2006

Recently, interest grew on the quality of aggregates following the diminution of primary resources from river as to grow construction demand and the low grade of nature sand like sea sand. Following, need is to diversify the supply sources of fine aggregates which are excessively relying on sea sand and urgency is to find as soon as possible aggregate resources that can substitute sea sand. On the other hand, various fine aggregates are utilized to produce concrete in the domestic construction fields. However, few studies have been systematically investigated on the effects of such fine aggregates on concrete properties. Therefore, this study examined the effects of comparatively widely used fine aggregates in the domestic construction fields on the quality of concrete through the analysis of the effects of such fine aggregates on the physical properties of fresh concrete and strength of hardened concrete. Results revealed that crushed sand degraded the fluidity and air entraining of concrete compared to natural aggregates like sea sand and river sand. Especially, the use of crushed sand exhibiting bad grain shape and grade was larger adverse effect on the physical properties of concrete. The type of fine aggregates appeared to have negligible influence on the strength for W/C of 55%, 45% while crushed sand decreased the strength for W/C of 35% compared to natural aggregates. It analyzed that the combination of crushed sand exhibiting bad grain shape and grade with natural aggregates improved the characteristics of fresh concrete and had negligible influence on the strength.