• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7295-7302
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• 2015

Background: Lung cancer has been a major health problem in developed countries for several decades, and has emerged recently as the leading cause of cancer death in many developing countries. The incidence of lung cancer appears to be increasing more rapidly in rural than in urban areas of China. This paper presents the trends of lung cancer incidence and survival derived from a 40-year population-based cancer monitoring program in a rural area, Qidong, China. Materials and Methods: The Qidong cancer registration data of 1972-2011 were used to calculate the crude rate, age-standardized rate by Chinese population (CASR) and by world population (WASR), birth cohort rates, and other descriptive features. Active and passive methods were used to construct the data set, with a deadline of the latest follow-up of April 30, 2012. Results: The total number of lung cancer cases was 15,340, accounting for 16.5% of all sites combined. The crude incidence rate, CASR and WASR of this cancer were 34.1, 15.7 and 25.4 per 100,000, respectively. Males had higher crude rates than females (49.7 vs 19.0). Rapidly increasing trends were found in annual percent change resulting in lung cancer being a number one cancer site after year 2010 in Qidong. Birth cohort analysis showed incidence rates have increased for all age groups over 24 years old. The 5 year observed survival rates were 3.55% in 1973-1977, 3.92 in 1983-1987, 3.69% in 1993-1997, and 6.32% in 2003-2007. Males experienced poorer survival than did females. Conclusions: Lung cancer has become a major cancer-related health problem in this rural area. The rapid increases in incidence likely result from an increased cigarette smoking rate and evolving environmental risk factors. Lung cancer survival, while showing some improvement in prognosis, still remains well below that observed in the developed areas of the world.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.271-284
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the usage of CAD/CAM, which is one of dental technologist duties, in an effort to look for any possible changes in the usage of CAD/CAM. It's specifically meant to compare the results of this study with those of Lee Jong-do, Park Kwang-Sig(2011)'s study in March, 2011, to determine if there were any changes over the past four years. The selected variables that were investigated were the ownership of CAD/CAM, awareness of it, the route of acquiring the first information on it, the merits and demerits of its usage, usage experience and educational experience about it. Methods: An online survey was conducted on the dental technologists who worked in urban communities including metropolitan cities to find out the usage of CAD/CAM in 2015 from July 15 to 31, 2015, after existing questionnaire items were modified. The collected data were analyzed by IBM SPSS statistics 22.0, and statistical data on frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation for each item were obtained. To figure out the characteristics of the subjects and the relationship between their occupational characteristics and the usage of CAD/CAM, crosstabs, independent-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA were utilized. As for the usage of CAD/CAM in 2011, the results of Lee Jong-do, Park Kwang-Sig(2011)'s study were selected, and then a comparative analysis was made. The level of significance was all set at .05. Total 250 questionnaires were distributed to them, and 190(76.0%) were returned. After excluding 23 whose answers were uncertain or seemed to lack reliability, total 167(66.8%) were used in final analysis. Results: As a result of analyzing the usage of CAD/CAM that was one of dental technologist duties, there was a great increase in the ownership of CAD/CAM in their workplaces from 2.4 percent in 2011 to 71.7 percent in 2015, and there was an improvement in awareness about it and the necessity of its usage as well. In 2011, the Internet and mass media were the most common route that they got to know about it. They had a strong tendency to acquire related knowledge through education in 2015, and there were some changes in the products that they used or preferred. In both years, the great merit of CAD/CAM was the simplified manufacturing process of restoration, and it had another great advantages in 2015 such as the improved quality of restoration or improved environments for dental technology. Concerning disadvantages, high price was a big problem in 2011. In 2015, not only price but the burden of material costs, frequent breakdown, poor demand among dental clinics and a lack of CAD/CAM professionals were pointed out a lot. In the future, this researcher intends to make research to seek ways of improving CAD/CAM professionals. Conclusion: There was more awareness of CAD/CAM in 2015 than in 2011 when the changes in awareness of it were analyzed, and the finding suggest the necessity of sustained education and concern.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2018

최근 도심지 지역에서 도로함몰로 이어질 수 있는 지반 내 공동의 탐사를 수행하고 있으며, 도로함몰을 방지하기 위하여 지반 내 공동의 적절한 충진이 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 발포성 경량그라우트재에 대하여 플로우 시험, 팽창 전후의 단위중량 및 공기량 측정, 그리고 일축압축강도 시험을 수행하여 공동 충진의 적합성과 공학적 특성을 평가하고자 하였다. 배합 재료는 물, 시멘트, 발포제를 사용하였으며, 발포제의 비율을 조절하여 두 가지 배합비로 조성된 시료에 대한 공학적 특성을 평가하였다. 각각의 시험 결과, 두 배합비 모두에서 플로우 값이 200mm 이상인 것으로 측정되고, 28일 일축압축강도가 1.3MPa 이하로 측정되어, 두 배합은 유동성 및 강도의 측면에서 공동 충진에 적합한 재료로 평가되었다. 단, 배합 시 물과 발포제가 충분히 혼합되지 않는 경우 재료 내부에 존재하는 기포가 불균질하게 분포될 수 있으므로 물과 발포제의 혼합 시 주의가 필요하다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.331-340
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• 2000

Primary school is regarded as an important period when many health-related behaviors and life-styles begin to be formed. Acquiring them through school heath education has a strong influence on the health promotion of not only the family but also the community. The objectives of this study were to evaluate current oral health care of elementary schools in Chungnam province and to provide information for further development in elementary school oral health. We performed a questionnaire survey to 280 health teachers and among them, 155 teachers answered. The result of this study were as follows: 1. Sixty five percent of the health teachers had little interest in oral health. Major information sources for teaching oral health were books in 58.1% of the 155 teachers and 83.2% of teachers spent 30 minutes to 1hour per day in oral health care practice for the students. 2. Contents of the oral health education were composed of regular and special curriculums, and an average of education time during a semester was 2.6 hours in 3rd grade, and 1.3 hours in first and second grade. 60.6% of the teachers made the children practice the proper method of tooth brushing during the education time. 3. Major problems in oral health education were insufficient time, lack of equipment and difficulty in teaching method. The educational media were tooth models among 91.0% and OHP among 85.2% of the teachers. The tooth model was usually used in first to fourth grades and OHP in fifth to sixth grades. But 63.9% health teachers need to develop stronger educational methods using multimedia. 4. Meanwhile the most important strategy of oral health in urban schools was health education, that of rural schools was fluoride mouth-rinsing programme. Fluoride mouth-rinsing programmes were performed by 60.0% of the elementary school. Periodic dental examination was performed in all elementary schools. 98.2% of the schools sent the results home through school notification letters, but post-examination management was performed in only 67.1% of them 64.5% of the health teachers do follow-ups on the oral disease of the children after the examination. Only 0.7% of the schools have oral health education plans for the students' parents. Considering these major strategies for elementary school oral health care were health education, practicing proper methods of tooth brushing, periodic dental examinations, and fluoride mouth-rinsing programmes. But health teachers need more time for oral health education, practicing and management, and developing education materials. With regard to the high demand for oral health education and poor follow-up after periodic examination, the oral health education in elementary school should be considered as a formal educational course for more proper management of oral health, including application of major strategies to the children in earlier grades and efforts for increasing recognition and participation of the parents.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2016

최근 지식산업센터는 지식산업, 정보통신 관련 첨단업체들이 주로 입주하여 경제적 부가가치를 창출하는 시설로써의 역할을 담당하고 있다. 반면, 지식산업센터 내부에 설치되는 지원시설은 입주기업 지원, 그리고 근로자의 근로환경개선을 위하여 역할을 충실해야 하고, 다양한 활동을 영위할 수 있는 공간을 지원한다. 하지만 정부의 정책 지원이 해당 기업에 한하여 실행되고 있으며, 첨단지식산업센터 내 지원시설에는 어떠한 정책적 지원도 이루어지지 않고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 근로자 근로환경 지원을 위한 시설인 지식산업센터 지원시설을 대상으로 다각적 분석을 실시하였으며, 근로자 지원시설의 분석결과, 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지식산업센터 지원시설에 대한 적정면적 확보규정 도입이 필요하다. 둘째, 지원시설 중, 설치율이 저조한 시설에 대하여 주변시설과의 공유 방안이 필요하다. 셋째, IPA 분석결과, 상업시설 지원면적이 높은 것으로 나타났으나 문화지원시설에 대한 선호도 및 중요도가 높은 것으로 제시되어, 근로자의 근본적 욕구 및 기대에 부응할 수 있는 이용자 특성을 고려한 지원시설 구성방안이 요구되어진다. 마지막으로 근로환경에 영향을 미치는 시설은 사업초기부터 지구단위계획수법을 통한 계획적 도시관리가 적용된다면 근로자의 생산활동 지원에 많은 기여를 할 것으로 분석된다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2006

도시개념의 변화로 현대 도시는 물리적 공간이라는 구조적인 개념에서 탈피하여 이윤창출을 위한 경영의 시각으로 바라보게 되었다. 우리나라의 경우 이미 도시화는 80%수준을 넘어 도시화 사회에 진입하였으며, 세계화 및 개방화에 따라 아이덴티티의 형성이 도시경쟁력을 높이기 위한 수단으로 제시되고 있다. 서울은 기능과 시설의 측면에서는 이미 선진국의 수준에 들어섰지만 문화경쟁력과 도시관광 매력물, 서비스시스템의 부족으로 인하여 도시이미지가 낮게 평가되고 있다. 특히 도시를 간접적으로 상징하는 공공시설로서 대중교통은 이용율과 의존도는 매우 높지만 안내서비스 및 시각시스템에 있어서 운영 관리가 부족하며 차별화 된 이미지와 로열티를 발견하기 어렵다. 2004년 서울시에서는 개편안을 제시했지만 영국의 런던, 프랑스의 파리, 일본의 도쿄 등과 같은 세계의 대표적인 도시들에 비해 일관된 시스템과 디자인 사용환경 규제 및 관리의 부족, 과다한 시각정보 및 연계성 파괴 등이 지적되고 있다. 따라서 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 무질서한 시각물에 개성과 사용규정을 적용하여 아이덴티티를 창출하기 위한 디자인 시스템의 도입이 필요한 시점이다. 이러한 과정은 도시아이덴티티 전략(City Identity CIP)으로 설명될 수 있으며, 본 연구에서는 대중교통 디자인 시스템을 통해 도시이미지를 구체화하고자 한다. 이를 위한 연구방법으로 (1)런던, 파리, 도쿄의 대중교통 디자인 시스템 현황을 조사하여 서울의 현황과 비교 분석하였고, 이를 토대로 (2)현재 사용되고 있는 대중교통수단별 심볼마크의 시스템화, 아이덴티티 형성을 위한 디자인매뉴얼(Guidelines)의 개발, 수단 및 매체별 디자인의 연계와 시스템화 전략을 제안하였다

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.18-35
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• 1997

The purpose of this study were to determine causes of low back pain in bus drivers who usually work in prolonged sitting position and to find the relationship of back pain with general characteristics and work environmental characteristics, stress symptoms, to com맹re lordosis angle of habitual driving posture and resting posture in low back pain group and non-low back pain group, and to use this result as a basis for improvement of work environment and comprehensive rehabilitative management of low back pain. Ninety-eight bus drivers were selected from the membership of an urban transit union in Seoul. These informations were collected from May 1, 1997 to May 25, 1997 by means of structured questionnaires and X-ray findings. These data were analyzed by $x^2$ test, t-test, logistic regression using SAS. The major results were as follows: 1. Of the respondents, 66.3% of bus drivers were found to be experiencing back pain. 2. Of the respondents of low back pain groups, 78.5% reported that major cause of low back pain was due to prolonged sitting. 3. The group with experiences of frequent or continuous vibration had more low back pain (p<0.05). There were no significant differences among other work environmental factors. 4. Average stress score was significantly higher in the group with low back pain than in the group without low back pain (p<0.05). 5. The results of the logistic regression analyses were statistically significant vibration from seat and stress score among the risk factors (p<0.05). 6. Averaged lordosis angle of habitual driving posture was $7.6{\pm}14.9$ degrees in low back pain group, $16.5{\pm}8.7$ degrees in non-low back pain and averaged lordosis angle of resting sitting posture was $10.8{\pm}13.7$ degrees in low back pain, $18.9{\pm}9.6$ degrees in non-low back pain group but the difference in mean lordosis angles of two groups was not statistically significant. The results of this study indicate that professional drivers developed chronicity of low back pain due to unfit seat, poor habitual posture and stress from vibration or other risk factors. Therefore, there is need to improve work environment, i.e. enough resting, to set a seat to support lumbar spine properly and to provide comprehensive rehabilitation program including early diagnosis, proper treatment and education for self help management.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.25-38
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• 2006

This study was carried out to identify factors related to breakfasts in elementary, middle and high school students. This study was surveyed by questionnaires and data was analyzed by SPSS program. Exploratory analysis was conducted according to three school student groups (elementary children, middle school students, and high school students). The subjects were 1,886 school students (female 893, male 959) of 51 schools in the nationwide region. The distribution of subjects was elementary school children 544, middle school students 661 and high school students 681. The results are summarized as follows. Only sixty percent of the subjects had breakfast regularly. About one fourth of the subjects had the habit of skipping breakfast or eating it 2$\sim$3 times per week. Frequency of having breakfast and reasions of skipping breakfast were significantly different according to school student groups (p < 0.001 respectively). The rate of skipping breakfast was $14.4\%$ in elementary school, $16.1\%$ in middle school, and $25.0\%$ in high school. The main reason for skipping breakfast was 'not delicious or poor appetite' in elementary school ($42.5\%$), but 'busy' in middle ($50.2\%$) and high school ($61.1\%$). There was no significant difference in frequency of having breakfast according to living areas (rural and urban). There were not significant differences between frequency of having breakfast and BMI and degree of satisfaction on body weight. But there were significant difference in frequency of having breakfast according to economical status (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in degree of school performance according to frequency of having breakfast (p < 0.001) There was significant relationship between the time of attending school and the frequency of having breakfast. But there were significant relationships between frequency of having breakfast and time of rising. These findings suggested that the time of rising was controlled by having enough time that students eat breakfast. And mother (or person who prepares meals) must have more concerns about preparing breakfast for children and students.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2015

도심지역을 단순 모델링한 실규모 공간에서 누출된 프로판 확산과정에 대해 대와동모사(Large Eddy Simulation: LES), 분리와동모사(Detached Eddy Simulation: DES) 및 비정상 레이놀즈평균기법(Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes: RANS)을 이용한 3가지 전산해석을 수행하였다. 전산해석은 FLUENT 14를 이용하였고 격자계는 ICEM-CFD를 이용하여 구성하였다. 그 결과 건물 주변의 프로판 농도분포는 주변 와구조와 밀접한 관련이 있어 이러한 와구조를 합리적으로 예측하는 정도에 따라 농도분포가 크게 차이날 수 있음을 알았다. LES와 DES는 비교적 유사한 와구조와 프로판 농도분포를 보이지만 RANS는 너무 부드러운 농도분포를 보여 복잡한 비정상적인(Unstedy) 난류 유동장을 재현하는데 한계가 있어 가스연료 누출 초기의 농도분포 전개과정을 예측하는 데에는 어려움이 있을 것으로 판단된다. 해석결과와 계산시간까지 고려한다면 DES 방법이 실규모에서의 가스연료 누출 확산과정에 대한 CFD 해석방법으로 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2014

국내 신축 공동주택 건설은 2002년 11% 이상의 증가를 기록한 후 매년 3~4% 대의 꾸준한 증가추세를 보이고 있다. 최근 공공부문의 아파트 신축공사 현장에서 폐기물 분리발주제도에 의한 최초 발주물량과 실제 발생물량의 과다한 차이가 발주자와 수급인 사이에서 빈번하게 논란을 일으키고 있다. 이에 대해서는 현장 환경관리 미흡, 초기 계약물량의 과소 등 다양한 원인이 제기되고 있으며, 특히 건설폐기물 수량 예측에 적용되는 발생원단위 기준에 대한 개정 요구가 갈수록 증가하고 있다. 대부분의 현행 원단위는 2000년대 초에 수립되어 기술 발전에 따라 새롭게 적용되는 자재와 공법으로 인한 폐기물 발생 유형과 수량의 변화를 반영하지 못한다는 문제점을 지니고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 보다 정밀한 신축아파트 폐기물 발생 원단위를 개발하기 위한 기초작업으로서 현장의 공종별 폐기물 발생 유형과 수량 예측방법을 명확히 하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2010년에서 2013년 사이에 착공한 신축 아파트 10개 현장의 건축공사 내역서를 확보하고, 건설폐기물 전문가와 현장 폐기물관리 담당자의 의견을 반영하여 각 내역항목에서 발생가능한 폐기물 유형과 실질 할증률을 검토하였다. 본 연구에서 가설공사부터 지급자재부문까지의 건축공사 내역항목별로 정리한 폐기물 발생여부와 유형, 수량예측 시 반영여부, 손실률 등의 자료는 향후 보다 현실적인 데이터에 근거한 간접추계방식의 원단위 개발에 기여할 것이다.