• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of trapezius and serratus anterior strengthening exercise on the shoulder pain and muscle activation of patients with spinal cord injury and functional shoulder impingement syndrome. Methods: The study consisted of 10 patients with spinal cord injury who were hospitalized in Rehabilitation Hospital U, Uijeongbu, South Korea. The exercise was implemented three times a week for 10 weeks. In each session, the subjects performed one of a total of five types of exercise at mid-level intensity. The shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) was used to evaluate the patients before and after the intervention. The muscle activation of the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, lower trapezius, and anterior serratus muscle was assessed by surface electromyography (EMG) at the beginning of the experiment and 10 weeks later. Wilcoxon's singed-rank test was conducted to determine differences in the pain index and muscle activation before and after the exercise. The level of statistical significance was set at ${\alpha}=0.05$. Results: SPADI scores significantly decreased after the exercise (p<0.05). In comparisons of muscle activation, there was a significant improvement in the upper trapezius at $60^{\circ}$ shoulder joint flexion (p<0.05). There was no significant improvement at $90^{\circ}$ shoulder joint flexion. The middle trapezius showed a significant improvement at $120^{\circ}$ shoulder joint flexion (p<0.05). Conclusion: Trapezius and serratus anterior strengthening exercise reduced pain in spinal cord injury patients with functional shoulder impingement syndrome. The decreased muscle activation of upper trapezius and increased muscle activation of the anterior serratus muscle at $60^{\circ}$ shoulder joint flexion point to positive effects of the exercise on supraduction of the scapula.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2008

This paper describes water circulation characteristics of a water/steam receiver at various heat fluxes. The water/steam receiver for a solar tower power system is a natural circulation type. Experimental conditions of water and steam were set at a pressure of 5 bar and temperature of $151.8^{\circ}C$. The experimental device for the water/steam receiver consisted of a steam drum, upper/lower header, riser tubes, and downcomer tube. The experiments were conducted by varying heat fluxes in terms of mass flow rate in each riser tube. However, the total mass flow rate on the riser tubes was fixed at 217.4 g/s. For the uniform heat flux, while the water temperature of the steam drum and upper header were kept at steady state, the temperature of the lower header was fluctuated. For the non-uniform heat flux, while the temperature of the steam drum was kept steady state, the temperature difference increased in the right and left side of the upper header, and the temperature of the lower header was fluctuated.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.705-710
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• 2012

Research involving discomfort or pain related to haptic vibratory stimulation the for prosthesis users of myoelectrical hand is very lacking. Our objective of this study was to evaluate the displeasure and sensitivity of areas in forearm using vibration stimulation system between upper limb amputees and non-amputees. Twenty transradial amputees and forty non-amputees (20 youth, 20 elderly) were involved. We set up custom-made vibration stimulation system including eight actuators (4 medial parts and 4 lateral parts) and GUI-based acquisition system, to investigate changes of residual somatosensory sensibility and displeasure at proximal 25% of forearm. Eight vibration actuators were attached to the circumference of proximal 25% point of forearm at regular intervals. Sensitivity tests were used to stimulate the 120Hz and discomfort experiment was used to 37 ~ 223Hz. The subjective responses were evaluated by 10 point scale. The results showed that both groups were similar in sensitive areas. Response at around of radius was most sensitive than other areas in all subjects. Elderly group do not appear discomfort of vibrotactile; however, youth group and amputee presented discomfort of vibrotactile. Prosthesis with a vibrotactile feedback system should be developed considering the sensitivity. Furthermore, Future studies should investigate the scope of application of that principle.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) upper and lower limb coordinated exercises on balance in elderly women. Methods: The study was conducted with 27 elderly women who were at least 65-year-old. The subjects were randomly assigned to a PNF upper and lower limb coordinated exercise group consisting of 14 subjects and an aero step balance exercise group consisting of 13 subjects, and the exercises were performed for 30 minutes, three times per week, for eight weeks. One Leg Stance Tests (OLST), Functional Reaching Tests (FRT), Four Square Step Tests (FSST), and Timed Up and Go (TUB) tests were conducted before and after the exercises to evaluate the subjects' static balance ability and dynamic balance ability. Among the collected data, the subjects' general characteristics were evaluated using descriptive statistics, the intra-group differences of the test results before and after the intervention were compared using paired sample t-tests, and the inter-group differences in the results before and after the intervention were evaluated using independent sample t-tests. The statistical significance level was set to 0.05. Results: Among the OLST, FRT, FSST, and TUG tests, the experimental group showed positive FSST results that were statistically significantly greater than the control group; the results of the other tests were also more positive for this group, but the differences between the groups were not statistically significant. The magnitude of the effects for both groups was clinically significant. Conclusion: Since inter-limb coordinated exercises for PNF applied to elderly women were found to produce good results for both static balance ability and dynamic balance ability, these exercises can be used in exercise programs to improve balance in elderly women.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.281-304
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• 2018

이 글의 목적은 연령별로 자영업 경험이 소득계층 이동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 살펴보는 것이다. 2000년대 들어 노동시장 유연화와 고령화의 진행으로 50대 초반에 은퇴를 하고 자영업에 진출하는 등 자영업을 가교일자리로 활용하는 경우가 증가해 왔다. 그런데 지금까지 연구들은 자영업의 빈곤화 경향만을 강조할 뿐, 연령별로 자영업 경험이 소득계층 이동에 어떤 차별화된 영향을 미치는지에 대해서는 다루지 않았다. 이 글은 2012년부터 2016년까지 5년간의 가계금융복지조사 자료를 이용하여 연령별로 고용상태에 따른 이동성의 차이를 비교하고, 이동성의 변화 추이를 분석한다. 고용상태를 일시적 자영업, 계속 자영업, 불안정임금노동, 안정임금근로, 미취업 다섯 유형으로 구분하고, 연령 집단별로 이동성의 변화를 비교 분석한다. 분석 결과 전체적으로는 자영업 경험 집단이 그렇지 않은 집단에 비해 소득계층 상향이동 가능성이 높은 편이지만, 자영업 경험은 연령이 증가할수록 불리하게 작용하여, 60세 이후에는 자영업 경험이 소득계층 하락 위험을 높이는 것을 알 수 있다. 연령집단별로 자영업 경험이 소득계층 이동에 미치는 영향이 상이한 만큼 연령별로 차별화된 자영업 대책이 요구된다.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.415-424
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effects of various wheelchair handling directions on the upper limb muscle activities of wheelchair attendants while climbing a ramp. Methods: For the study participants, healthy males over 20 years of age were chosen, and the order of the direction of wheelchair handle grip was determined using a randomized method. The handling directions for pushing the wheelchair up a ramp included a general grip with ulnar deviation, a medial grip with wrist pronation, and a neutral grip with a neutral wrist. The muscle activities in the participants' upper limbs were measured using surface electromyography. For statistical data processing, SPSS 18.0 was used to perform repeated measures ANOVA in order to compare the muscle activity among the intervention groups. A contrast test was also conducted among the participants. The significance level (${\alpha}$) was set to 0.05. Results: There was a significant difference between groups using a general grip and a medial grip in the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, and flexor carpi radialis muscles (p<0.05). There was also a significant difference between using a general grip and a neutral grip in the biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis muscles (p<0.05), and there was a significant difference between using a medial grip and a neutral grip in the biceps brachii and extensor carpi radialis brevis muscles (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, the wheelchair assistants' wrist muscle activity was the lowest with a neutral grip while ascending a ramp. Accordingly, this study proposes that wheelchair assistants push wheelchairs up ramps with a neutral grip.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.281-296
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• 2022

This study is designed to compensate for the lack of children's clothing relics from the early 18th century and to reproduce young upper-class girls' costume as hanbokcontent. The shapes and materials of costumes are based on the record of 『Sukjong-silrok』 in 1701 and the characteristics of adult ladie's costume relics in this period, but reproduced as miniatures of these relics as like Joseon children's clothing of another period. The reproduced costumes are formal wear for 3~4 year-old girls, consisting of yeoui [女衣], long unlined skirts, and lined skirts. Sizes were set at a height ratio of approximately 155:95. Yeoui is sam-hoejang-jeogori using pine pollen-colored damask with a grape-squirrel pattern and a purple damask with flower-treasure pattern. The full length of yeoui is 24.5cm. It has a square-dangko outer collar with square inner collar. The long unlined skirt is a six-width overskirt that is 82cm long, made with lotus patterned sa. The lined skirt is a five-width skirt that is 61.3cm made with flower-treasure patterned red damask and ju. Several long pleats on both sides of these two skirts have been omitted. The result provides meaningful content for children's clothing in the early 18^th century and will be used as costume for an educational trial performance.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2009

본 연구는 터널 내 화재 시 온도층 및 연기층의 유동성향을 분석한다. 이를 위해 전산 시뮬레이션을 활용하였다. NIST의 FDS를 통해 국도 및 고속도로 표준단면을 기준으로 화재 시나리오를 설정하였다. 연기층의 이동거리는 터널의 단면적이 증가할수록 내부 풍속에 의한 영향력이 감소하였으며, 내부 풍속이 상승할수록 경사에 의한 영향력이 감소하였다. 온도층의 이동거리는 내부풍속이 상승할수록 경사에 의한 영향력이 감소하였으며, 1 m/s 이상의 풍속에 냉각효과가 나타나 경사에 의한 영향력이 감소하였다

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.143-153
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• 2024

Purpose : Forward head posture (FHP), characterized by the anterior positioning of the head relative to the spine, is a common postural deviation that can lead to neck pain, reduced mobility, and muscle imbalances. Recently, high-frequency deep heat therapy (HFDT) has been gaining attention for the intervention of FHP. This research aims to investigate the efficacy of HFDT in comparison to instrument assisted soft-tissue mobilization (IASTM) for treating FHP among 30 young adults. Methods : Participants were randomly assigned to either the HFDT or IASTM group. The study focused on examining changes in neck joint mobility, pain thresholds, rounded shoulder distance, lower trapezius muscle strength, and neck dysfunction. Measurements were taken before and after the interventions. Paired t-tests were used for within-group analyses, and independent t-tests were employed for between-group comparisons. The statistical significance level α was set to .05. Results : Statistically significant improvements were observed across all measured parameters in both groups (p<.05). The HFDT group showed significantly greater enhancements in neck joint mobility, pain thresholds, rounded shoulder distance, lower trapezius muscle strength, and neck dysfunction parameters. Specifically, HFDT was more effective than IASTM in improving neck joint mobility, right upper trapezius pain threshold, left rounded shoulder distance, and right lower trapezius strength. The only exceptions were neck flexion range of motion, left upper trapezius pain threshold, right rounded shoulder distance, and left lower trapezius strength, where no significant differences were found between the groups. Conclusion : The findings suggest that HFDT, by combining the benefits of high-frequency therapy and manual therapy, effectively alleviates upper trapezius muscle pain and tension, enhances neck mobility, and strengthens lower trapezius muscles. Thus, HFDT could be considered a valuable intervention for clinicians aiming to address FHP and associated musculoskeletal problems.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제14B권4호
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• pp.287-294
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• 2007

실세계의 문제에서 많은 기계학습의 알고리즘들은 데이터의 클래스 불균형 문제에 어려움을 겪는다. 이러한 클래스 불균형 문제를 해결하기 위하여 데이터의 비율을 변경하거나 좀 더 나은 샘플링 전략으로 극복하려는 연구들이 제안되었다. 그러나 데이터의 비율을 변경하는 연구에서는 전체 데이터 분포의 특성을 고려하지 못하고, 샘플링 전략을 제안하는 연구에서는 여러 가지 제한 조건을 고려해야만 한다. 본 논문에서는 위의 두가지 방법의 장점을 모두 포함하는 개선된 집중 샘플링 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법에서는 클래스 불균형 문제를 해결하기 위해 학습에 유용한 데이터들을 샘플링하는데 스코어링에 기반한 데이터 분할 방법을 이용한다. 즉, 입력 데이터들에 대해 SOM(Self Organizing Map)의 학습 결과로 얻은 BMU(Best Matching Unit)와의 거리를 계산하고, 이 거리론 스코어라 한다. 측정된 스코어는 오름차순으로 정렬되며, 이 과정에서 입력 데이터의 분포가 재 표현되고, 재 표현된 분포는 전체 데이터의 특성을 대표하게 된다. 그 결과로 얻은 데이터들 중에서 유용하지 못한 데이터들에 대해 제거하는 과정을 수행하여 새로운 학습 데이터 셋을 얻는다. 새로운 학습 데이터 생성 과정에서는 재 표현된 분포의 결과를 두 구간(upper, lower)으로 분할하는데, 두 추간 사이의 데이터들은 유용하지 못한 패턴들로 간주되어 학습에 이용되지 않는다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법은 클래스 불균형의 비율 감수 훈련 데이터의 크기 감소, 과적합의 방지 등 몇 가지 장점을 보인다. 제안한 방법으로 샘플링된 데이터에 kNN 을 적용하여, 분류 실험한 결과 심한 불균형이 있는 ecoli 데이터의 분류 성능이 최대 2.27배 향상되었다.