• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.356-361
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• 1984

The experiment was carried out in order to investigate the development of vascular bundles and air spaces of rice internode, and its relationships to the panicle characteristics of rice varieties. The results obtained were as follows; The number of total vascular bundles in upper 1st internode was significantly different among varieties, but there was no remarkable differences among varieties and nodal positions below the 2nd internode. In the 5th internode 21-31 air spaces according to varieties was developed, however, no air space was found in upper 1st and 2nd internodes at maturing stage. Significant varietal difference of air space was observed in upper 4th internode. The number of vascular bundles, internodal thickness were positively correlated with panicle length, the number of rachis branches, and the spikelets in rice varieties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.358-358
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• 2017

The plant type is generally one of the most important factor for crop production and be influenced by nitrogen absorption. Soybean plants have nodules in their roots, supplying nitrogen at the vegetative and reproductive stages. Root nodules seem to effect plant type of soybean plants, but there are few reports on the relation nodules and plant type. We tried to clarify the effects of root nodules on the plant type, especially internode length and petiole length, comparing non-nodule soybean with normal soybean. The pot experiment and field experiment were carried out at Mie University and Utsunomiya University in 2015 and 2016. Enrei, a popular cultivar in central Japan, and En1282, non-nodulating isogenic line of Enrei, were used. The petiole length on main stem was measured after defoliation and internode length and yield components were measured after harvest. In the field experiment, the patterns of the final length in internode and petiole on main stem were consistent in both cultivars, and a positive correlation was found between the Nth petiole length and the N-1th internode length, belong to the same phytomere. Therefore, the petiole and internode on the main stem make similar response for environmental factors. In pot experiment, Enrei grew with the same pattern as field experiments, but in En1282, the elongation of petiole and internode in the upper part was suppressed, especially the petiole was suppressed greatly. The main stem becomes the basis of the plant type. These results were considered that the nitrogen is distributed preferentially to the internode than the petiole. It seems that the pot cultivation restricted the rhizosphere and caused nitrogen deficiency in En1282. These results suggested that the slight nitrogen deficiency provided from the root nodules was compensated by the increase of the amount of inorganic nitrogen absorption due to the expansion of the rhizosphere, and the severe nitrogen deficiency suppressed elongation of petiole and internode. It is clear that root nodules effect the plant type by supplying nitrogen to internodes and petioles.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of barley yellow mosaic virus(BaYMV) on agronomic characters in naked barley. A naked barley cultivar, Beagdong was evaluated for disease systems at naturally infected field, National Honam Agricultural Experiment Station. SPAD value of the infected plants by BaYMV was low as compared to healthy plants. Heading time was delayed by 10-11 days. Dry matter weight per plant, culm length, and number of spike per plant were reduced in the infected plants by 75%, 68%, and 49%, respectively. Length of internode was reduced in the first to the sixth internode from the upper part, especially, that in the third to the fifth internode was mostly reduced by 75-80%. Also, length of awn, number of kernels, 1000-kernel weight, and kernel weight per plant of the infected plant were reduced by 17-19%, 47%, 60%, and 78%, respectively. Lightness and redness for kernel color value of Baegdong were low and high, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.451-459
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• 1995

In order to clarify the growth characteristic and Brix degree at different internodes, four varieties that are M81E 71-1, a Rio, a Sart and a Tamurama were seeded on, Apr. 5, Apr. 15, Apr. 25, May 5 and May 15, respectively. Delayed seeding increased plant hight and the growth pattern of the stem diameter and weight was tapesed off and lighted to upper location. Brix degree of internode was rapidly increased from just after heading date, and was slowly increased by rising upper side till before heading date. Brix degree of middle location(6th internode) was the highest of the stem in after heading date and interior side was the lowest. Brix percentage of 40∼45 days after heading had more than 15% in case of being seeded from Apr. 5 to May 5. Sweet sorghum that was seeded on May 15 was more than 17% in the Brix percentage of 35 days after heading and so the suitable seeding date in sourthern district was suggested on May 5. The plethora of soil moisture by rainfall was made decently lower Brix degree in 130∼140 days after seeding. Among the length and the diameter of internode, and Brix degree had negative correlation, between diameter and weight of internode were significantly positive correlation. But correlation coefficient had been a little bit different by varieties.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 1990

This experiment was carried out to obtain basic information on the lodging characteristics and yield components of rice plants by new anti-lodging reagent 'KIM-112' (3%, Wp) application at 30 days before heading (DBH) to 5 DBH under two dosage levels (lg 2g, a. i. /10a) at the Yeongnam Crop Experiment Station in 1989. Culm length was shortened by 10-17% at 1g, a. i. /10a and by 16-23% at 2g of KIM -112 applications. The shortening effect of internode was different by dosages and application times: 2g treatment was greater effect than 19 and early application resulted in shortening of lower internode while this was upper internode at the late application. There were positive correlation between culm length and lodging index, the 1st and the 4th internode lengths had on important effect to lodging index. Thickness of culm wall, culm diameter and weight of basal part of culm were not affected by KIM-112 application. However anti-lodging characters improved by increasing the breaking weight and by decreasing the moment. Lodging index was related to breaking weight, moment and weight of panicle. Heading date by KIM-112 application was delayed one to four days and number of grains per panicle was decreased by shortened panicle length as compared with untreated control, but yield capacity was high a little because of improvement ripening ratio by no lodging.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.579-584
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soil moisture content on cut flower quality of Gypsophila paniculata L. 'Bristol Fairy' in spring and autumn cultivations. The soil moisture potential (SMP) set point for irrigation was either -3.2 or -10.0kPa in the vegetative growth stage, and -10.0, -31.6, or -79.4kPa after the budding stage. When soil moisture reached at each set SMP point, 10 mm water was drip-irrigated. Tendency of flowering was earlier as SMP set point was lower in both vegetative growth and after budding stages. No other flower characteristics were found among other treatments. In both spring and autumn cultivations, as SMP set point was lower, the low primary branch length and upper internode length were decreased, the stem firmness was increased, and curvature of cut flower stem was decreased. Especially, in autumn, the higher the SMP set point, the higher the low primary branch than the apex, thus the paniculate inflorescence was deeply destroyed. Yield in spring cultivation was not significantly different among treatments, while that in autumn cultivation increased as the lower the SMP value. It is thought that optimal imgation points during vegetative growth and after budding stages to produce high quality cut flowers are -10.0 and -79.4kPa, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.190-194
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• 1985

Three different improved pre-release rice varieties, when transplanted at different ages of seedlings, showed that 40 day old seedlings produced the longest panicle, whereas 30 day old seedlings produced the highest culm length among treatments in all treated varieties. 40 day or older seedlings reduced the culm length remarkably mainly due to decrease in lower internodes in IET7251 and BG400-1, and due to upper as well as lower internodes in B44b-50-2-2-5-1. 30 day old seedlings produced maximum number of visible internodes. Heading as weil as maturity was delayed with increasing age of seedling.

• Plant Disease and Agriculture
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.20-26
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• 1999

Ultraviolet light is required for the sporulation of Didymella bryoniae, a gummy stem blight fungus in cucurbits such as watermelon, melon, oriental melon, cucumber and pumpkin. In this experiment, the upper limit of wave length for the production of pycnidia of D. bryoniae was 365 nm - 375 nm. Two plastic houses were covered with either common transparent film (wave length longer than 225 nm is transmitted) or UV-absorbing film ( wave lenght shorter than 388 nm is absorbed). In both houses, seedlings inoculated with D. bryoniae were placed in the center of the house at 30 days after transplantation of watermelon (cv. Whanhoseong), and the disease incidences between the houses were compared until 80 days after transplantation. The number of disease lesions and incidence of pycnidia-producing lesions under the UV-absorbing film were reduced by 90% and 80%, respectively, compared to the common transparent film. The internode lengths of plants grown in the two houses were not significantly different, but the plants grown under the UV-absorbing film had longer vines and more leaves than plants under the common transparent film. However, fruit characters such as weight, length, width, rind thick and brix, were not different between the two houses. Occurrence of aphids was reduced in the UV-absorbing film, but those of mites or diseases (powdery mildew and sooty mold) were not different between the houses. These results suggest that disease incidence of gummy stem blight of watermelon in the greenhouse can be controlled by the use of UV-absorbing film.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.6
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• pp.61-77
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• 1965

In this experiment, Akiochi was studied especially on plant growth on the degraded soils. Besides, such soils were carefully examined on its character and plant body was analysed to know the difference in various mineral contents. For this purpose, paddy cultivation was done with the variety Pal Dal at Suwon, Sosa and Pyungtak. Three plots were chosen at each location as the normal and 2 levels of akiochi, a-the stronger and b-the weaker. Harvests from these 9 plots were measured agronomically and also chemically analysised. As for soil, after an observation on vertical section of soil, samples from each layer were also studied both physically and chemically. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Outer changes in rice plant and changes in yield components. 1) Rice from Akiochi soil showed remarkably shortened culm length, head length, protrusoion length, blade length of boot leaf, and coleoptile length, compared with that from the normal paddy field. 2) There was a tendency for Akiochi rice to have more heads per plant. 3) Akiochi rice showed poorer intercalary growth of upper 3 internodes. The ratio of this upper internode length to total culm length was also smaller in this case. Consquently the ratio of lower internode length to total culm length became larger than that from normal peddy field. 4) Akiochi rice showed significantly fewer first spikelets and attached grains of head at main stem. 5) Maturing rate of both this main seem of whole plant body was remarkably lower than that of normal rice. 6) Akiochi rice showed lower head weight of main stem, total hulled rice weight, total grain yield, 1000-grain weight, straw weight and straw-hulled rice ratio. 2. Physical and chemical study on soil. 1) Akiochi soil showed thinner upper layer and total thickness of upper and lower parts was smaller than that of normal. 2) Akiochi soil of Suwon was mainly composed of sand, while that of Sosa and Pyungtak was composed of heavy clay. 3) Chemical analysis indicated that content of $SiO_2$ in upper layer is always lower than that of normal. But no other common tendencies were found. 4) This analysis further lillustrates lower content of Fe, & Mn at Suwon ; of Mn at Sosa and higher content of Fe at Sosa and organic matters at Pyungtak. 5) Some differences in the content of N in each plot could be marked though irregular. 3. Chemical Composition of plant body. 1) Chemical analysis on grain, boot leaf and straw did not suggest any remarkable differences between normal and Akiochi rice, except that the latter contains less Si in boot leaf and less Mn in straw. 2) Contents of each chemical element were measured in grain and straw to calculate the percentage of element content in grain to that of whole plant body including both grain and straw. Here, Akiochi rice always showed lower value in N, K and Mn. 4. Relationship between chemical composition of plant body and that of soil. Akiochi soil at Sosa marked lower content of Mn. This caused another lower content of this element in grain, boot leaf and straw. But except that, no remarkable relationship could be found in this study.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1992

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of plant growth retardants on the growth and characters related with lodging in rice. The results are summarized as follows. Plant height which is closely related to lodging was significantly inhibited by the application of inabenfide, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole. Among the tested application times, inabenfide, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole were the most effective in inhibiting plant height at 30, 20, 20 days before heading respectively. Inabenfide was markedly effective in reducing the lower (4th) internode length, whereas paclobutrazol and uniconazole were more effective in reducing the upper (3rd and 2nd) internode length. Internode wall of rice plant treated with chemicals was tended to be thickened as compared with control. Heading date was not influenced by inabenfide, but paclobutrazol and uniconazole were inhibited 1 or 2 days in heading date as compared with control. Lodging index was the most reduced when inabenfide was applied 30 days before heading with 160g ai whereas paclobutrazol and uniconazole were applied 15 days before heading with 12, 1.2g ai per 10a, respectively. All the treatments inhibited the lodging of rice but control was completely lodged. Yield treated with these chemicals was prevented by 10-12% of yield decrease occurred by lodging. As a conclusion, inabenfide with 120 or 160g ai at 40 or 30 days before heading, paclobutrazol with 12g ai at 15 days before heading, arid uniconazole with 1.2g ai at 15 days before heading appear to be the most practical application time and rate for preventing lodging in paddy rice.