• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• v.2
• /
• pp.827-830
• /
• 2006

The tsunami from the megathrust earthquake magnitude 9.3 on 26 December 2004 is the largest tsunami the world has known in over forty years. This tsunami destructively attacked 13 countries around Indian Ocean with at least 230,000 fatalities, displaced people 2,089,883 and 1.5 million people who lost their livelihoods. The ratio of women and children killed to men is 3 to 1. The total damage costs US$ 10.73 billion and rebuilding costs US$ 10.375 billion. The tsunami's death toll could have been drastically reduced, if the warning was disseminated quickly and effectively to the coastal dwellers along the Indian Ocean rim. With a warning system in Indian Ocean similar to that operating in the Pacific Ocean since 1965, it would have been possible to warn, evacuate and save countless lives. The best tribute we can pay to all who perished or suffered in this disaster is to heed its powerful lessons. UNESCO/IOC have put their tremendous effort on better disaster preparedness, functional early warning systems and realistic arrangements to cope with tsunami disaster. They organized ICG/IOTWS (Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System) and the third of this meeting is held in Bali, Indonesia during $31^{st}$ July to $4^{th}$ August 2006. A US$ 53 million interim warning system using tidal gauges and undersea sensors is nearing completion in the Indian Ocean with the assistance from IOC. The tsunami warning depends strictly on an early detection of a tsunami (wave) perturbation in the ocean itself. It does not and cannot depend on seismological information alone. In the case of 26 December 2004 tsunami when the NOAA/PMEL DART (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami) system has not been deployed, the initialized input of sea surface perturbation for the MOST (Method Of Splitting Tsunami) model was from the tsunamigenic-earthquake source model. It is the first time that the satellite altimeters can detect the signal of tsunami wave in the Bay of Bengal and was used to validate the output from the MOST model in the deep ocean. In the case of Thailand, the inundation part of the MOST model was run from Sumatra 2004 for inundation mapping purposes. The medium and high resolution satellite data were used to assess the degree of the damage from Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 with NDVI classification at 6 provinces on the Andaman seacoast of Thailand. With the tide-gauge station data, run-up surveys, bathymetry and coastal topography data and land-use classification from satellite imageries, we can use these information for coastal zone management on evacuation plan and construction code.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.413-422
• /
• 2008

It is essential to locally adjust the Hargreaves parameter for estimating reference evapotranspiration with short data as a substitute of Penman-Monteith equation. In this study, evaluation of daily-based reference evapotranspiration is computed with Hargreaves equation. in Gyeonggi bay area including Ganghwa, Incheon, Suwon, Seosan, and Cheonan station for the time period of 1997-2004. Hargreaves coefficient is adjusted to give the best fit with Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration, being regarded as a reference. Then, the preferred parameters are validated for the same stations for the time period of 2005-2006. The optimization-based correction in calibration for 1997-2004 shows improved performance of the Hargreaves equation, giving 0.68-0.77 to 0.92-0.98 in Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NSC) and 14.63-23.30 to 5.23-11.75 in RMSE. The validation for 2005-2006 shows improved performance of the Hargreaves equation, giving 0.43-0.85 to 0.93-0.97 in NSC and 14.43-26.81 to 6.48-9.09 in RMSE.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.67-72
• /
• 2007

To prepare useful foods from Acanthopanax koreanum, extraction of major constituents by water and ethanol solutions were investigated Reflux extractions of 300 g of dried material of particle size less than 0.5 cm, were carried out in 7.5 L of water, or ethanol solutions (30 -95% v/v) for 9 hr at $100^{\circ}C$. The pH values of extracted solutions were 4.0-6.5. The Color b-value of extracted solutions increased as ethanol concentrations dropped and with longer extraction times. The amounts of material in extracts increased rapidly in the first 2-3 hr of extraction. The extract levels from 30-70% ethanol solutions were 0.27-0.47 g/100 g. The main free sugars of extract were sucrose, fructose and glucose. Eleutherosides were extracted rapidly (within 3 hr), and eleutheroside extraction was best in water or in 30-70% ethanol 95% ethanol solutions were less effective. The eleutherosides were extracted to 97% by water or 30-70% ethanol solutions after 3-5 hr. Acanthoic acid extraction was more affected by ethanol level than by extraction time water achieved only trace extinction. In summary, reflux extraction in 40-70% ethanol for 3-5 hr was adequate for the extraction of functional materials from Acanthopanax koreanum.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.107-116
• /
• 2010

We prepared extracts from Ulmus davidiana (root, Korean source; URK) and Ulmus davidiana (bark, Korean source; UBK). URK extracts obtained with all tested solvents showed the highest antioxidant effects on fish oils. Both treatments containing 0.1% (v/v) extract from URK and UBK each showed that peroxide values of 30 meq/kg were maintained for 6 h and levels of 40 meq/kg were apparent for up to 18 h, indicating that antioxidative activity seemed to sustain during all tested time periods. Compared with commercial antioxidants, butanol and methanol extracts diluted to 0.05% (v/v) had similar antioxidative effects. Water and butanol UBK extracts diluted to 0.1% (v/v) both showed the highest antioxidative activities. After addition of metal ions, methanol and butanol URK extracts diluted to 0.1% (v/v) showed enhanced antioxidative activity. UBK ethanol extracts displayed superior antioxidative activity and a constant peroxide value throughout storage. However, in the case of Perilla oil, $\alpha$-tocopherol which is known as a natural antioxidant did not show any antioxidative activity except in the BHT. Methanol and butanol URK extracts diluted to 0.2% (v/v) showed superior antioxidative activities throughout the experiment. A methanolic UBK extract (0.2%, v/v) also had a similarly increased antioxidative effect. In tests involving addition of metal ions to all extracts, the methanolic UBK extract (0.2%, v/v) showed excellent antioxidative activity. When lard was tested, antioxidant levels did not differ significantly among extracts prepared using four different solvents at either 0.05% or 0.1% concentrations (both v/v). Addition of metal ions at levels of 0.05% or 0.1% (w/v) to these extracts had no significant additive effect on oxidation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.245-250
• /
• 2005

The maturity and spawning of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, was studied using samples caught by gillnets in the East Sea from January to December 2003. Monthly changes of maturity observed with the naked eyes for females showed that maturing Pacific cod appeared from August, and their numbers increased to $83\%\;and\;100\%$ in November and December, respectively. In January, mature and spawning Pacific cod were observed for the first time and composed over $40\%$ of the population. In February, the proportion of spawning individuals increased to over $50\%$, however, the mature individuals decreased to less than $10\%$. In March, mature fish were not found, and all were in an immature (spent) or spawning state. From April to July all fish remained in immature condition. The males maintained this trend with the females, whereas, mature males appeared from November to March. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of females and males showed higher values both in January and February and declined sharply in March. The lower value remained until October and then began to increase from November for the female population. For the males, however, this value remained lower until August, and then began to increase from September, and showed higher values in October through December than in January and February. These results indicated that the spawning season of Pacific cod was from December to March, and the main spawning season was from January to February, and the period of the spawning season was longer for males than the females. The diameter of the matured oocytes was 0.80-1.10 mm with a single mode of 0.95 mm. Fecundity was 1,300,000-9,400,000 in total length of 65-95 cm and the relationship between the total length (TL, cm) and fecundity (Fc) was Fc= $180,248\timesTL-10,883,638$. The total length at first maturity was observed at 57 cm for females and 47 cm for males. The size at $50\%$ group maturity was estimated to be 63.9 cm for females and 56.0 cm for males.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.129-145
• /
• 2004

Many physical therapy who graduate department of physical therapy interested in physical therapy specialist. The boundary of physical therapy specialist is consist of 7 parts; CCS(Cardiopulmonary Certified Specialist), ECS(Clinical Electrophysiologic Certified Specialist), GCS(Geriatric Certified Specialist), NCS(Neurologic Certified Specialist), NCS(Neurologic Certified Specialist), OCS(Orthopaedic Certified Specialist), PCS(Pediatric Certified Specialist), SCS(Sports Certified Specialist). So the purpose of this study was to investigate of undergraduate student's interest about the area of special physical therapy and its academy. The data were collected from May 17 to 24, 2004 and 158 valid questionnaires were obtained and analyzed. It was for undergraduate students who major in physical therapy in college and university which are located in Busan, Ulsan and Kyoungnam province. The result is follows: 1. The research about the study of physical therapy after graduation was that 45.5% of female thought that they going to study as possible as they can was the best. In the case of men, 54.3% of male thought that they going to study was the best. 2. The result about recognition of special physical therapy was that 62.0% of people answered CCS, 69.6% of people answered GCS. The most familiar part of special physical therapy at course of school curriculum was that 88.0% of people answered OCS, and 84.2% of people answered NCS. 3. The result about the most interesting part of special physical therapy was that 68.6% of male and 36.1% of female answered OCS. On the other hand, the least part that people doesn't care was that 41.2% of male answered PCS, and 41.0% of female answered CCS. 4. About educational matters of special physical therapy and its academy was that 60% of answered 'Not enough'. An answer to question of special physical therapy and its academy's educational necessity. At the a course of faculty and clinical practice was that 58.9% of answered 'somewhat necessary'. After graduation, study a plan of special physical therapy was that 59.5% of answered 'immediate academy'. 5. Recognize scale in alternation physical therapy, think of extend physical therapy's territory is 'necessary of extend territory' was 78% the highest answer. 57.6% of answered was concerned about alternating physical therapy, and want to study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.21
• /
• pp.9143-9146
• /
• 2014

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the general characteristics of patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pancreatic cancer as well as evaluate the relationship between mean platelet volume (MPV), DVT and survival. Materials and Methods: Seventy-seven patients with pancreatic cancer, who were admitted to Cukurova University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Oncology, were enrolled in the study Results: The mean age was $59{\pm}20$. Forty-nine (63.6%) were men and 28 women (36.4%). Sixty-eight (88.3%) patients had adenocarcinoma and 9 (11.7%) had a malignant epithelial tumor. Thirty-six (46.7%) had liver metastasis at diagnosis. Twenty-six (33.8%) patients were alive, 20 (26%) were dead and in 31 (40.2%) the status was unknown. Only 14 (18.1%) patients had DVT. In 42 (54.5%) patients MPV values were normal, in 28 (36.4%) patients they were above normal, and in 7 (9.1%) patients they were below normal. There was no statistically significant difference between gender, tumour localization, chemotherapy and survival rates (p:0.56, p:0.11, p:0.21). There was no significant difference between DVT, gender, localisation, histological subtype, the presence of metastasis, stage and if the patient had been treated with chemotherapy (p:0.5, p:0.6, p:0.2, p:0.32, p:0.1, p:0.84). There was also no significant difference between MPV and DVT (p:0.57) but there was a significant difference between liver metastasis and DVT (p:0.02). Age, stage, the presence of metastasis and DVT were prognostic in pancreatic cancer patients. Conclusions: Cases of pancreatic cancer with liver metastasis should be studied more carefully as thrombosis is more common in these patients.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.58-71
• /
• 1999

Nursing process is an essential part for nursing practice. Nursing faculty members must focus on the clinical application for students and try to identify the possible problems that students might face in the fields. The purpose of this study is to examine the actual condition of nursing process education in curricula and to investigate the response of students in clinical experience of nursing process. From 462 students in the 6 associate programs(ADN) and the 6 baccalaureate programs (BSN) data was collected by questionnaire. The results were as followed. 1. Seven programs (58.3%) opened the nursing process in mainly sophomore (BSN) or freshman(ADN). If not opened, the nursing process was taught at the major subjects(espcially fundamental nursing or adult nursing). 2. All Students responded they we supposed to use nursing process in preparing the case report. The majority(94.6%) used NANDA lists for nursing diagnosis and 55.7% of subjects consulted the Korean terms by KNA when translating. The tutors for nursing process in clinical settings were the professor in charge of the subject (68.6) or clinical instructors (48.1%) , assistants(34%). 3. The problems in clinical application that students experienced consisted of 17 items and the mean was 2.27. The biggest problem was 'the lack of the model for RN of applying the nursing process in clinical settings'(2.97). Next the big problem was 'the lack of the competency for implementing the established nursing plans'(2.69). All items were significantly different according to the level of educational programs(ADN or BSN). ADN students had more problems in applying the each step of nursing process and BSN students perceived the NANDA as a guidance of nursing diagnosis and the inconsistency of advices from several instructors or practicum to be mere problematic. 4. The mean of merits after application of nursing process was relatively fair (2.82). The best merit was 'they can identify nursing problems more exactly'(3.07). The second high merit was 'they can study the rational of nursing action' (3.03). BSN than ADN and the subjects of second year than of one year in clinical experience perceived the use of nursing process to be better. Based on this results we need to enforce the application of nursing diagnosis in the class. The use of sample cases can be the efficient method. Students can identify the possible health problems for patient from the cases in imaginary world and discuss them each other. Also we can use the discussion session after practice every other day or as needed. All this is on the good interaction between tutor and student. We must consider to have enough time for student to seize the essence of the nursing process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.2
• /
• pp.195-202
• /
• 2012

Three-season field study was conducted to investigate the distribution of monoterpene(10) and air anion in ambient air at five forests. ${\alpha}$-Pinene, camphene, sabinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, terpinolene, limonene, 1,8-cineol, linalool, and camphor were quantified in the samples collected. The highest 4-hour mean concentration of total monoterpene were ${\beta}$-pinene+myrcene as 958 pptv at Juknokwon dominated by bamboo and ${\alpha}$-pinene (524 pptv), limonene (445 pptv) at Wood Land and Suncheon Bay, respectively. The seasonal means were observed to peak during spring with their maximum at Wood Land and Seonam Temple and during summer at Juknokwon and Suncheon Bay. The 24 hour concentration mean of atmosphere standards were found with much lower values than those by law. The highest concentrations of air anion were measured $400{\sim}3,000ea{\cdot}mL^{-1}$ through the sites. There is no significant correlation between the concentration of monoterpene and air anion.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.57 no.2
• /
• pp.87-95
• /
• 2018

Nosema spp. (NS) causes severe problems to honey bee colonies including the death of the highly infected ones. Searching for effective materials to control this parasite is very important. The objectives of this study were to identify the calendar for the prevalence of NS and other bee diseases, and to test the efficacy of three materials: diluted honey mixed with lemon juice (M1), chamomile extract mixed with sugar syrup (M2) and sutrivet mixed with sugar syrup (M3) against Nosema. To realize these objectives, diseases of brood and adult honey bees were surveyed over one year. Also, the efficacy of M1, M2 and M3 against Nosema was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions. The results showed that few diseases for immature and mature stages of honey bees were recorded. NS was detected during winter and spring in link with low temperature and high relative humidity. Under field conditions, M2 reduced the infection by 36.66% while M3 by 23.33% and finally M1 by 13.33%. In the laboratory, the highest efficacy was to M2 followed by M1 and finally M3. The three materials impacted the percentage of survived bees significantly higher than infected bees without any treatments over the experimental period. The study suggests the potential role of chamomile as a natural material to control NS.