• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.9 no.spc3
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• pp.209-224
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• 2006

Hierarchy which is often named as the tree-structure is used to reduce complexity and show primitive structures of complicated information. This paper aims at explaining information-visualization methods using hierarchies in multimedia domains and prospecting the possible applications by examining how they affect the user's tasks involved in information-seeking activities. As a result, four types of information visualization methods named Treemap, Hyperbolic, Cone Tree and DOI Tree employed in multimedia domain, are presented and pros and cons of each method are explained in this paper. Another important part is defining the core tasks and other related-tasks in information-seeking activities, such as, overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extract. Followings are major findings. Treemap uses 'overview' as the core task, which makes user to gain a overall meaning of the whole information cluster. Hyperbolic and DOI Tree apply 'Boom' task through the function of focus+context or by the function of meaningful scaling to magnify or downsize each node. Cone Tree, also, makes the information organizer to classify the patterns of information acquired in the process of users' information-seeking activities by using 'extract' task. Through this study, it is finally found out that the information-visualization methods using hierarchies in multimedia domains should incorporate the wide variety of functional needs related to users' information-seeking behaviors beyond the visual representation of information.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of water states (water, osmotic potential and turgor pressure) of fruit vesicle and leaf on soluble solids and organic acid contents of fruits of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid, M16 A line during the fruit maturing season in plastic house cultivation. The 'Shirauhi' grafted on 'Swingle citrumelo', strong strength of rootstock, produced fruit with lower soluble solids and organic acid content than 'Trifoliate' orange rootstock. The fruits vesicle water potential and turgor pressure measured before dawn in 'Swingle citrumelo' were higher tendency than the 'Trifoliate' orange, but osmotic potential values were lower than the 'Trifoliate' orange. The changes of leaf water potential were very similar to the fruit. The results suggest that in the 'Shirauhi' fruits grafted on two rootstocks changes of soluble solids and organic acid content of the fruit were influenced by the leaf water potential and the osmotic potential of the fruit vesicles, which might be caused by the difference of root distribution between two rootstocks.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.128-133
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• 2005

Ash of Anadarac tegillarca granosa shell was used for preparation of calcium lactate and calcium citrate, and improvement of their purity was carried out by using ammonium chloride process (ACP) and ammonium nitrate process (ACP). Purity of calcium lactate and calcium citrate made by the reaction of ash of Anadarac tegillarca granosa shell with lactic acid solution and with citric acid solution was 94.35-96.72 and $87.58-93.06\%$, respectively. However, purity of calcium lactate and calcium citrate prepared with purified calcium carbonate pre-purified from the ash of Anadarac fegiliarca granosa shell using ACP and ANP method was 99.53-100.34 and $99.32-99.88\%$, respectively. The purity of these calcium products were higher than those of calcium lactate and calcium citrate made with ash of Anadarac tegillarca granosa shell. Whiteness of calcium lactate and calcium citrate prepared with purified calcium carbonate pre-purified using ACP and ANP method was 94.8-98.5 and 99.4-101.5, respectively. Whiteness of these calcium products was higher than that of calcium lactate (91.8) and calcium citrate (92.9) made with the ash of Anadarac tegillarca granosa shell. Therefore, we estimated that calcium lactate and calcium citrate prepared with purified calcium carbonate using ACP and ANP method could be used potentially as a food additive for calcium supplement.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.269-279
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the change of antioxidant enzyme activity (catalase and superoxide dismutase) and variation of blood physiology in olive flounder (Paralyticus olivaceus) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Blood parameters were measured 1, 3 and 5 hours after H2O2 treatment with 0 (control), 100, 300 and 500 ppm for 1 hr. The value of hematocrit was decreased significantly dependently on treatment concentrate and elapsed time in the treatment of H2O2. Hemoglobin concentration in the test groups were lower than that of the control group. Red blood cell value in the test groups were significantly lower compared to that of the control group, but recovered to the level of the control group after 5 hr. Protein concentration was significantly lower compared to that of the control group at 0 and 1 hr, but recovered after 3 hr in 500 ppm treatment group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were observed to be increased. Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) was significantly increased compared to that of control group in all of the test groups. HSP70 mRNA groups was highly expressed in 500 ppm treatment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 2015

Citrus is an economically important fruit tree with the largest amount of fruit production in the world. It provides important nutrition such as vitamin C and other health-promoting compounds including its unique flavonoids for human health. However, it is classified into the most difficult crops to develop new cultivars through conventional breeding approaches due to its long juvenility and some unique reproductive biological features such as gamete sterility, nucellar embryony, and high level of heterozygosity. Due to global warming and changes in consumer trends, establishing a systematic and efficient breeding programs is highly required for sustainable production of high quality fruits and diversification of cultivars. Recently, reference genome sequences of sweet orange and clementine mandarin have been released. Based on the reference whole-genome sequences, comparative genomics, reference-guided resequencing, and genotyping-by-sequencing for various citrus cultivars and crosses could be performed for the advance of functional genomics and development of traits-related molecular markers. In addition, a full understanding of gene function and gene co-expression networks can be provided through combined analysis of various transcriptome data. Analytic information on whole-genome and transcriptome will provide massive data on polymorphic molecular markers such as SNP, INDEL, and SSR, suggesting that it is possible to construct integrated maps and high-density genetic maps as well as physical maps. In the near future, integrated maps will be useful for map-based precise cloning of genes that are specific to citrus with major agronomic traits to facilitate rapid and efficient marker-assisted selection.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2015

Kiwifruit is a new fruit crop that was commercialized in the late 1970s. Recently, its cultivation and consumption have increased rapidly worldwide. Kiwifruit is a dioecious, deciduous, and climbing plant having fruit with hairs and various flesh colors and a variation in ploidy level; however, the industry consists of very simple cultivars or genotypes. The need for efficient cultivar improvement together with the evolutional and biological perspectives based on unique plant characteristics, have recently encouraged genome analysis and bioinformatics application. The draft genome sequence and chloroplast genome sequence of kiwifruit were released in 2013 and 2015, respectively; and gene annotation has been in progress. Recently, transcriptome analysis has shifted from previous ESTs analysis to the RNA-seq platform for intensive exploration of controlled genetic expression and gene discovery involved in fruit ascorbic acid biosynthesis, flesh coloration, maturation, and vine bacterial canker tolerance. For improving conventional breeding efficiency, molecular marker development and genetic linkage map construction have advanced from basic approaches using RFLP, RAPD, and AFLP to the development of NGS-based SSR and SNP markers linked to agronomically important traits and the construction of highly saturated linkage maps. However, genome and transcriptome studies have been limited in Korea. In the near future, kiwifruit genome and transcriptome studies are expected to translate to the practical application of molecular breeding.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.306-312
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• 1998

Free sugar, organic acid, naringin, hesperidin and inorganic elements change of six varities of Cheju citrus fruits; Citrus natsudaidai, C. grandis, C. platymamma., C. sudachi, C. aurantiun and C. unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa by harvest date were investigated. Changes in free sugar of citrus fruits on the different harvesting stages and varieties showed a little differencies. The content of sucrose, glucose and maltose in citrus juice were $44.9{\sim}66.0%,\;15.7{\sim}25.7%\;and\;17.5{\sim}30.1%$, respectively. As the fruits were matured, free sugar was increased, but organic acid was decreased gradually. The major organic acids from the fruit juice were citric acid, malic acid and oxalic acid. Citric acid content exceeded 90%, oxalic acid ranged less than 3.58% and malic acid ranged $0.98{\sim}9.45%$ in total organic acids. Both naringin and hesperidin content showed markedly high in immature fruits, and in rind compare to fruit juice. Naringin and hesperidin content decreased as peel coloration progressed. It was estimated that fully matured fruits would be useful for making processed products, which lead to less turbity and less bitterness.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.937-945
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• 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary zinc (Zn), environmental temperatures and Zn${\times}$temperature interaction on growth, feathering score and mineral composition of broilers. A total of 256 d-old Avian male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with four corn-soybean meal basal diets (containing 44 mg Zn/kg) supplemented with 0, 40, 60 mg/kg Zn (Diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively; 0.8% Ca for these three diets) and non-Zn supplementation, 1.6% Ca (Diet 4) and two temperature conditions (low: 26, 24, $22^{\circ}C$ vs. high: 30, 28, $26^{\circ}C$). All birds were given feathering coverage scores for back, breast, wing, under-wing and tail. The wing and tail were further evaluated for the occurrence and severity of defect feathers. Feathers were then pooled for mineral composition analysis. The results showed that in high temperature conditions, broilers fed Zn-unsupplemented, 0.8% Ca ration (Diet 1) had significantly (p<0.05) lower ADFI and ADG (wk 1-6) than birds under low temperature conditions. However, when the birds were fed 40 and 60 mg/kg Zn supplementation (Diets 2 and 3), the ADFI and ADG in both temperature conditions were not significantly different. In low temperature conditions, the ADFI, ADG (p<0.05), all feather coverage (p<0.01) and tail defect scores (p<0.001) of birds fed Diet 4 (excess Ca) were significantly poorer than those fed Diet 1. More Ca (p<0.05) was retained in the feathers of broilers fed Diet 4 under high temperature conditions. Broilers fed the Zn-unsupplemented ration (Diet 1) had significantly higher feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) concentrations than those fed the 60 mg/kg Zn-supplemented ration (Diet 3). A reduction of feather phosphorus (p<0.01) and potassium (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations were observed in Diet 4 broilers as compared to those fed Diet 1. Under high temperature conditions, broilers had lower iron (p<0.05) and higher manganese (p<0.05) concentrations in feathers. Broilers kept in high temperature conditions had a higher Zn requirement and 40 mg/kg Zn supplementation was sufficient for the birds to achieve optimum growth. Supplemental Zn ameliorated the adverse effect of high temperature on growth and occurrence of tail feather defects. Excess Ca disrupted Zn metabolism to exert a detrimental effect on growth performance and normal feathering and this was elucidated in the birds kept in low temperature conditions.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 1993

The properties and DNA structures of R plasmids differ depending on the species of the fish-pathogens Aeromonas hydrophila, A. salmonicida, Edwardsiella tarda, Enterococcus seriolicida, Pasteurella piscicida and Vibrio anguillarum. However, some R plasmids with the same resistance markers in similar DNA structures were found in A. hydrophila and E. tarda, as well as in A. hydrophila and A. salmonicida. R plasmids from V. anguillarum were classified into three groups according to their DNA structures. The first group was detected before 1977, the second from 1980 to 1983, and the third from 1989 to 1991. R plasmids have been retained within P. piscieida having the same DNA structures and detected at various locations and times. E. seriolicida strains carrying the same R plasmids, which were encoded with resistance to macrolide antibiotics(MLs), lincomycin(LIM), and TC, and to MLs, LIM, and CP. were distributed in yellowtail farms in various districts. The chloramphenicol-resistance(cat) gene of the R plasmids of P. piscicida was classified as CAT type I. The cat of the R plasmids of E, tarda. A. salmonicida was classified as type II. The cat of R plasmids of V. anguillarum was classified into two types. One type detected before 1977, was classified as CAT IV and the other type, detected after 1980, was classified as CAT II. Tetracycline-resistance (tet) V. anguillarum, isolated before 1977 and after 1981, was classified as Tet B and Tet G, respectively. The class D tet gene was widely distributed in R plasmids from fish-pathogens A. hydrophila, E. tarda, P. piscicida, and also V. anguillarum isolated after 1989.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2001

For the production of healthy shrimp(Penaeus chinensis, Penaeus japonicus) seedlings free from the white spot baculovirus(WSBV), we tried to disinfect shrimp eggs with iodine. A relative hatching rate of over 50% has resulted from the treatments of fertilized eggs of fresh shrimps(P. chinensis) with an effective povidon-iodine concentration of 20-200 ppm for 30 seconds and 60 seconds, respectively. The 60 sec treatment group with a 20 ppm effective povidon-iodine concentration showed nearly a 50% relative hatching rate. The over 50 ppm treatment group, however, did not result in hatching show a relative hatching rate. These hatching rates were similar to those in the fertilized eggs of kuruma prawns treated with povidon-iodine solutions. In case of washing fertilized eggs with UV-irradiated seawater 33.3% relative hatching rate in fresh shrimps was much lower than 55.2% in kuruma shrimps. Treatment fertilized eggs of 2 species of shrimp with 200 ppm iodine for 30 sec did not affect the survival rate of the larvae until the early stage of the post larvae even though the hatching rates were low. In order to produce healthy shrimp seedlings non-infected by WSBV, the shrimp eggs should be washed with UV-irradated seawater and sterilized with a low povidon-iodine concentration for a short time.