• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.99-107
• /
• 2011

이 연구는 대용량 지상식 LNG 저장탱크에 사용할 고강도 자기충전 콘크리트의 최적배합 조건을 도출하고, 현장적용을 위한 기본 자료를 제안하기 위한 것이다. 60~80 MPa 고강도 자기충전 콘크리트를 적용하면, 벽체두께의 감소와 자기충전성에 따른 인력절감 및 품질확보 등을 통하여 경제성을 확보할 것으로 예상된다. 시멘트 및 분체는 점성 증대 및 수화열 저감에 우수한 플라이애쉬와 저열 시멘트(벨라이트)를 사용하였다. 플라이애쉬의 치환율은 구속수비 및 배합변수 실험을 통해 정하였으며, 배합변수는 단위수량(W), 플라이애쉬 치환율(FA), 물-결합재비(W/B) 및 잔골재율(S/a)로 하여, 최적배합비 및 경제성 평가를 실시하였다. 실험 결과, 설계기준강도 60 MPa의 경우에는 단위수량 165 $kg/m^3$, 플라이애쉬 치환율 20% 및 물-결합재비 27~30%로 나타났으며, 설계기준강도 80 MPa의 경우에는 단위수량 165 $kg/m^3$, 플라이애쉬 치환율 10% 및 물-결합재비 25%로 나타났다. 또한, 기존의 설계기준강도 40 MPa과 비교해 볼 때, 압축강도 증가에 따른 재료비 상승은 60 MPa의 경우 14~22% 및 80 MPa의 경우 33%로 나타나, 현장관리 및 인력절감 등과 함께 매우 경제적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제58권3호
• /
• pp.158-166
• /
• 2021

In this paper, a numerical analysis technique using a body force model is investigated to estimate the available net thrust of multi-pod-driven ice-breaking vessels under bollard pull and overload conditions. To employ the body force model in present flow simulations, drag and thrust components acting on the pod unit are calculated by using Propeller Open Water (POW) test data. The available net thrusts according to the direction of operation are evaluated in both bollard pull and overload conditions under deep water. The simulation results are compared with the model test data. The available net thrusts, calculated by the present analysis for ahead operating modes at 3~6 knots which are typical speeds of the target vessel in arctic field, are agreed well with the model test results. It is also found that the present result for astern operating mode appears approximately 6 % larger than the model test result. In addition, the available net thrusts are calculated under the both operating conditions accompanied by shallow water effects, and the main cause of the difference is studied. Based on the result of the present study, it is confirmed that the body force model can be applied to the performance evaluation of multi-pod propulsion system and the main engine selection in early design stage of the vessel.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2018

The use of membrane as an innovative technology for water treatment process has now widely been accepted and adopted to replace the conventional water treatment process in increasing fresh water production for various domestic and industrial purposes. In this study, ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different formulation were fabricated via phase inversion method. The membranes were fabricated by varying the polymer concentration (16 wt%, 18 wt%, 20 wt%, and 21 wt%). A series of tests, such as field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), pore size and porosity, contact angle, and zeta potential were performed to characterize the membranes. The membrane performance in terms of permeation flux and rejection were evaluated using a laboratory bench-scale test unit with mine water, lake water and tube well as model feed solution. Long hour filtration study of the membranes provides the information on its fouling property. Few pore blocking mechanism models were proposed to examine the behaviour of flux reduction and to estimate the fouling parameters based on different degree of fouling. 21 wt% PVDF membrane with smaller membrane pore size showed an excellent performance for surface water treatment in which the treated water complied with NWQS class II standard.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.145-150
• /
• 2004

This study investigated the effect of chlorine dose and chlorine reaction time for the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs). According to the results, HAA formation was highly affected by chlorine dose and chlorine reaction time. HAA formation reached a plateau value at 30 mg/L of chlorine dose and 24 hr of chlorine reaction time. For the speciation of formed HAAs in the test water, the concentration of brominated-HAAs was significantly lower than that of chlorinated-HAAs because of low level of bromide ion concentration in the test water. It also investigated the removal efficiency of HAA precursors by several unit processes, such as ozone alone, UV alone, and combined ozone/UV system. Of them, ozone/UV system was proved as the best process to control the HAAs formation. The increase of the brominated-HAAs was observed during ozonation with and without UV irradiation showing the slight increase of total HAA concentrations.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.185-206
• /
• 2015

This paper presents statistical models developed to study the influence of key mix design parameters on the properties of lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC) with expanded shale (ESH) aggregates. Twenty LWSCC mixtures are designed and tested, where responses (properties) are evaluated to analyze influence of mix design parameters and develop the models. Such responses included slump flow diameter, V-funnel flow time, J-ring flow diameter, J-ring height difference, L-box ratio, filling capacity, sieve segregation, unit weight and compressive strength. The developed models are valid for mixes with 0.30-0.40 water-to-binder ratio, high range water reducing admixture of 0.3-1.2 % (by total content of binder) and total binder content of $410-550kg/m^3$. The models are able to identify the influential mix design parameters and their interactions which can be useful to reduce the test protocol needed for proportioning of LWSCCs. Three industrial class ESH-LWSCC mixtures are developed using statistical models and their performance is validated through test results with good agreement. The developed ESH-LWSCC mixtures are able to satisfy the European EFNARC criteria for self-consolidating concrete.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.593-599
• /
• 2013

알칼리활성(alkali-activated, AA) 슬래그 콘크리트의 건조수축 변형률을 평가하고 설계기준 및 제안모델의 적용성을 확인하기 위하여 단위수량, 물-결합재비 및 잔골재율을 변수로 17배합의 콘크리트를 준비하였다. 측정된 시간함수 및 건조수축 변형률은 ACI 209 및 CEB-FIP 기준식과 Yang 등의 제안모델과 비교하였다. 실험 결과 AA 슬래그 콘크리트의 건조수축 변형률은 물-결합재비에 현저히 영향을 받았지만 물-결합재비에 대한 시간함수의 영향은 비교적 작았다. AA 슬래그 콘크리트의 건조수축 변형률은 단위수량 $185kg/m^3$이상일 때 급격히 증가하였다. 반면, 잔골재율이 AA 슬래그 콘크리트 건조수축에 미치는 영향은 미미했다. 실험 결과와 평가모델의 비교에서 ACI 209 식은 AA슬래그 콘크리트의 건조수축을 상당히 과대평가하였으며, CEB-FIP 기준식은 재령 28일 이후 과소평가 정도가 증가하는 경향이 있었다. 반면 Yang 등의 모델의 오차계수의 평균과 표준편차가 0.16과 0.07로서 실험 결과와 잘 일치하였다.

• 지질공학
• /
• 제31권3호
• /
• pp.333-342
• /
• 2021

본 연구에서는 기존의 전통적인 다짐관리방법의 문제점을 보완하고자 TDR(Time Domain Reflectometry)을 이용하여 지반의 함수비와 건조단위중량을 측정하는 연구를 수행하였다. Flat TDR 시스템은 지반의 교란을 일으키기 않는 장비로써 측정값을 검증하기 위하여 주문진표준사 외 7개소의 현장대상 지반의 시료에 대하여 건조밀도와 함수비를 측정하였다. 함수비구간은 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18%의 6개 구간으로 나누어 측정을 하였으며 실험결과는 통일분류법에 따라 확인하였다. 실내실험 결과, 함수비는 SP시료의 경우 약 0.7%, SM시료의 경우 약 1.3%의 오차를 보였다. 또한 건조단위중량은 SP시료의 경우 약 7%, SM시료의 경우 약 5%의 오차를 확인하였다. 이는 점토나 자갈을 제외한 모래 또는 실트질 모래 지반에서는 안정적인 값을 도출함을 확인할 수 있었다. 실험 결과를 통하여 Flat TDR 시스템의 측정값이 기존의 전통적인 다짐관리방법과 유사한 값을 도출하는 것을 확인할 수 있었고 이는 빠른 시공성과 경제성을 필요로하는 건설현장에서 Flat TDR 장비가 적합하다는 것을 판단할 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.333-338
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the generation and discharge characteristics of non-point pollutants from farmlands in Nak-dong river basin. Annual unit generation load of nitrogen and phosphorus by fertilization in the test paddy field was almost similar to those calculated by the fertilization standards of district agricultural technology center, but it was extremely higher in case of the test dry field. By comparing annual total generation load of nutrients from fertilization to the data of fertilizer marketing, the accurate forecasting of generation load of pollutants was achieved by marketing data. The annual total discharge ratio of nutrients through infiltration and overflow from the farmland of the test paddy field were 9.5% and 1.1%, respectively, and those in the test dry field were 22.0% and 0.1%, respectively. The monthly discharge load of nutrients were shown the highest proportioned to the discharge load from lands, but it showed higher in phosphorus, which was caused by the intermittent discharge of phosphorus accumulated in drainage.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제8권5호
• /
• pp.372-379
• /
• 2016

PURPOSE. Alginate mixers available in the market do not have the automatic proportioning unit. In this study, an automatic proportioning unit for the alginate mixer and controller software were designed and produced for a new automatic proportioning unit. With this device, it was ensured that proportioning operation could arrange weight-based alginate impression materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The variation of coefficient in the tested groups was compared with the manual proportioning. Compression tension and tear tests were conducted to determine the mechanical properties of alginate impression materials. The experimental data were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA and Tukey test at the 0.05 level of significance. RESULTS. No statistically significant differences in modulus of elastisity (P>0.3), tensional/compresional strength (P>0.3), resilience (P>0.2), strain in failure (P>0.4), and tear energy (P>0.7) of alginate impression materials were seen. However, a decrease in the standard deviation of tested groups was observed when the customized machine was used. To verify the efficiency of the system, powder and powder/water mixing were weighed and significant decrease was observed. CONCLUSION. It was possible to obtain more mechanically stable alginate impression materials by using the custom-made proportioning unit.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국농공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference The Korean Society of Agricutural Engineers
• /
• pp.294-300
• /
• 1999

After researching the physical properties of the concrete included Rice Husk Ash(RHA concrete) and workability of fresh concrete admixed RHA, we have tested durability of RHA-concrete against freeaing and thawing in the winter using rapid freezing and thawing test method(KS F 2456) . There aretwo hypotheses to explain the failure mechanism of a freezing and thawing action. First, the hydraulic pressure in the pores of freezing concrete make an internal stress of concrete structures outbreaking micro crack in the face of concrete, Second, Frost action causing damage to cement paste repeatedly come from soil frost action, freezing water in the capillaries. Initial Relative Dynamic Modulus of Elasticity (DME) was biggest in cae of unit binder weight 600kgf/㎥ and relative dynamic modulus of elasticity increased until 300cycles. In general , initial relative DME was proportional to unit binder weight . Relative DME was decreased in proportion to unit binder weight in the case of 300, 400, 500kgf/㎥ , but relative DME fo the others remained more than 90% until 300 cycles. It was not good effect of intermixed RHA to concrete in case of below unit binder weight 300kgf/㎥ and the resistance of freezing and thawing was not good either.