• Title/Summary/Keyword: unit pulse

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The Effects of Relaxation Therapy on Pain and Anxiety in Spinal Anesthesia Surgery Patients (척추마취 수술환자의 불안감소를 위한 이완요법 적용 효과)

  • Moon, Hyeun-Sook;Lee, Hyang-Yeon;Lee, Ji-A
    • Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.54-62
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of relaxation therapy to reduce anxiety level among spinal anesthesia surgery patients. Methods: The study employed a quasi-experimental pre-and-posttest design with nonequivalent control group. The experimental group was provided with the 15-min muscle relaxation therapy on the day before the surgery and an hour before the spinal anesthesia. Data were collected from 44 patients (22 in experimental and 22 in control group) who were planned to have spinal anesthesia surgery from an orthopedic surgery department at a general hospital in Seoul from January 13 to March 21, 2006. Results: The experimental group reported lower level of state anxiety after the surgery (23.18 vs. 33.64) than did control group but was not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in blood pressure or pulse rate between experimental and control groups after surgery. Conclusions: The further research should be conducted to polish the muscle relaxation therapy for various types of patients and to create more comfortable environment setting for application of the therapy. The muscle relaxation therapy may be a convenient and useful nursing intervention to reduce anxiety among spinal anesthesia surgery patients if more studies prove its effectiveness.

Effects of the 'Intervention - Mother's Song' on Physical Response and Behavioral State of Low-Birth Weight Infants in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (어머니의 노래 들려주기 중재가 저출생체중아의 생리적 반응과 행동상태에 미치는 효과)

  • Park, Ji-Sun;Hong, Kyung-Ja;Bang, Kyung-Sook
    • Child Health Nursing Research
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.198-206
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    • 2013
  • Purpose: This study was done to identify the effectiveness of the 'intervention - mother's recorded song' on low-birth weight infants in an neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods: This study was conducted with a nonequivalent control group pre-posttest quasi-experimental design and the participant group was low-birth weight infants who were admitted to the NICU. Forty-eight infants, 24 in each from two groups, the experimental and control group, participated in the study. Results: For physical response according to vital signs, there were no significant statistical differences in heart rate, respiration rate and pulse oximetry saturation between the experimental group and the control group. For behavioral state, there was a significant statistical difference between the experimental and control group. Conclusion: The study results indicate that the intervention using mother's song had some significance as a nursing intervention with positive impacts. Such an intervention can help pediatric nurses improve infants' stabilization of their vital signs and behavioral states. By showing the effectiveness of such an intervention, the results of this study provide further evidence-based information in developing the practice of pediatric nursing.

Development of a Prototype Patient Monitoring System with Module-Based Bedside Units and Central Stations: Overall Architecture and Specifications (모듈형 환자감시기와 중앙 환자감시기로 구성되는 환자감시시스템 시제품의 개발: 전체구조 및 사양)

  • Woo, E.J.;Park, S.H.;Jun, B.M.;Moon, C.W.;Lee, H.C.;Kim, S.T.;Kim, H.J.;Seo, J.J.;Chae, K.M.;Park, J.C.;Choi, K.H.;Lee, W.J.;Kim, K.S.
    • Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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    • v.1996 no.05
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    • pp.315-319
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    • 1996
  • We have developed a prototype patient monitoring system including module-based bedside units, interbed network, and central stations. A bedside unit consists of a color monitor and a main CPU unit with peripherals including a module controller. It can also include up to 3 module cases and 21 different modules. In addition to the 3-channel recorder module, six different physiological parameters of ECG, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, body temperature, and arterial pulse oximetry with plethysmogaph are provided as parameter modules. Modules and a module controller communicate with up to 1Mbps data rate through an intrabed network based on RS-485 and HDLC protocol. Bedside units can display up to 12 channels of waveforms with any related numeric informations simultaneously. At the same time, it communicates with other bedside units and central stations through interbed network based on 10Mbps Ethernet and TCP/IP protocol. Software far bedside units and central stations fully utilizes gaphical user interface techniques and all functions are controlled by a rotate/push button on bedside unit and a mouse on central station. The entire system satisfies the requirements of AAMI and ANSI standards in terms of electrical safety and performances. In order to accommodate more advanced data management capabilities such as 24-hour full disclosure, we are developing a relational database server dedicated to the patient monitoring system. We are also developing a clinical workstation with which physicians can review and examine the data from patients through various kinds of computer networks far diagnosis and report generation. Portable bedside units with LCD display and wired or wireless data communication capability will be developed in the near future. New parameter modules including cardiac output, capnograph, and other gas analysis functions will be added.

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The Analgesic Effect and the Mechanism of Electroacupuncture on Thermal Hyperalgesia in the Rat Model of Collagenase-induced Arthritis: Mediation by Adrenergic Receptors (Collagenase-induced Arthritis Rat Model에서 Thermal Hyperalgesia에 대한 전침(電鍼)의 진통효과(鎭痛效果) 및 기전연구: Adrenergic Mechanism에 대(對)한 연구(硏究))

  • Seo, Byung-Kwan;Park, Dong-Suk;Baek, Yong-Hyeon
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.57-67
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    • 2011
  • 목적 : Collagenase-induced osteoarthritis(OA) 동물 모델에서 전침의 adrenergic mechanism을 연구하고자 한다. 방법 : Collagenase-induced arthritis(CIA)를 유발하기 위하여 5주령의 male Sprague-Dawley rat의 뒷다리 좌측 무릎 관절에 0.05ml의 4mg/ml collagenase solution을 intra-articular 주입하고, 다시 4일 후에 같은 부위에 같은 농도의 collagenase solution을 intra-articular boosting injection 시행한 뒤, gross, histopathological features 및 biomarker activity 변화를 관찰하였다. 예비실험을 통하여 CIA rat model에서 진통효과를 발휘하는 것으로 확인한, 족삼리(足三里) ($ST_{36}$)에 대한 저빈도 train pulse EA stimulation (2Hz, 0.07 mA, 0.3ms)을 침치료 방법으로 적용하였다. 전침의 진통기전을 확인하기 위하여, ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic antagonist (prazosin, 1 mg/kg, i.p.), ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist (yohimbine, 2mg/kg, i.p.), ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic receptor agonist(phenylephrine, 2mg/kg, i.p.), ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor agonist(clonidine, $40{\mu}g$/kg, i.p.)을 전침시행 20분 전에 복강 내로 전처치하였다. Tail flick unit(Ugo Basile Model 7360)을 이용하여 열자극에 대한 통증역치를 측정하였다. 결과 : 퇴행성관절염 징후(gross, histopathological features)와 통증역치의 변화가 최대값을 나타내는 CIA 유발 4주차에 저빈도 전침자극(train pulse, 2Hz, 0.07mA, 0.3ms)을 족삼리($ST_{36}$)에 적용하였으며, 족삼리 전침의 진통효과는 ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist(yohimbine, 2mg/kg, i.p.)전처치에 의해 억제되었으나, ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic antagonist(prazosin, 1 mg/kg, i.p.)전처치에는 억제되지 않았다. 또 ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor agonist(clonidine, $40{\mu}g$/kg, i.p.)의 전처치를 통하여 유의한 synergistic analgesic effect가 관찰되었으나, ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic receptor agonist(phenylephrine, 2mg/kg, i.p.)의 전처치는 전침의 진통효과에 synergistic effect를 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 저빈도 족삼리 전침은 CIA로 유발된 염증성 통증에 대하여 진통효과를 발휘하며, 이는 ${\alpha}2$-adrenergic receptor에 의하여 매개되는 것으로 보이며 ${\alpha}1$-adrenergic receptor는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

Automatic On-Chip Glitch-Free Backup Clock Changing Method for MCU Clock Failure Protection in Unsafe I/O Pin Noisy Environment (안전하지 않은 I/O핀 노이즈 환경에서 MCU 클럭 보호를 위한 자동 온칩 글리치 프리 백업 클럭 변환 기법)

  • An, Joonghyun;Youn, Jiae;Cho, Jeonghun;Park, Daejin
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.52 no.12
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    • pp.99-108
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    • 2015
  • The embedded microcontroller which is operated by the logic gates synchronized on the clock pulse, is gradually used as main controller of mission-critical systems. Severe electrical situations such as high voltage/frequency surge may cause malfunctioning of the clock source. The tolerant system operation is required against the various external electric noise and means the robust design technique is becoming more important issue in system clock failure problems. In this paper, we propose on-chip backup clock change architecture for the automatic clock failure detection. For the this, we adopt the edge detector, noise canceller logic and glitch-free clock changer circuit. The implemented edge detector unit detects the abnormal low-frequency of the clock source and the delay chain circuit of the clock pulse by the noise canceller can cancel out the glitch clock. The externally invalid clock source by detecting the emergency status will be switched to back-up clock source by glitch-free clock changer circuit. The proposed circuits are evaluated by Verilog simulation and the fabricated IC is validated by using test equipment electrical field radiation noise

Application of a Convolution Method for the Fast Prediction of Wind-Induced Surface Current in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea (표층해류 신속예측을 위한 회선적분법의 적용)

  • 강관수;정경태
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.265-276
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    • 1995
  • In this Paper, the Performance of the convolution method has been investigated as an effort to develop a simple system of predicting wind-driven surface current on a real time basis. In this approach wind stress is assumed to be spatially uniform and the effect of atmospheric pressure is neglected. The discrete convolution weights are determined in advance at each point using a linear three-dimensional Galerkin model with linear shape functions(Galerkin-FEM model). Four directions of wind stress(e.g. NE, SW, NW, SE) with unit magnitude are imposed in the model calculation for the construction of data base for convolution weights. Given the time history of wind stress, it is then possible to predict with-driven currents promptly using the convolution product of finite length. An unsteady wind stress of arbitrary form can be approximated by a series of wind pulses with magnitude of 6 hour averaged value. A total of 12 pulses are involved in the convolution product To examine the accuracy of the convolution method a series of numerical experiments has been carried out in the idealized basin representing the scale of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The wind stress imposed varies sinusoidally in time. It was found that the predicted surface currents and elevation fields were in good agreement with the results computed by the direct integration of the Galerkin model. A model with grid 1/8$^{\circ}$ in latitude, l/6$^{\circ}$ in longitude was established which covers the entire region of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea. The numerical prediction in terms of the convolution product has been carried out with particular attention on the formation of upwind flow in the middle of the Yellow Sea by northerly wind.

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Engineering Properties of Concrete with Rice-Straw Ash (볏짚재를 혼입(混入)한 콘크리트의 공학적(工學的) 성질(性質))

  • Sun, Chan Yong;Lee, Hee Man;Kim, Young Ik;Kim, Kyung Tae;Seo, Dae Seuk;Nam, Ki Sung
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.285-292
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    • 1998
  • This study was performed to evaluate the engineering properties of concrete using normal portland cement, natural aggregates and rice-straw ash. The following conclusions were drawn; 1. The unit weight was in the range of $2,250{\sim}2,335kgf/m^3$, the weights of those concrete were decreased 1~5% than that of the normal cement concrete, respectively. 2. The highest strength was achieved by 5% rice-straw ash filled rice-straw ash concrete, it was increased 17% by compressive strength, 30% by tensile strength and 21% by bending strength than that of the normal cement concrete, respectively. 3. The ultrasonic pulse velocity was in the range of 4,059~4,360m/s, which was showed about the same compared to that of the normal cement concrete. The highest ultrasonic pulse velocity was showed by 5% rice-straw ash filled rice-straw ash concrete. 4. The acid-proof was increased with increase of the content of rice-straw ash. The acid-proof was increased 1.15 times by 5% rice straw ash, 1.45 times by 10%, 1.6 times by 15% rice-straw ash filled concrete than that of the normal cement concrete, respectively.

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EFFECTS OF DENTAL THERAPEUTIC AGENTS ON THE RESPONSE OF THE PULP NERVE (치과치료용 약물이 치수신경의 반응에 미치는 영향)

  • Kwon, Oh-Yang;Yoon, Soo-Han;Lee, Jong-Heun
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1990
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dental therapeutic agent on conduction velocity and threshold current of intradental A- and C-fibers in the cat. Inferior alveolar nerve of cat anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital was exposed and dissected until response of functional single pulp nerve until could be evoked by monopolar electrical stimulation of the crown of the lower left canine teeth. 10ms rectangular pulse was used to determine the threshold current and 1ms rectangular pulse was used to determine conduction velocity. After application of calcium chloride (1, 2, 6M), calcium hydroxide mixed with saline, potassium chloride (0.2, 0.8, 1.6M), eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol to the cavity on the labial surface, conduction velocity and threshold current of single pulp nerve unit were compared with the control. In 10 cats, 24 $A{\delta}$- and 11 C- pulp nerve units were recorded. The mean conduction velocities of $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers were 7.5m/sec (SD=5.8) and 1.2m/sec (SD=0.4), respectively. The mean threshold current was $12.3{\mu}A$ (SD=5.3) for $A{\delta}$-fibers and $24.9{\mu}A$ (SD=8.1) for C-fibers. 1, 2, 6M calcium chloride caused decrease of conduction velocity and remarkable increase of threshold current in $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers. The effect of calcium hydroxide mixed with saline was similar but smaller than calcium chloride solution. 0.2M potassium chloride had insignificant effect. In 0.8M potassium chloride, the threshold current was increased although conduction velocity was not affected. In 1.6M potassium chloride, the threshold current was increased and the conduction velocity was slowed down. Spontaneous activity was recorded frequently for first 5 min but gradually reduced both in $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers. Eugenol had irreversible effect on pulp nerve in that initially there were not certain changes in the conduction velocity and threshold current of $A{\delta}$- and C-fibers, but the responses to electrical stimulation were abruptly disappeared after sustained application and were not recovered. Contrary to eugenol, zinc oxide eugenol did not caused significant increase of the threhold current and caused time dependent decrease of the conduction velocity, and did not show any irreversible change.

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Autogeneous Shrinkage Characteristics of Ultra High Performance Concrete (초고성능 콘크리트의 자기수축 특성)

  • Kim, Sung-Wook;Choi, Sung;Lee, Kwang-Myong;Park, Jung-Jun
    • Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.295-301
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    • 2011
  • Recently, the use of UHPC made of superplasticizers, silica fume, and steel fibers has been increasing worldwide. Although UHPC has a very high strength as well as an excellent durability performance due to its dense microstructures, earlyage cracks may occur due to the high heat of hydration and autogenous shrinkage caused by low W/B and high unit cement content. The early-age shrinkage cracking of UHPC can be controlled by using the shrinkage reducers and expansive admixtures having autogenous shrinkage compensation effect. In this paper, ultrasonic pulse velocity of UHPC containing shrinkage reducers and expansive agents was measured to predict its stiffness change. Also, the effect of shrinkage reducers and expansive agents on the autogenous shinkage of UHPC was investigated through the shrinkage test of UHPC specimens. Furthermore, the material coefficients of autogenous shrinkage prediction model were determined using the autogenous shrinkage values of UHPC with age. Consequently, the test results showed that, by adding shrinkage reducers and expansive agents, the stiffness of UHPC was rapidly developed at early-ages and the autogenous shrinkage was considerably reduced.

The Effects of Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation on the Root Surface;A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study (Nd:YAG 레이저 조사시 치근면에 미치는 효과에 관한 주사전자현미경적 연구)

  • Lee, Su-Jeong;Kim, Soo-Ah;Seo, Seok-Ran;Kim, Hyung-Seop
    • Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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    • v.27 no.3
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    • pp.495-514
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    • 1997
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Nd:YAG laser irradiation on removal of a root surface smear layer after root planing in comparison with Tetracycline HCl. The 60 extracted human teeth due to severe periodontal disease were vigorously scaled and root planed with Gracey curet. Thirty specimen($5{\times}5{\times}2mm$) were obtained from root planed surface of 30 human teeth and assigned randomly to one of three groups : root planed group(5 specimen), Tetracycline HCI group(5 specimen, burnished for 5 minutes), and Nd:YAG laser group(25 specimen, German Dental Laser, Fotona Twinlight). Nd:YAG laser group was divided into 4 subgroups according to power of 1W, 1.5W, 2W, 3W at frequency to 10Hz. The specimen were then fixed, and examed by Scanning electron microscopic study. 30 of 60 human teeth used to measurement of the intrapulpal temperature rise during laser irradiation. Laser-irradiated surface exhibited various surface texture from relative flat surface to irregular surface with patent dentinal tubules of various shape and size. In some area, the root surface alteration which are carbonization, pit and crater formation and melting and resolidification were observed. The number of exposed dentinal tubules per unit($100_{\mu}m^2$) on tetracycline HCI group was more than that in the laser group below 1.5W of power(150mJ/pulse) and was significantly less than that in laser group above 2W of power(200mJ/pulse)(P<0.OOl). As power increased the intrapulpal temperature rise also increased. The result suggested that the parameter which effectively remove root surface smear layer than tetracycline HCI may cause thermal damage to pulp and root surface alteration result from laser exposure would indicate need for additional instrumentation. Thus, Nd:YAG laser irradiation in these parameter may not be appropriate for clinical use as adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy.

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