• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.456-462
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• 2011

Yttrium oxide is one of the most thermo-dynamically stable materials, so that it is generally used as a dispersoid in many kinds of dispersion strengthed alloys. In this study, a nickel-base superalloy is strengthened by dispersion of yttrium oxide particles. Elemental powders with the composition of Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo were mechanically alloyed(M.A.) with 0.6 wt% $Y_2O_3$. The MA powders were then HIP(hot isotactic press)ed and hot rolled. Most oxide particles in Ni-22Cr-18Fe-9Mo base ODS alloy were found to be Y-Ti-O type. The oxide particles were uniformly dispersed in the matrix and also on the grain boundaries. Tensile test results show that the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of ODS alloy specimens were 1.2~1.7 times higher than those of the conventional $Hastelloy^{TM}$ X(R), which has the same chemical compositions with ODS alloy specimens except the oxide particles.

• 전자공학회논문지 IE
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.33-45
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• 2009

In this paper, the implementation of the backward movement control of a truck-trailer type mobile robot using fuzzy model based control scheme considering the practical constraints, computing time-delay and quantization is presented. We propose the fuzzy feedback controller whose output is delayed with unit sampling period and predicted. The analysis and the design problem considering the computing time-delay become very easy because the proposed controller is syncronized with the sampling time. Also, the stability analysis is made when the quantization exists in the implementation of the fuzzy control architectures and it is shown that if the trivial solution of the fuzzy control system without quantization is asymptotically stable, then the solutions of the fuzzy control system with quantization are uniformly ultimately bounded. The experimental results are shown to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.455-460
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• 2012

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogel has been studied as an important drug delivery system due to its volume transition or temperature-responsive swelling properties, whose phase separation temperature is similar to the body temperature. However, because of hydrophilic PNIPAM, hydrophobic drugs are difficult to be uniformly loaded in the networks. Antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (LA) can be prepared as a polymer(polylipoic acid, PLA) by ring opening polymerization, which is hardly developed as a material due to its low molecular weight and easy depolymerization. To overcome this limitation, a hydrophobic active ingredient, LA was reacted with NIPAM into stable hydrogels. Simple thermal radical reaction successfully resulted in a hydrogel (PNIPAM/PLA), which was confirmed by DSC, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The PNIPAM/PLA showed temperature-responsive properties, and their volume swelling decreased with an increase in lipoic acid content. These hydrogels can carry hydrophobic drugs with PNIPAM and the hydrogels could be useful as final drug delivery systems having lipoic acid as an antioxidant.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.557-565
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• 2006

Proper operation of clarifier partly depends on outlet conditions. Effluent has to be uniformly withdrawn to prevent scouring of settled sludge and carry over of settling sludge from the clarifier. In this paper, 3-D numerical model was employed to analyze the flow and settling performance of the rectangular clarifier. There were two simulation conditions of which in the same clarifier, the first one was assumed to have a 11.5 meter weir length and the second has 8.5 meters. Shape, location and placement of the weir structure were different, but both of those outlets meet weir loading design criteria. Simulation results indicate that clarifier with longer weir generally gave strong and unstable currents at the mid-stream where the weir starts while in the clarifier with short and relatively simple weir, uniform and stable flow was observed in most parts of the settling zone, and especially at the weir region. These flow conditions affected settling performance. Effulent SS concentration from clarifier equipped with the long and complicated placement of weir was 24.5 mg/L, but 7.0 mg/L from the clarfieir having short weir length. From this study, it can be concluded that as reported from other studies, weir loading does not guarantee settling performance and 3-D numerical model can be a useful tool for determining and validating outlet structure.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.589-597
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• 2010

In the present study, the effect of variation in alloying elements on the carbide formation behavior during casting and homogenization treatment of M2 high speed steels was investigated. M2 high speed steels of various compositions were produced by vacuum induction melting. Contents of C, Cr, W, Mo, and V were varied from the basic composition of 0.8C, 0.3Si, 0.2Mn, 4.0Cr, 6.0W, 5.0Mo, and 2.0V in weight percent. Homogenization treatment at $1150^{\circ}C$ for 1.5 hr followed by furnace cooling was performed on the ingots. Area fraction and chemical compositions of eutectic carbide in as-cast and homogenized ingots were analyzed. Area fraction of eutectic carbide appeared to be higher in the ingots with higher contents of alloying elements the area fraction of eutectic carbide also appeared to be higher on the surface regions than in the center regions of ingots. As a result of the homogenization treatment, $M_2C$ carbide, which was the primary eutectic carbide in the as-cast ingots, decomposed into thermodynamically stable carbides, MC and $M_6C$. The latter carbide was found to be the main one after homogenization. Fine carbides uniformly distributed in the matrix was found to be MC type carbide and coarsened by homogenization.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-42
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• 2019

In this study we find that relatively high minimum wages should make the employment ratios of youth, old, and woman lower very significantly in those regions concerned, futhermore, make the overall employment ratios of those regions lower also by using a proxy variable, the Regional Minimum Wages-Half Median Wages Ratio which represents well the very stable differential structure of wage distributions among regions in Korea. In large Cities those effects become much stronger. But we find also that those effects on the rates of regional unemployment are somewhat double-faced except the case of youth because of the probable generating of many discouraged unemployed among the old and women. So, we can conclude that because of the differential regional economic situations it is not sustainable to increase the overall minimum wages uniformly and excessively and strongly necessary to explore ways toward introducing the proper system of regional minimum wages.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2003

In this study, a new method is presented to produce stable hydrophobic metal alloy nanocluster in chloroform solution including surfactant NaAOT(sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)-sulfosuccinate) via the chemical reduction of metal salt $(HAuCl_4,\AgNO_3,\Cu(NO_3)_2)$ by sodium borohydride. For the alloy nanocluster, several samples were prepared by changing the molar ratio of Au/Cu, Au/Ag alloy nanocluster, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3. The alloy nanoclusters were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, TEM(Transmission Electron Microscope), and XPS(X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer). With the change of the mole ratio of the alloy component, the wavelengths of the surface plasmon absorption shift linearly from 520 nm of the pure Au nanocluster to 570 nm of the pure Cu nanocluster for Au/Cu alloy nanoclusters and from 405 nm to 520 nm for Au/Ag alloy nanoclusters. The chemical shifts of the Au4f, Ag3d, Cu2p XPS peaks were observed with changing the molar ratio of the alloy element. The alloy nanoclusters in chloroform solution were made uniformly in size and colloidally stable for long periods of time. These results indicate that the method here is a very effective method for synthesizing hydrophobic alloy nanoclusters with uniform or nearly uniform particle size distribution.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.62-73
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• 1990

An experimental study is performed in order to catch the characteristics of the flow field at arrested salt wedge, using a rectangular open channel. Arrested salt wedge is generally so stable that the observations are easy, but velocities and interfacial waves are measured with the aid of visualization method, by injection of fluorescent dyes. The density interface, which is defined as the zone of maximum density variation with depth, exists in about 0.5 cm below the visual interface, and vertical density profile is quite well satisfied with Homeborn model. Interfacial layer has high turbulent intensity and its thickness decreases as the overall Richardson number increases and has magnitude of roughly 17% of upper layer. Cross-sectional velocity distribution just shows the influence of a side-wall friction and in the upper layer vertical velocity profile also becomes uniformly as Reynolds number increases, but in the lower layer it shows nearly parabolic type. Supposes that we divide salt wedge into three domains, that is, river mouth, intermediate and tip zone, entertainment coefficient is small at the intermediate zone and large at the river mouth and the tip zone. River mouth or intermediate zone has comparatively stable interface and capillary wave therefore s produced and propagated downstream. On the other hand, tip zone is very unstable, cusping ripple or bursting ripple is then produced incessantly. Arrested salt wedge form is nearly linear and has no relation to densimetric Froude number and Reynolds number.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2000

The preparative methods of a chitosan-deposited activated carbon and its characteristics were studied by using three kinds of chitosan with different degree of deacetylation and average molecular weight. The procedure was consisted of the dissolution of chitosan into acid solution, impregnation of activated carbon, agitation, evaporation, and drying. When the chitosan-dissolved acid and its concentration, amounts of chitosan deposited, and agitation conditions were changed, the specific surface area, deposition state on surface, and stability were investigated, and amounts of Cr(VI) adsorbed was measured. In the preparation process, it was proper to agitate the chitosan-dissolved acetic acid solution at room temperature for 1hr. In the deposition of chitosan with low molecular weight, the specific surface area of activated carbon was greatly decreased even at low chitosan loading, but in the case of high molecular weight it was not nearly changed to 10wt% loading. It was known that chitosan was uniformly and physically deposited on activated carbon. The chitosan-deposited activated carbon was stable into the solution over about pH 6. The removal of Cr(VI) was remarkably enhanced by adding the adsorption function of chitosan to the surface of activated carbon with about 5wt% chitosan. It may be therefore used as an adsorbent for removing the pollutants in air and wastewater.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.311-318
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• 2015

This work investigated the plasma treatment of aqueous bisphenol A (BPA) solution and mineralization pathways. For the effective contact between plasmatic gas and aqueous BPA solution, the plasma was created inside a porous ceramic tube, which was uniformly dispersed into the aqueous solution through micro-pores of the ceramic tube. Effects of the gas flow rate, applied voltage and treatment time on the decomposition of BPA were examined, and analyses using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, ion chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were also performed to elucidate mineralization mechanisms. The appropriate gas flow rate was around $1.0L\;min^{-1}$; when the gas flow rate was too high or too low, the BPA decomposition performance at a given electric power decreased. The increase in the voltage improves the BPA decomposition due to the increased electric power, but the energy required to remove BPA was similar, regardless of the voltage. Under the condition of $1.0L\;min^{-1}$ and 20.8 kV, BPA at an initial concentration of $10L\;min^{-1}$ (volume : 1 L) was successfully treated within 30 min. The intermediates produced by the attack of ozone and hydroxyl radicals on BPA were further oxidized to stable compounds such as acetate, formate and oxalate.