• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

Underwater wet arc welds were experimentally performed on 11mm thick SS400 mild steel plate as base metal by using six different types of flux coated electrodes of 4.0mm diameter; KSKR, KSKT, USBL, JPUW, UWEA, and UWEB. As results, the developed flux coated underwater electrode had a good weldability compared with other domestic terrestrial electrodes. By rapid cooling rate, the hardness value of HAZ were increased by quenching effects. Mechanical properties for the multi-pass butt-welding specimen are also tested experimentally. The feasibility of the developed underwater electrode was experimentally studied and the results achieved in this wet arc welds have shown that the developed wet welding electrode UWEB can have a degree of integrity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Marine Engineers Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.180-186
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• 2001

Underwater wet welding process was experimentally investigated by using the six types of flux coated electrodes of 3.2mm diameter and the KR-RA steel plate of 11mm thickness as base metal. Two types of electrodes were domestic covered are welding electrode(CR13, CR14) and another two types of wet welding electrodes(UW-CS-01, TN-20) and the other two types(UW-X1, UW-X2) where individually designed flux coasted electrode for experimental welding purpose.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 1983

Recently, many studies for developing the underwater welding techniques have been carried out in the advanced countries as a manufacturing process and a repairing method according as a great deal of interest in development for various marine industrial fields has been gradually increased. But no study on such underwater welding is available at present in our country. In this study, underwater welding was carried out for welding of domestic structural steel plates (SM41A) of 10 mm thickness, using six types of domestic coated arc welding electrodes on a self-made gravity type underwater welding device, resulting in investigation for the underwater weldability of the domestic structural steel plates as well as for the underwater welding properties and practicability of the domestic welding electrodes.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.1122-1129
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• 2001

Underwater wet arc welding process was experimentally investigated by using the six types of flux coated electrodes of 3.2 mm diameter and the KR-RA steel plate of 11 mm thickness as base metal. Two types of electrodes were domestic covered arc welding electrode(CR13, CR14) and another two types of wet welding electrodes(UWCS, TN20)were imported goods, and the other two type (UWX1, UWX2) were individually designed flux coated electrodes for experimental welding purpose. Main experimental results are summerized as follows: 1. It is ascertained that individually designed flux coated electrode(UWX1) could be used in practice with KR-RA steel plate for underwater wet arc bead welds. 2. Welding arc can be generated easily and considerably kept in stable using TN20 and UWX1 electrodes. 3. The micro Vickers hardness value and the portion of martensite in the HAZ were increased in all the electrodes by rapid cooling rate, but it is relatively maintain stable for UWCS, TN20 and UWX1 electrodes.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.73-79
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• 2001

Underwater wet bead-on-plate welds were experimentally performed on 11mm thick SS400 steel plate as base metal by using six different types of flux coated electrodes of 3.2mm diameter. Two kinds of different flux coated wet arc electrodes (UW-1, UW-2) were individually designed flux materials, three kinds of the electrodes (E4301, E4311, E4313) were terrestrial electrodes and the another one (TN20) was an imported underwater wet welding electrode. As results, the individually designed flux coated underwater electrode, UW-2 and TN20 had a good starting and the excellent arc stability compared with other electrodes. No significant difference of bead appearance could be detected, but the slag detachability of TN20 electrodes was relatively undesirable. By rapid cooling rate, the hardness value and the portion of martensite of HAZ were increased, but it was considerably maintain stable for TN20 and UW-2 electrodes. The individually designed flux coated electrode, UW-2 could be used in practice for underwater bead welds.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1240-1247
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• 2008

Leakage trouble on the sea water pipeline in engine room is often resulted from a localized corrosion due to severe corrosive environment caused by both high speed and high pressure of sea water flowing through the inner pipe. In addition, when the ship is in stand-by or emergency condition, underwater welding to control the leakage of sea water from a hole of its pipe is very important in an industrial safety point of view. In this study possibility of underwater welding to control leakage of sea water and corrosion property of its welding zone were investigated with the electrochemical methods by parameters of welding methods and welding electrodes when underwater welding is achieved with a such case that sea water is being leaked out with a height at 50mm from a hole of $2.5mm{\emptyset}$ of test pipe. Corrosion resistance of weld metal zone is better than the base metal and its hardness is higher than that of the base metal. However corrosion potential of weld metal zone showed a negative value than that of the base metal, therefore weld metal zone is preferentially corroded rather than the base metal by performance of galvanic cell due to difference of corrosion potential between weld metal zone and base metal. Eventually it is suggested that leakage of sea water is successfully controlled by underwater welding,

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 1983

Underwater welding by a gravity arc welding process was investigated by using six types of coated electrodes and SM41A steel plates of 10 mm thickness as base metal and it was ascertained that this process may be put to practical use. Main results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Angle of electrode affects no influence on bead appearance and the proper range of welding current and diameter of electrode for the high titanium oxide type is relatively wider than that for the ilmenite type. And the lime titania type, high titanium oxide type and ilmenite type of domestic coated arc welding electrodes of .phi.4 mm could attain the soundest underwater welded joints which contain no welding imperfection. 2. According to macro-structure, micro-structure and hardness distribution inspectionson underwater welded joint, the area between the HAZ and the surface of the weld in neighbourhood of the bond has the maximum hardness value. The structure of these parts is martensite and bainite. Other parts contain mocro-ferrite, micro-pearlite structure, which contain soundness of welded joint free from weld imperfection. 3. On consideration of both tensile strength of more than 100% joint efficiency and sufficient impact value, the welding condition which can get optimal welding strength is heat input of 1,400-1,500 J/mm, current of 200-215 ampere (voltage of 32-33 volts) in the case of lime titania type electrode. 4. Underwater welding strength (tensile strength, impact strength) depends on heat input (or current) quantitatively and they have the relationship of parabolic function. Each experimental equation has a high reliability and its percent of mean error is 4.14%. 5. It is suggested that the optimal design of weld strength by welding condition (current, heat input) could be utilized for a quality control of underwater welding.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.113-124
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• 1992

The offshore industry created a need for quality wet weld repairs. Wet welding is a fast method of repair providing sound, structural quality welds. It requires less support equipment than a similar underwater dry weld repair or the alternative mechanical connections. Compared to welds made in air, underwater wet welds are plagued by increased hardness due to rapid quenching by the surrounding water. In this paper is described the experimntal study of improving the cooling rates of wet welds of TMCP steel plate by shielding around weld arc surroundings. The principal results of this experimental investigation can be summarized as follows : By shielding around weld arc surrounding, the cooling rates resulting from wet welds on TMCP steel plate could be lower than that of nonshielded wet welds and the fesibility on high quality of mecanical properties of wet weld on TMCP steel plate was carried out with shielded weld arc surrounding.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.125-134
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• 1988

The feasibility for improving the cooling rates and mechanical properties of wet welding process is experimentally investigated by using new developed underwater wet electrodes and H.T. steel plates. Main results of this experimental study can be summarized as follows; 1) By shielding around weld arc surrounding, the cooling rates resulting from wet welds with developed electrodes on TMCP steel plates can be lower than of non-shielded wet welds. 2)A high quality of mechanical properties of wet welds on TMCP steel plates can be obtained with shielded weld arc surrounding.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.147-150
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• 1997

The characteristics of underwater welding of SWS490 steel were investigated. The bead-on-plate type welding with one or three pass using ilmenite and water-proofed type electrodes was performed by varying welding currents and the sizes of electrodes used. The amounts of hydrogen absorbed inter the weld metal were measured according to the JIS Z 3118 specification and the results were interpreted in terms of the cold cracking behaviours of the welded steel. The microstructural changes as well as the microhardness distribution after underwater welding were also investigated using Vickers microhardness tester and S.E.M (scanning electron microscopy) and O.M (optical microscopy). The results indicated that the cold cracking could be avoided by three pass welding under low current with an electrode with a small diameter.