• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 1997

Two methods were used to detrermine the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) in the plug stand using a wind tunnel for plug seedlings Production. One is called as the integration method in which NPR calculated by the use of air current speed and $CO^2$ concentration measured at any heights above the medium surface in a wind tunnel were summed. It was assumed that the air flow at any layer did not mix with the lower or upper air layer. The other is called as the diffusion method in which eddy diffusivities above the plug stand were used to determine the NPR in the plug stand. In this method, $CO^2$ above or inside the plug stand was assumed to be absorbed vertically. NPR determined by the diffusion method was 28~45% of the NPR calculated by the integration method. Considering the magnitude of NPR and the effects of the air current speed on NPR, the integration method would be adequate for the calculation of NPR in the plug stand. Maximum NPR determined using the integration method appeared at the air current speed of 0.7m $s^{-1}$. It was ascribed to the decreased diffusion resistances of $CO^2$ with the increasing air current speed. NPR at the rear region in plug stand was 20~34% lower than that at the front region. NPR sharply decreased with the increase of an elapsed time after the beginning of photoperiod. Therefore $CO^2$ enrichment would be effective to force the growth of plug seedlings in a semi-closed ecological system under artificial lighting.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.83-87
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• 2016

The maritime industry is expanding at an alarming rate hence there is a perpetual need to improve situation awareness in the maritime environment using new and emerging technology. Tracking is one of the numerous ways of enhancing situation awareness by providing information that may be useful to the operator. The tracking module designed herein comprises determining existing states of high dynamic target warship, state prediction and state compensation due to random noise. This is achieved by first analyzing the process of tracking followed by design of a tracking algorithm that uses ${\alpha}-{\beta}-{\gamma}$ tracking filter under a random noise. The algorithm involves initializing the state parameters which include position, velocity, acceleration and the course. This is then followed by state prediction at each time interval. A weighted difference of the observed and predicted state values at the $n^{th}$ observation is added to the predicted state to obtain the smoothed (filtered) state. This estimation is subsequently employed to determine the predicted state in the next radar scan. The filtering coefficients ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ and ${\gamma}$ are determined from a pre-determined value of the damping parameter, ${\xi}$. The smoothed, predicted and the observed positions are used to compute the twice distance root mean square (2drms) error as a measure of the ability of the tracking module to manage the noise to acceptable levels.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2607-2612
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• 2014

Background: Cancer screening rates in Japan are much lower than those in Western countries. This study evaluated the relationship between cancer screening rates and strategies used to improve screening rates, and determined which strategy is the most effective. Materials and Methods: All municipalities are responsible for conducting gastric, lung, colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screenings in Japan. Of the 1,746 municipalities in total, 92-99% were included in the analyses for each cancer screening. Using national data in 2009, the correlations between cancer screening rates and strategies for improving screening rates of all municipalities, both large (populations of over 30,000) and small (populations of under 30,000), were determined. The strategies used were as follows: sending personal invitation letters, personal visits by community health workers, use of a clinical setting for screening, and free screening. Results: Of all four strategies used to improve cancer screening rates, sending personal invitation letters had the highest correlations with all screening rates, with the exception of breast cancer screening. The partial correlation coefficients linking this strategy with the screening rates in all municipalities were 0.28, 0.32, 0.30, and 0.26 for gastric, lung, colorectal, and cervical cancer screening, respectively. In large municipalities, the correlations between the number of examinees in a clinical setting and the screening rates were also relatively high, particularly for cervical cancer screening (r=0.41). Conclusions: Sending personal invitation letters appears to be particularly effective in improving cancer screening rates in all municipalities. All municipalities should implement a system that sends personal invitation letters for cancer screening. In large municipalities, increasing the availability of screening in a clinical setting is also effective in improving cancer screening rates.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.5063-5069
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• 2014

Background: Cancer is a disease which affects not only patients but also their families physically and emotionally. The purpose of this study was to determine the needs, challenges and ways of coping of caregivers of cancer patients. Materials and Methods: In the study, a phenomenological approach was used. Data were collected through semi-structured individual interviews. The study sample comprised 16 family members providing care for a cancer patient. Results: The study findings are grouped under four main themes: the impact of caregiving, masking feelings, experienced challenges and expectations, and coping. During the caregiving process, patient relatives are affected physiologically, psychologically and socially. It was determined that patient relatives hid their feelings and avoided talking about the disease for fear that they might upset the patient, and that they had difficulty in coping with the patient's reactions during the treatment process. Family members had difficulties arising from the health system, hospital conditions and treatment in addition to transportation and financial problems. Support is very important in coping, but it was determined that some of the relatives of patients did not receive adequate support. Patient relatives expect that health care professionals should provide them with more information about their patient's condition and the course of the disease that their patients should be dealt with by the physicians specialized in cancer, and that psychological support should be provided both for them and for their patient. Conclusions: During the caregiving process, family members are faced with many difficulties and they exhibit different coping behaviors which health care professionals should take into account.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2002

This research is intended to integrate long-term operation rules and real time operation policy for conservation & flood control in a reservoir. The familiar Yield model has been modified and used to provide long-term rule curves. The model employs linear programming technique under given physical conditions, i.e., total capacity, dead storage, spillways, outlet capacity and their respective elevations to find required and desired minimum storage fur different demands. To investigate the system behavior resulting from the above-mentioned operating policy, i.e., the rule curves, the simulation model was used. Results of the simulation model show that the results of the optimization model are indeed valid. After confirmation of the above mentioned rule curves by the simulation models, gate operation procedure was merged with the long term operation rules to determine the optimum reservoir operating policy. In the gate operation procedure, operating policy in downstream flood plain, i.e., determination of damaging and non-damaging discharges in flood plain, peak floods, which could be routed by reservoir, are determined. Also outflow hydrograph and variations of water surface levels for two known hydrographs are determined. To examine efficiency of the above-mentioned models and their ability in determining the optimum operation policy, Esteghlal reservoir in Iran was analyzed as a case study. A numerical model fur the solution of two-dimensional dam break problems using fractional step method is developed on unstructured grid. The model is based on second-order Weighted Averaged Flux(WAF) scheme with HLLC approximate Riemann solver. To control the nonphysical oscillations associated with second-order accuracy, TVD scheme with SUPERBEE limiter is used. The developed model is verified by comparing the computational solutions with analytic solutions in idealized test cases. Very good agreements have been achieved in the verifications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-49
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• 1997

One of the most important missons that are imposed on merchant ship at sea is to accomplish the safe transportation of cargo loaded. Recently, a study on the seakeeping performance has been carried out on the development of evaluation system related to the synthetic safety of a ship at sea. The seakeeping performance is the ship's ability sailing at, and executing its misson against adverse environmental factors successfully and safely. Until now, however, there has not been any method of quantitative evaluation on the dynamic safety of the ship's cargo loaded. In this regards, this paper has introduced the evaluation method of dynamic safety of the ship's cargo. In order to evaluate the dynamic safety of cargo, the vertical and lateral acceleration which causes the collapse, racking and local structure failure of cargo was adopted as the evaluation factors in the ship's motions. The response amplitude of ship's motions in regular waves is manipulated by NSM (New Strip Method) on a given 2,700 TEU full container vessel under the wind forces of 7, 8 and 9 Beaufort scale. Each response of ship's motions induced by NSM was applied to short-crested irregular waves for stochastic process on evaluation factors and then vertical and lateral acceleration of each cargo was compared with significant amplitude of each acceleration. A representative dangerous factor was determined by comparing permissible values of stacking and racking forces occurred typically to the vertical and transverse directions with the container strength required on ISO 1496 at the positions of forecastle, poop and ship's midship respectively. Through the occurrence probability of the determined factor by Rayleigh's probability density function, the dangerousness which limits loads on container's side wall as an evaluation was applied in judging of the danger of the ship's cargo loaded.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2008

on-line system for preconcentration and separation of lead(II) is presented. The method is based on the complex formation of Pb(II) with adsorbed Methyl thymol blue on activated carbon. The conditions of preparing the solid phase reagent and of quantitative recovery of Pb(II) from diluted solutions, such as acidity of aqueous phase, solid phase capacity, and flow variables were studied as well as effect of potential interfering ions. After preconcentration step, the metal ions are eluted automatically by 5 ml of 0.5 M HNO3 solution and the lead ions content was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Under the optimum conditions, the lead ions in aqueous samples were separated and preconcentrated about 1000-fold by the column. The detection limit was 0.001 g mL-1. Lead has been determined in river and tap water samples, with recovery of 98 to 102%.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2002

Asian dust(or yellow sand) occurs mainly in spring and occasionally in winter in east Asia, when the weather conditions are under an upper trough/cut-off low and surface high/low pressure system during blocking episode days associated with the stationary patterns of the upper level jet stream. The transport mechanism for Asian dust during the blocking episode days in spring 2001 was analyzed using the TOMS aerosol index and meteorological mesoscale model 5(MM5). Based on the E vector, an extension of an Eliassen-Palm flux, the blocking episode days were found to be associated with the development of an upper cut-off low and surface cyclones. Concurrently, the occurrence of dust storms was also determined by strong cold advection at the rear of a jet streak, which exhibited a maximum wind speed within the upper jet stream. As such, the transport mechanism for Asian dust from China was due to advection of the isentropic potential vorticity(IPV) and isentropic surfaces associated with tropopause folding. The transport heights for Asian dust during the blocking episode days were found to be associated with the distribution of the isentropes below the IPV At the same time, lee waves propagated by topography affected the downward motion and blocking of Asian dust in China. The Asian dust transported from the dust source regions was deposited by fallout and rain-out with a reinforcing frontogenesis within a surface cyclone, as determined from satellite images using TOMS and GMS5. Accordingly, these results emphasize the importance of forecasting jet streaks, the IPV, and isentropes with geopotential heights in east Asia.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 2010

The present study was aimed to examine the occurrence and influencing factors therapeutic duplication (TD) of medications for anxiety disorders by analyzing the relevant prescription data. In this study, the prescription data issued on March 19, 2008 in domestic medical institutes were utilized. TD was defined as more than two medications under the same therapeutic classification per prescription based on the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) code. The assessment of TD was performed based on the number of cases and on the ratio determined. To identify the influencing factor of TD, the variables related to the differences in the TD ratio were analyzed based on the results of the Chi-Square test conducted with the variables; patients, medical institutes, diseases, and treatments. The number and ratio of TD were determined to be 1,333 out of the total of 19,219 anxiety disorder cases, and 6.94%, most cases involving benzodiazepine derivatives, respectively. The TD ratio was found to be higher in relation to males than to females. Patients with national health insurance benefits have a higher TD ratio compared to the medical-aid beneficiaries. The TD ratios were highest in clinics, psychiatry divisions, and Gyeongsang district. The TD ratio of the cases with more than two anxiety disorders was found to be higher than that of the cases with only one anxiety disorder. As the number of medications per prescription increased, the TD ratio was shown to have become gradually higher. In conclusion, in order to prevent TD, the concurrent DUR system should be implemented. The prescribers and pharmacists must be educated regarding duplicated medications to promote the safe and effective use of medicines, without unnecessary TD.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.16B no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2009

Lane extraction and lane departure warning algorithms using the image sensor attached in the vehicle are addressed. With the research about intelligent automobile, there have been many algorithms about lane recognition and lane departure warning system. However, since these algorithms require to detect 2 lanes, the high time complexity and the low recognition rate under various driving circumstances are critical problems. In this paper, we present a lane departure warning algorithm using single lane extraction and center point analysis that achieves the fast processing time and high detection rate. From the geometry between camera and objects, the region of interest (ROI) is determined and splitted into two parts. Hough transform detects the part of the lane. After the detected lane is restored to have a pre-determined size, lane departure is estimated by calculating the distance from the center point. On real driving environments, the presented algorithm is compared with previous algorithms. Experiment results support that the presented algorithm is fast and accurate.