• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.558-563
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• 1993

To reveal the effect of synthetic detergent on the water pollution as a preliminary step, we measured the primary biodegradation and ultimate biodegradation with three kinds of dishwashing detergents being sold at market. Consequently, the primary biodegradation of above mentioned samples were suited to Korean Standards. Above all, the goods that has fast primary biodegradation shows the tendency to fast ultimate biodegradation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.787-796
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• 1996

The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for dispersant, Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil were conducted to study the biodegradation characteristics of a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and a mixture of Bunker-B oil with dispersant in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersant to be equivalent to 0.26 mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.60 mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed each 1 mg of dispersant, Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil to be equivalent to 2.37 mg, 2.94 mg and 2.74 mg of TOD, respectively. The results of element analysis showed carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus contents of dispersant to be $82.1\%,\;13.8\%,\;1.8\%\;and\;2.2\%$, respectively. Carbon and hydrogen contents of Bunker-A oil were found to be $73.3\%\;and\;13.5\%$, respectively, and carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of Bunker-B oil to be $80.4\%,\;12.3\%\;and\;0.7\%$, respectively. Accordingly, the detection of nitrogen and phosphorus in dispersant shows that dispersants should be used with caution in coastal waters, with relation to eutrophication. The biodegradability of dispersant expressed as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be $11.0\%$. As the mix ratios of dispersant to Bunker-A oil (3 mg/l) and a mixture of Bunker-B oil (3mg/l) were changed from 1 : 10 to 5 : 10, the biodegradabilities of a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and Bunker-B oil with dispersant increased from $2.1\%\;to\;7.2\%$ and from $1.0\%\;to\;4.4\%$, respectively. Accordingly, the dispersant belongs to the organic matter group of middle-biodegradability while mixtures in the mix ratio range of $1:10\~5:10$ belong to the organic matter group of low-biodegradability. The deoxygenation rate constant $(K_1)$ and ultimate biochemical oxygen demand $(L_0)$ obtained from the biodegradation experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be 0.125/day and 2.487 mg/l for dispersant (4 mg/l), respectively. $K_1\;and\;L_0$, were found to be $0.079\~0.131/day$ and $0.318\~2.052\;mg/l$ for a mixture of Bunker-A oil with dispersant and to be $0.106\~0.371/day$ and $0.262\~1.106\;mg/l$ for a mixture of Bunker-B oil with dispersant, respectively, having $1:10\~5:10$ mix ratios of dispersant to Bunker-A oil and Bunker-B oil. The ultimate biochemical oxygen demands of the mixtures increased as the mix ratio of dispersant to Bunker-A, B oils changed from 1 : 10 to 5 : 10. This suggests that the more dispersants are applied to the sea for the cleanup of Bunker-A oil or Bunker-B oil, the more decreases the dissolved oxygen level in the seawater.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2016

This study is performed that furniture and interior materials of MDF's (Medium Density Fiberboard) biodegradation properties, and the goal of this study is investigation of possibility of waste-MDF's composting after landfilling. To investigate biodegradation, this study was performed according to KS M ISO 14855-1, and there were two different soil conditions including a compost condition and an activated vermiculite condition as artificial soil. This experiment was tested for 40 days. The measurement of carbon-dioxide generation was processed every 24 hour in 1-2 week, and every 48 hour after 3 week. In the same days, MDF showed 24.4% of biodegradation in compost condition, and 6.2% in activated vermiculite. Also, the reference material of TLC (thin-layer chromatography) grade cellulose showed 26.4%, 11.4% in compost and activated vermiculite respectively. The dilution plate method was performed for biological analysis in the study. This experiment was used for investigation of inoculum's (Bacillus licheniformis) activity. As the result of bioassay, compost has more other germs include inoculum than activated vermiculite in the first week. Especially in the 2nd week, the reference material under the compost condition showed the most germ's activity, and also the biodegradation was the highest. Consequentially, compost condition was able to reduce a performing period of biodegradation testing than activated vermiculite. However, activated vermiculite could be stabilizing errors between repetition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.54-62
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• 1997

Disposal of blue crab wastes represents a significant problem to processors, who are limited with respect to acceptable disposal alternatives. Anaerobic bioconversion technology was investigated to determine an environmentally sound and economic disposal method for these wastes. In the study ultimate methane yield for total crab solid waste was $0.180m^3/kg$ VS added and biodegradation rate constant was $0.15day^{-1}$. Methane yield of the bench-scale reactor operated on similar feedstock was $0.189m^3/kg$ VS added and biodegradation rate constant was $0.06day^{-1}$. These results indicate that anaerobic bioconversion of blue crab wastes was technically feasible. Use of anaerobic bioconversion technology can be an attractive option for blue crab processing waste management. The by-product methane gas could be used for maintainign a number of processing operations (i.e., heat for cooking, or keeping temperature of digester constant).

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the biodegradation characteristics of food waste on various collection systems using anaerobic batch test. The ultimate methane production from food waste in standard plastic garbage bags (sample A) was $285.6mL\;CH_4/g$ volatile solids (VS) which is the lowest, and reaction constant was $0.215d^{-1}$. The ultimate methane production from food waste in waste vessel based on RFID (sample D) was $493.4mL\;CH_4/g$ VS which is the highest, and reaction constant was $0.162d^{-1}$. The determinants of rate limiting step on all samples showed positive numbers, and the methane production step was found a rate limiting step.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.564-568
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• 1993

By measuring the COD (chemical oxygen demend) of dish washing detergents being sold at market and pollutants connected with domestic sewage, we compared the amounts of water pollutants of one with other and carried out the experiments of ultimate biodegradation as against these samples. Also we combined our experimental results and circumstances of water pollution and wastewater treatments to the sewage system, compared the effects of synthetic detergent on water pollution with soap and the other pollutants and investigated results of our research.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.519-528
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• 1993

The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for dispersant, Bunker-C and dispersant/Bunker-C oil mixtures were conducted for the purposes of evaluating the biodegradability of dispersnat/Bunker-C oil mixtures and studying the consumption of dissolved oxygen with relation to biodegradation in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed the mixtures with $1:10{\sim}5:10$ mix ratios of dispersant to 4mg/l of Bunker-C oil to be $0.34{\sim}2.06mg/l$ of $BOD_5$ and to be $1.05{\sim}5.47mg/l$ of $BOD_{20}$ in natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed 1mg of Bunker-C oil to be 3.16mg of TOD. The results of element analysis showed the contents of carbon and hydrogen to be $87.3\%\;and\;11.5\%$ for Bunker-C oil, respectively, but nitrogen element was not detected in Bunker-C oil. The biodegradability of dispersant/Bunker-C oil mixture shown as the ratio of $BOD_5$/TOD was increased from $3\%\;to\;11\%$ as a mix ratio of dispersant to 4mg/l of Bunker-C oil changed from 1:10 to 5:10, and the mixtures were found to belong in the organic matter group of low-biodegradability. The deoxygenation rates($K_1$) and ultimate oxygen demands($L_o$) obtained through the biodegration experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be $0.072{\sim}0.097/day$ and $1.113{\sim}6.746mg/l$ for the mixtures with $1:10{\sim}5:10$ mix ratios of dispersant to 4mg/l of Bunker-C oil, respectively. The ultimate oxygen demand of mixture was increased as a mix ratio of dispersant to Bunker-C oil changed from 1:10 to 10:5. This means that the more dispersants are applied to the sea for Bunker-C oil cleanup, the more decreases the dissolved oxygen level in the seawater.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.493-501
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• 1993

As the dispersants and the dispersant/oil mixtures are degraded naturally by the microorganisms in the seawater, the consumption of dissolved oxygen may cause marine organisms to be damaged especially in the waters where the dissolved oxygen level is low due to the pollution and the restriction of seawater flow. The biodegradation experiment, the TOD analysis and the element analysis for three dispersants(SG, GL and WC) and a nonionic surfactant(OA-5) were conducted for the purposes of evaluating the biodegradability of dispersants and studying the effect of dispersants on dissolved oxygen in the seawater. The results of biodegradation experiment showed 1mg of dispersants to be equivalent to $0.403{\sim}0.595mg$ of $BOD_5$ and to $0.703{\sim}0.855mg$ of $BOD_{20}$, and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be equivalent to 0.50mg of $BOD_5$ and to 0.97mg of $BOD_{20}$ in the natural seawater. The results of TOD analysis showed 1mg of dispersants to be $2.37{\sim}2.80mg$ of TOD and 1mg of nonionic surfactant to be 2.45mg of TOD. The results of element analysis showed carbon content and hydrogen content to be $67.6{\sim}76.5\%$ and $10.2{\sim}12.2\%$ for dispersants, and $65.3\%$ and $10.3\%$ for nonionic surfactant, respectively. No nitrogen element was detected in dispersants and a nonionic surfactant. The biodegradability of dispersants shown as the ratio of $BOD_5/TOD$ was found to be in the range of $17{\sim}21\%$, and that of nonionic surfactant was found to be about $20\%$. This means that dispersants and nonionic surfactant belong in the organic matter group of middle-biodegradabilily. The deoxygenation rates($K_1$) and ultimate oxygen demands($L_o$) obtained through the biodegration experiment and Thomas slope method were found to be $0.121{\sim}0.171/day$ and $3.155{\sim}3.810mg/l$ for 4mg/l of dispersants and to be 0.181/day and 1.911mg/l for 2mg/l of nonionic surfactant in the seawater, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.90-96
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• 2000

The composition of leachates varies depending on the waste characteristics, landfill age and landfilling method. Generally, leachates contain high dissolved organic substance and ammonia nitrogen whereas phosphorus concentration was very low. Leachate A produced from young landfill is characterized by high BOD5/COD ratio (0.8) whereas leachate C produced from old landfill has lower BOD5/COD ratio (0.1). Maximum biochemical methane potential of leachate A, B (from medium landfill) and C were 271,106 and 4 ml CH4/g-COD, respectively. On the other hand, the maximum biodegradability of leachate A, B, and C were 75,30, and 1%, respectively. These results indicated that anaerobic treatment of leachate from young landfill was effective in removing organic pollutants. In case of leachate C, carbon might reside in the form of large molecular weight organic compounds such as lignins, humic acids and other polymerized compounds of soils, which are resistant to biodegradation. The lag-phase period increased with the increasing organic concentration in leachate. In case of leachate A of concentration greater than 25%, the lag-phase period increased sharply. This implied that the start-up period of anaerobic process using an unacclimated inoculum could be extended due to the higher concentration of leachate. This relatively long lag-phase is probably related to the fact that most of the inhibitory compounds have been diluted beyond their inhibitory concentrations of less than 50%. Furthermore, the ultimate methane yield and methane production rate decreased as leachate concentration increased. It was anticipated the potential inhibition was related with the steady-state inhibition as well as the initial shock load.