• 제목/요약/키워드: u-S-global dimension

검색결과 8건 처리시간 0.021초

THE u-S-GLOBAL DIMENSIONS OF COMMUTATIVE RINGS

  • Wei Qi;Xiaolei Zhang
    • 대한수학회보
    • /
    • 제60권6호
    • /
    • pp.1523-1537
    • /
    • 2023
  • Let R be a commutative ring with identity and S a multiplicative subset of R. First, we introduce and study the u-S-projective dimension and u-S-injective dimension of an R-module, and then explore the u-S-global dimension u-S-gl.dim(R) of a commutative ring R, i.e., the supremum of u-S-projective dimensions of all R-modules. Finally, we investigate u-S-global dimensions of factor rings and polynomial rings.

THE w-WEAK GLOBAL DIMENSION OF COMMUTATIVE RINGS

  • WANG, FANGGUI;QIAO, LEI
    • 대한수학회보
    • /
    • 제52권4호
    • /
    • pp.1327-1338
    • /
    • 2015
  • In this paper, we introduce and study the w-weak global dimension w-w.gl.dim(R) of a commutative ring R. As an application, it is shown that an integral domain R is a $Pr\ddot{u}fer$ v-multiplication domain if and only if w-w.gl.dim(R) ${\leq}1$. We also show that there is a large class of domains in which Hilbert's syzygy Theorem for the w-weak global dimension does not hold. Namely, we prove that if R is an integral domain (but not a field) for which the polynomial ring R[x] is w-coherent, then w-w.gl.dim(R[x]) = w-w.gl.dim(R).

QoS Guaranteed Secure Network Service Realization using Global User Management Framework (GUMF);Service Security Model for Privacy

  • Choi, Byeong-Cheol;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Seo, Dong-Il
    • 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 제어로봇시스템학회 2005년도 ICCAS
    • /
    • pp.1586-1589
    • /
    • 2005
  • GUMF (Global User Management Framework) that is proposed in this research can be applied to next generation network such as BcN (Broadband convergence Network), it is QoS guaranteed security framework for user that can solve present Internet's security vulnerability. GUMF offers anonymity for user of service and use the user's real-name or ID for management of service and it is technology that can realize secure QoS. GUMF needs management framework, UMS (User Management System), VNC (Virtual Network Controller) etc. UMS consists of root UMS in country dimension and Local UMS in each site dimension. VNC is network security equipment including VPN, QoS and security functions etc., and it achieves the QoSS (Quality of Security Service) and CLS(Communication Level Switching) functions. GUMF can offer safety in bandwidth consumption attacks such as worm propagation and DoS/DDoS, IP spoofing attack, and current most attack such as abusing of private information because it can offer the different QoS guaranteed network according to user's grades. User's grades are divided by 4 levels from Level 0 to Level 3, and user's security service level is decided according to level of the private information. Level 3 users that offer bio-information can receive secure network service that privacy is guaranteed. Therefore, GUMF that is proposed in this research can offer profit model to ISP and NSP, and can be utilized by strategy for secure u-Korea realization.

  • PDF

국가문화가 서비스품질의 평가에 미치는 영향 : 한국과 영·미권 국가의 비교 (Impact of National Culture on Service Quality Evaluations : Comparison of Korea and Anglo-Saxon Countries)

  • 남성집
    • 유통과학연구
    • /
    • 제13권11호
    • /
    • pp.93-100
    • /
    • 2015
  • Purpose - The objective of this research is to investigate whether national culture influences consumers' service evaluations. The services industry is receiving increasing attention from academia and practitioners as its position grows in global markets. Standardization or localization is a traditional managerial decision in global business. As the boundaries of services expand across national borders, firms are required to decide whether to standardize services or adjust to local needs. Though it is imperative to reflect global perspectives in marketing theories, these perspectives are mostly based on Western conceptualization of the world. Through a comparison of consumer groups from two culturally remote countries, service quality evaluation mechanisms are examined based on similar stimuli. The study tries to expand service marketing perspectives across national borders. Research design, data, and methodology - Eastern and Western countries are known to be culturally distinct. One Eastern and one Western country were chosen: an Anglo-Saxon country (the U.S., England, and Australia) and South Korea. In Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the differences between the two are pronounced. The Anglo-Saxon based countries share many similarities. Samples of the same sites are targeted. Questionnaires using a service quality scale (SERVQUAL) and a customer satisfaction scale were distributed. Utilizing Hofstede's typology of culture, the service evaluation mechanisms of the respondents from the two groups are evaluated. Three hypotheses are proposed from the review of the literature. These are service evaluation habits, importance of service quality dimensions for the individualistic/collectivistic countries, and strong/weak uncertainty avoidance cultures. Consumers from the individualistic countries are considered to care about themselves and demand a higher level of responsiveness and assurance. On the other hand, consumers from high uncertainty avoidance cultures are assumed to rely more on tangible questions of service quality, as these are the only predictable service quality indicators. A t-test and regression analysis are applied to validate the constructs. Results - The respondents from the Anglo-Saxon countries are more generous on service evaluations than Koreans. Researchers have indicated that Americans tend to give higher service evolution scores than European, Mexican, and Korean counterparts. The tendency is the same here. The sample from Anglo-Saxon countries demonstrated higher service evaluation scores on every dimension of SERVQUAL. For the second hypothesis, the respondents from the collectivistic culture rely less on core service dimensions (assurance and responsiveness) due to their tendency to place more value on group harmony than individual interest. However, the third hypothesis was not validated. Conclusions - The study attempted to expand the scope of service marketing to reflect cross-national perspectives. Service quality is known to have a strong influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty behavior. However, this research demonstrated that individuals from different cultural territories respond heterogeneously to the same stimuli. Scholars argue that national cultures are main factors in such deviated behavior. Scholars and global managers should be aware of differences in consumer value judgment mechanisms such as satisfaction, expectations, and perceptions.

인구이동 연구에 대한 공간통계학적 접근: 장소특수적 거리 패러미터의 추출과 공간적 패턴 분석 (A Spatial Statistical Approach to Migration Studies: Exploring the Spatial Heterogeneity in Place-Specific Distance Parameters)

  • 이상일
    • 한국지역지리학회지
    • /
    • 제7권3호
    • /
    • pp.107-120
    • /
    • 2001
  • 이 연구의 목적은 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터를 측정하는 방법론을 제시하고, 그것이 인구이동 연구에서 가지는 의미에 대해 미국의 48개 주간(州間) 인구 이동자료를 사례로 검토해보는 것이다. 전통적인 인구이동 연구에서 추출하는 거리 패러미터는 인구 이동량에 대해 거리가 가지는 평균적인 효과를 측정하는 것이다. 그러나, 그 평균적인 거리 패러미터는 모든 지역간 인구이동의 대표값일 뿐 인구이동에 있어 거리가 가지는 효과의 공간적 변이에 대해서는 아무런 통찰을 제공해 주지 못한다. 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터란 개개 소지역이 평균적인 거리 패러미터에 대해 가지는 상대적인 값이며, 거리가 인구이동에 대해 가지는 효과의 지역적 특이성을 측정하려고 한다. 이러한 연구는 최근 계량지리학 분야에서 발생하고 있는 변화에 부응하는 것이다. 1980년대 이후, 계량지리학은 공간통계학이라는 보다 폭넓은 개념의 확장과 일반연구환경으로서의 지리정보체계(GIS)치 성장으로 학문적 재구조화 과정 속에 있다. 이러한 재구조화 과정은 특정한 패러다임으로서의 탐구적 공간자료분석(ESDA)과 그것을 통계적으로 가능케 하는 국지 통계(local statistics)의 발달로 특징 지워진다. 통계적으로 가공되어 지역에 부여된 값으로 정의되는 국지 통계는 그것의 시각화를 효과적으로 수행하는 GIS와 결합함으로써, 시각화(visualization)와 과학활동으로서의 탐구(exploration)를 강조하는 탐구적 공간자료분석이라는 계량지리학의 새로운 패러다임을 효과적으로 수행하게 된다. 이러한 맥락에서, 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터는 하나의 국지 통계치로 인식될 수 있으며, 그것이 보여주는 공간적 패턴을 탐구하는 것은, 인구이동연구에서 탐구적 공간자료분석의 전형을 수행하는 것이라 올 수 있다. 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터는 출발지-특수적 거리 패러미터와 도착지-특수적 거리 패러미터로 나뉘어 지는데, 이러한 패러미터를 추출하기 위해서는 특정한 통계기법이 요구된다. 이러한 패러미터를 추출하기 위해 전통적인 혹은 보다 진보된 형태의 중력모델이나 엔트로피-극대화 모델이 활용될 수 있지만, 본 논문은 포아송 회귀분석을 이용함으로써 패러미터의 추출이 가장 효과적으로 이루어짐을 논증하고 있다. 이 방법론은 1985년과 1990년 사이에 발생한 미국 48개 주간 인구이동량에 대한 사례연구에 적용되었다. 그 연구 결과는 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터의 공간성을 명확히 보여준다. 즉, 평균적 거리 패러미터로 부터의 편기로 이해될 수 있는 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터들이 지역별로 상당한 차이를 보여줄 뿐만 아니라(공간적 이질성), 유사한 장소-특수적 거리 패러미터들이 공간적으로 집중되어 있음을 확인할 수 있었다(공간적 의존성). 지역차에 대한 강한 전통을 가지고 있는 지리학내에서 태동한 계량지리학이 지역적 특이성을 무시하는 방향으로 발전해 온 것은 아이러니라 할 수 있다. 그것은 계량적 방법론의 한계라기 보다는 그 방법론을 사용하는 전통적 계량지리학자의 한계라고 보아야 할 것이다. 이러한 의미에서 본 연구는 최근 계량지리학의 경향을 인구이동연구에 적용한 사례임과 동시에 맥락 의존성을 강조하는 보다 폭넓은 과학운동의 계량지리적 반응이다.

  • PDF

쇼핑 가치 추구 성향에 따른 쇼핑 목표와 공유 의도 차이에 관한 연구 - 전자제품 구매고객을 중심으로 (Shopping Value, Shopping Goal and WOM - Focused on Electronic-goods Buyers)

  • 박경원;박주영
    • 마케팅과학연구
    • /
    • 제19권2호
    • /
    • pp.68-79
    • /
    • 2009
  • The interplay between hedonic and utilitarian attributes has assumed special significance in recent years; it has been proposed that consumption offerings should be viewed as experiences that stimulate both cognitions and feelings rather than as mere products or services. This research builds on previous work on hedonic versus utilitarian benefits, regulatory focus theory, customer satisfaction to address two question: (1) Is the shopping goal at the point of purchase different from the shopping value? and (2) Is the customer loyalty after the use different from the shopping value and shopping goal? We surveyed 345 peoples those who have bought the electronic-goods within 6 months. This research dealt with the shopping value which is consisted of 2 types, hedonic and utilitarian. Those who pursue the hedonic shopping value may prefer the pleasure of purchasing experience to the product itself. They tend to prefer atmosphere, arousal of the shopping experience. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "hedonic" to refer to their aesthetic, experiential and enjoyment-related value. On the contrary, Those who pursue the utilitarian shopping value may prefer the reasonable buying. It may be more functional. Consistent with previous research, we use the term "utilitarian" to refer to the functional, instrumental, and practical value of consumption offerings. Holbrook(1999) notes that consumer value is an experience that results from the consumption of such benefits. In the context of cell phones for example, the phone's battery life and sound volume are utilitarian benefits, whereas aesthetic appeal from its shape and color are hedonic benefits. Likewise, in the case of a car, fuel economics and safety are utilitarian benefits whereas the sunroof and the luxurious interior are hedonic benefits. The shopping goals are consisted of the promotion focus goal and the prevention focus goal, based on the self-regulatory focus theory. The promotion focus is characterized into focusing ideal self because they are oriented to wishes and vision. The promotion focused individuals are tend to be more risk taking. They are more sensitive to hope and achievement. On the contrary, the prevention focused individuals are characterized into focusing the responsibilities because they are oriented to safety. The prevention focused individuals are tend to be more risk avoiding. We wanted to test the relation among the shopping value, shopping goal and customer loyalty. Customers show the positive or negative feelings comparing with the expectation level which customers have at the point of the purchase. If the result were bigger than the expectation, customers may feel positive feeling such as delight or satisfaction and they would want to share their feelings with other people. And they want to buy those products again in the future time. There is converging evidence that the types of goals consumers expect to be fulfilled by the utilitarian dimension of a product are different from those they seek from the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004). Specifically, whereas consumers expect the fulfillment of product prevention goals on the utilitarian dimension, they expect the fulfillment of promotion goals on the hedonic dimension (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan, and Majahan 2007; Higgins 1997, 2001) According to the regulatory focus theory, prevention goals are those that ought to be met. Fulfillment of prevention goals in the context of product consumption eliminates or significantly reduces the probability of a painful experience, thus making consumers experience emotions that result from fulfillment of prevention goals such as confidence and securities. On the contrary, fulfillment of promotion goals are those that a person aspires to meet, such as "looking cool" or "being sophisticated." Fulfillment of promotion goals in the context of product consumption significantly increases the probability of a pleasurable experience, thus enabling consumers to experience emotions that result from the fulfillment of promotion goals. The proposed conceptual framework captures that the relationships among hedonic versus utilitarian shopping values and promotion versus prevention shopping goals respectively. An analysis of the consequence of the fulfillment and frustration of utilitarian and hedonic value is theoretically worthwhile. It is also substantively relevant because it helps predict post-consumption behavior such as the promotion versus prevention shopping goals orientation. Because our primary goal is to understand how the post consumption feelings influence the variable customer loyalty: word of mouth (Jacoby and Chestnut 1978). This research result is that the utilitarian shopping value gives the positive influence to both of the promotion and prevention goal. However the influence to the prevention goal is stronger. On the contrary, hedonic shopping value gives influence to the promotion focus goal only. Additionally, both of the promotion and prevention goal show the positive relation with customer loyalty. However, the positive relation with promotion goal and customer loyalty is much stronger. The promotion focus goal gives the influence to the customer loyalty. On the contrary, the prevention focus goal relates at the low level of relation with customer loyalty than that of the promotion goal. It could be explained that it is apt to get framed the compliment of people into 'gain-non gain' situation. As the result, for those who have the promotion focus are motivated to deliver their own feeling to other people eagerly. Conversely the prevention focused individual are more sensitive to the 'loss-non loss' situation. The research result is consistent with pre-existent researches. There is a conceptual parallel between necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits and luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits (Chernev 2004; Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha 2007; Higginns 1997; Kivetz and Simonson 2002b). In addition, Maslow's hierarchy of needs and the precedence principle contends luxuries-wants-hedonic benefits higher than necessities-needs-utilitarian benefits. Chitturi, Raghunathan and Majaha (2007) show that consumers are focused more on the utilitarian benefits than on the hedonic benefits of a product until their minimum expectation of fulfilling prevention goals are met. Furthermore, a utilitarian benefit is a promise of a certain level of functionality by the manufacturer or the retailer. When the promise is not fulfilled, customers blame the retailer and/or the manufacturer. When negative feelings are attributable to an entity, customers feel angry. However in the case of hedonic benefit, the customer, not the manufacturer, determines at the time of purchase whether the product is stylish and attractive. Under such circumstances, customers are more likely to blame themselves than the manufacturer if their friends do not find the product stylish and attractive. Therefore, not meeting minimum utilitarian expectations of functionality generates a much more intense negative feelings, such as anger than a less intense feeling such as disappointment or dissatisfactions. The additional multi group analysis of this research shows the same result. Those who are unsatisfactory customers who have the prevention focused goal shows higher relation with WOM, comparing with satisfactory customers. The research findings in this article could have significant implication for the personal selling fields to increase the effectiveness and the efficiency of the sales such that they can develop the sales presentation strategy for the customers. For those who are the hedonic customers may be apt to show more interest to the promotion goal. Therefore it may work to strengthen the design, style or new technology of the products to the hedonic customers. On the contrary for the utilitarian customers, it may work to strengthen the price competitiveness. On the basis of the result from our studies, we demonstrated a correspondence among hedonic versus utilitarian and promotion versus prevention goal, WOM. Similarly, we also found evidence of the moderator effects of satisfaction after use, between the prevention goal and WOM. Even though the prevention goal has the low level of relation to WOM, those who are not satisfied show higher relation to WOM. The relation between the prevention goal and WOM is significantly different according to the satisfaction versus unsatisfaction. In addition, improving the promotion emotions of cheerfulness and excitement and the prevention emotion of confidence and security will further improve customer loyalty. A related potential further research could be to examine whether hedonic versus utilitarian, promotion versus prevention goals improve customer loyalty for services as well. Under the budget and time constraints, designers and managers are often compelling to choose among various attributes. If there is no budget or time constraints, perhaps the best solution is to maximize both hedonic and utilitarian dimension of benefits. However, they have to make trad-off process between various attributes. For the designers and managers have to keep in mind that without hedonic benefit satisfaction of the product it may hard to lead the customers to the customer loyalty.

  • PDF

도입주체에 따른 인터넷경로의 도입효과 (The Impact of the Internet Channel Introduction Depending on the Ownership of the Internet Channel)

  • 유원상
    • 마케팅과학연구
    • /
    • 제19권1호
    • /
    • pp.37-46
    • /
    • 2009
  • The Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce announced in May 2008 that U.S. retail e-commerce sales for 2006 reached $ 107 billion, up from $ 87 billion in 2005 - an increase of 22 percent. From 2001 to 2006, retail e-sales increased at an average annual growth rate of 25.4 percent. The explosive growth of E-Commerce has caused profound changes in marketing channel relationships and structures in many industries. Despite the great potential implications for both academicians and practitioners, there still exists a great deal of uncertainty about the impact of the Internet channel introduction on distribution channel management. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the ownership of the new Internet channel affects the existing channel members and consumers. To explore the above research questions, this study conducts well-controlled mathematical experiments to isolate the impact of the Internet channel by comparing before and after the Internet channel entry. The model consists of a monopolist manufacturer selling its product through a channel system including one independent physical store before the entry of an Internet store. The addition of the Internet store to this channel system results in a mixed channel comprised of two different types of channels. The new Internet store can be launched by the independent physical store such as Bestbuy. In this case, the physical retailer coordinates the two types of stores to maximize the joint profits from the two stores. The Internet store also can be introduced by an independent Internet retailer such as Amazon. In this case, a retail level competition occurs between the two types of stores. Although the manufacturer sells only one product, consumers view each product-outlet pair as a unique offering. Thus, the introduction of the Internet channel provides two product offerings for consumers. The channel structures analyzed in this study are illustrated in Fig.1. It is assumed that the manufacturer plays as a Stackelberg leader maximizing its own profits with the foresight of the independent retailer's optimal responses as typically assumed in previous analytical channel studies. As a Stackelberg follower, the independent physical retailer or independent Internet retailer maximizes its own profits, conditional on the manufacturer's wholesale price. The price competition between two the independent retailers is assumed to be a Bertrand Nash game. For simplicity, the marginal cost is set at zero, as typically assumed in this type of study. In order to explore the research questions above, this study develops a game theoretic model that possesses the following three key characteristics. First, the model explicitly captures the fact that an Internet channel and a physical store exist in two independent dimensions (one in physical space and the other in cyber space). This enables this model to demonstrate that the effect of adding an Internet store is different from that of adding another physical store. Second, the model reflects the fact that consumers are heterogeneous in their preferences for using a physical store and for using an Internet channel. Third, the model captures the vertical strategic interactions between an upstream manufacturer and a downstream retailer, making it possible to analyze the channel structure issues discussed in this paper. Although numerous previous models capture this vertical dimension of marketing channels, none simultaneously incorporates the three characteristics reflected in this model. The analysis results are summarized in Table 1. When the new Internet channel is introduced by the existing physical retailer and the retailer coordinates both types of stores to maximize the joint profits from the both stores, retail prices increase due to a combination of the coordination of the retail prices and the wider market coverage. The quantity sold does not significantly increase despite the wider market coverage, because the excessively high retail prices alleviate the market coverage effect to a degree. Interestingly, the coordinated total retail profits are lower than the combined retail profits of two competing independent retailers. This implies that when a physical retailer opens an Internet channel, the retailers could be better off managing the two channels separately rather than coordinating them, unless they have the foresight of the manufacturer's pricing behavior. It is also found that the introduction of an Internet channel affects the power balance of the channel. The retail competition is strong when an independent Internet store joins a channel with an independent physical retailer. This implies that each retailer in this structure has weak channel power. Due to intense retail competition, the manufacturer uses its channel power to increase its wholesale price to extract more profits from the total channel profit. However, the retailers cannot increase retail prices accordingly because of the intense retail level competition, leading to lower channel power. In this case, consumer welfare increases due to the wider market coverage and lower retail prices caused by the retail competition. The model employed for this study is not designed to capture all the characteristics of the Internet channel. The theoretical model in this study can also be applied for any stores that are not geographically constrained such as TV home shopping or catalog sales via mail. The reasons the model in this study is names as "Internet" are as follows: first, the most representative example of the stores that are not geographically constrained is the Internet. Second, catalog sales usually determine the target markets using the pre-specified mailing lists. In this aspect, the model used in this study is closer to the Internet than catalog sales. However, it would be a desirable future research direction to mathematically and theoretically distinguish the core differences among the stores that are not geographically constrained. The model is simplified by a set of assumptions to obtain mathematical traceability. First, this study assumes the price is the only strategic tool for competition. In the real world, however, various marketing variables can be used for competition. Therefore, a more realistic model can be designed if a model incorporates other various marketing variables such as service levels or operation costs. Second, this study assumes the market with one monopoly manufacturer. Therefore, the results from this study should be carefully interpreted considering this limitation. Future research could extend this limitation by introducing manufacturer level competition. Finally, some of the results are drawn from the assumption that the monopoly manufacturer is the Stackelberg leader. Although this is a standard assumption among game theoretic studies of this kind, we could gain deeper understanding and generalize our findings beyond this assumption if the model is analyzed by different game rules.

  • PDF