• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.202-209
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• 2015

Many of the natural dyes used for natural dyeing are difficult to maintain colorfastness due to their complex structure and specific properties. Therefore, there is a need for developing of color sustainable ability for use as an advanced coloring agent for fabrics, which would eco benign or not. In this study, the natural dye extracted from the waste of grape fruits was used to dye cotton fabric. Thus, the present study aims at extraction of color from grape seeds, skin, and stem through fermentation and then employing the same in dyeing and mordanting of cotton. Dyeing experiments were done under different conditions of fermentation and protein type mordants which were treated before and after dyeing. Experimental fabrics were used with cotton after scouring. Color value of dyed fabrics and color fastness of cotton dyed fabrics to washing and light were measured. The fastness of dyed experimental fabrics was increased by mordanting of protein fermentation and the color of dyed cotton was light red purple. The color of dyed fabric found with the optimum mordant treatment when treated with pre milk-mordant at $40^{\circ}C$ for 30min and 3% grape seed extract. On the whole, reddish tone very slightly increased with the milk pre-mordant. The color fastness of dyed cotton fabrics to light and washing was increased after fermentation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.958-962
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the effects of microorganism inactivation using 3 ppm of aqueous ozone (AO), 1% citric acid, 1% lactic acid, and 1% acetic acid alone, as well as the combinations of AO and organic acid, for washing the raw materials of saengsik (carrot, cabbage, glutinous rice, barley) with or without agitation. The combination of AO and 1% of each organic acid significantly inactivated spoilage bacteria in both the vegetables and the grains (p<0.05). However, in the glutinous rice, no inhibitory effects were shown for total aerobic bacteria by using water, ozone, or the combination of AO with citric acid or lactic acid, without agitation. Microbial inactivation was enhanced with agitation in the grains, whereas dipping (no agitation) treatments showed better inhibitory effects in the vegetables than in the barley, suggesting that washing processes should take into account the type of food material.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.60-63
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• 2004

Demand for development of processing systems for pre-washed rice and propagation of the systems has recently been on the rise, because rice-cooking requires watering 15 times the rice quantity to cook, as in case of the regular rice currently being circulated in Korean market, in addition to paying the trouble of washing it for cooking, and besides the milky turbid water coming from the rice-washing contributes to water contamination. In this study, therefore, a processing system for pre-washed rice was designed and built with rice surface polishing devices that adopted abrading and airing methods, an electrostatic method and a method using a fine watering, to conduct its performance test. The result showed that turbidity of the wash water, which is the base to determine the pre-washed rice standard, turned out 47.33 ppm and 48.00 ppm respectively for 800 kg/hr and 1,000 kg/hr supplies, which meets the standard for the processing system free from rice-washing for cooking. The quantity of watering at this experiment was only 0.43 times the rice, thus resulting in curtailment of process-watering by approximately $69\%$ compared with the existing wet-type pre-washed rice processing system popular in Korean market.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.330-335
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate residue levels of chlorantraniliprole and ethaboxam in inner part and outer leaves of a head-type Korean cabbage. Further, reduction of residues was measured after water washing, blanching and heat-cooking of the outer leaves. For chlorantraniliprole, residues in inner part and outer leaves were <0.01 mg/kg and 0.0757 mg/kg, respectively, in case of three-time spraying 30 days before harvest and <0.01 mg/kg and 1.19 mg/kg, respectively, in case of four-time spraying 10 days before harvest; for ethaboxam, <0.05 mg/kg and 0.216 mg/kg, respectively and <0.05 mg/kg and 1.18 mg/kg, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and ethaboxam were not detected in inner part of the head-type Korean cabbage. Residue levels in outer leaves were very high as 10-100 fold as those in inner part of the cabbage. Therefore, there is no concern for safety of pesticide residues on kimchi prepared with the inner part of a head-type Korean cabbage. In addition, it needs to be noted that outer leaves should be carefully removed at harvest of the cabbage. Outer leaves water washed and blanched are called as Woogeogi, which is consumed after heat-cooking. In Woogeogi, residue concentrations of two compounds reduced to less than 10%, and further less than 5% by heat-cooking. This indicates that considerable amount of the test pesticide residues in outer leaves of a head-type Korean cabbage removed through water washing, blanching and heat-cooking.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.203-215
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the filtration efficiencies and pressure drops of five commercial cloth masks (4 plate type, 1 cup type) in comparison to the performance of a class 1 disposable respirator (reference respirator). A further objective was to evaluate the effects of the number of layers and wash treatment independently on filtration efficiencies and pressure drops. Methods: Polydisperse NaCl aerosols were generated in an aerosol chamber and their concentrations were measured by an optical particle counter (OPC) in the size range of $0.3{\sim}10{\mu}m$ (five channels). Results: The filtration efficiencies of the five cloth masks and the reference respirator were D: 9.5%, C: 18.5%, E: 23.6%, A: 28.5%, B: 29.7% and R: 91.1%, respectively, and the pressure drops through them were C, D: 0.8 Pa, E: 1.7 Pa, B: 6.4 Pa, A: 42.7 Pa and R: 19.3 Pa, respectively. The filtration efficiencies of the cloth masks and reference respirator were below the class 1 respirator criterion (${\geq}94.0%$) of the Ministry of Employment and Labor (MOEL) and Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). The pressure drops satisfied the class 1 respirator criterion (${\leq}70Pa$) of MOEL and MFDS. When the cloth masks were folded into two and four layers, the filtration efficiencies of cloth masks A, B, C, D (plate type) increased 1.7-4.6 times, and 2.3-6.8 times, respectively, compared to the efficiencies of the same products in a single layer. Pressure drops increased as the number of layers was increased. The filtration efficiency of cloth mask E with a liner was 1.3 times higher than that of the same mask without a liner, and the pressure drop was lower in the no-liner configuration. After a single washing, the filtration efficiencies of all the cloth mask products decreased 1.04-4.0 times compared to those of the same products intact. For the cloth masks C and E, their filtration efficiencies were significantly decreased after washing (p<0.05). The pressure drops of all cloth masks were 1.2-2.0 times lower after washing. Conclusions: The filtration efficiencies of the five cloth masks were below 30% and did not improve greatly by increasing the number of layers. After a single washing, their performances decreased. Considering the above and other issues identified with cloth masks, such as poor fit and stretched fibers through use, people should not expect protection against particulate matters from the cloth masks on the market.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2006

Black-dyed PET fabrics were sputtered with stainless steel through DC-magnetron type device to investigate the possibility of coloration effect, and then considered the morphological structure and physical characteristics such as water permeation ability and washing fastness. Change in color was estimated on the basis of CIELAB color system. The color coordination of metal plated PET was shifted to yellow-red from red-blue. Colour difference$({\Delta}E^*)$ was increased by sputtering conditions with increasing ion current and treatment time. Especially, $Lightness(L^*)$ value of PET was remarkably increased by sputtering, whereas $Chroma(C^*)$ increased gradually. From SEM analysis, rough and uneven craters were found and thickened on the fiber surfaces with longer sputtering time. And washing fastness was a little poor and absorption ability slightly decreased. There were little changes of breaking load and breaking extension. It was evident that observed uneven craters in the plated thin layer resulted in the colour change of PET fabrics by sputtering treatments.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.55-62
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• 1998

Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons and residual metals can be effectively treated by soil washing. In developing the soil washing process several major effects for separating contaminants from coarse soils progressively improved upon combinations of mining and chemical processing approaches. The pilot-scale soils washing process consists of the four major parts : 1) abrasive scouring, 2) scrubbing action using a washwater that is sometimes augmented by surfactants or other agents, 3) rinsing, and 4) regenerating the contaminated washwater. The plant was designed based upon the treatment capacity > 5 ton/hr on site. The lumpy contaminated soil fractions first experience deagglomeration and desliming passing through a rolling mill pipe. In the second unit the attrition scrubbing module equipped with paddles uses high-energy to remove contaminants from the soils. And a final rinsing system is assembled to separate the washwater containing the contaminants and very fine soils from the washed coarse soils. For recycling the contaminated washwater passes through a washwater clarifier specifically designed for flocculation, sedimentation and gravity separation of fine as well as flotation and separation of oils from the washwater. In order to more rapidly assess the applicability of soil washing at a potential site while minimizing the expense of mobilization and operation, a mobile-type soil washing process which is self-contained upon a trailer will be further developed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 1985

In order to improve dyeing and finishing technology of thin cloth of microfiber(super-fine fiber), the degrees of deep dyeing method, the light fastness, and the washing fastness were investiagted. 1. The thin cloth made of microfiber, $0.15^d\~0.2^d$, was conjugated type and the dyeing degree was lower at 5 to $10\%$ than that of cloth made of common fiber. The cloth of excellent dyeing fastness, light fastness, was developed by increasing the concentration of dye of high quality up to $5\~10\%$. 2. Because refractory rate of microfiber of $0.2^d$ was lower than that of $0.01^d$, the surface refractory rate of $0.2^d$ was lower than that of $0.01^d$ fiber. Therefore the surface of micro-fiber, $0.2^d$, was more rougher than that of $0.01^d$ and it belongs to separate type. 3. The higher degree of dyeing was increased by using dye of microparticle. Also the degree of textile printing was increased by adding urea solution ($20\%$) and glycerine diethylene glycol. 4. Light fastness was very excellent, marked 5 grade. However, washing fastness was 2$\~$3 grade. After dyeing, we could improve to 4 grade, through hot water washing including some organic chlorine solvent. 5. Super microfiber of $0.01^d$ will not be dyed by present dye and dyeing equipment, because right reflection light rate(white light) of fiber surface was too high and the more refraction rate higher the more surface refraction rate will be increased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1315-1324
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• 2009

This study is on the consolidation process of the conservation process of fabric with golden thread found in relics. Gold film was glued to pieces of Korean paper and satin using hide glue, which is a natural adhesive and resin Paraloid B-72, which is a liquid type adhesive. This study examines the types and concentration of the adhesives that are appropriate for consolidating gold film on fabric. The advantage of hide glue is that it is harmless to humans and has a high stability. This glue is also believed to be the closest to the adhesive that was used when the relic was originally made. Its weakness is that it is stiff and weaker than chemical glues, but after being washed with water the adhesion level increases. Therefore, hide glue is appropriate in the following instances: a) when washing after consolidation b) when the substrate of gold threads are significantly damaged, and c) when treating greater sized relics that take a longer time to work on. However, Paraloid B-72 has a better adhesion and flexibility than hide glue, but tends to spread out into a greater area, and the area where it is applied tends to absorb less water than before the application. In addition, it is noxious and can be harmful in long-term exposure. Therefore, Paraloid-72 is appropriate in the following instances: a) when consolidating the fabric after washing, and b) when working on smaller relics and consolidating smaller parts of a relic. The necessary concentration levels for consolidants for gold film are 30% for liquid type hide glue and at least 10% for Paraloid B-72 in order for the gold film to stay intact on the fabric during washing, consolidation, exhibition, and conservation.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.263-272
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• 2006

People's values as well as their behavioral form of using a product are changing due to the rapid introduction of diverse cultures and the Five-day workweek system. The single and the married are the subjects of this study: it is aimed to evaluate and analyze, thus grasping their difference in behavioral form of using a washing machine, the main factors they consider to be important when purchasing one, and the level of satisfaction they get from their own washers. A questionnaire was used as a tool for a better Factor Analysis and Frequency Analysis research. There were 6 essential factors which unmarried people take into consideration when purchasing a washer: economical efficiency, measure of capacity, design, type, brand and advertising, function. On the other hand, economical efficiency, convenience, measure of capacity, function, and type was what the married thought would be the 6 central factors.