• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2011

Decision making in Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Consultation on the Coastal Area Utilization (CCAU) is footing on the survey reports, thus requires concrete and accurate information on the natural habitats. In spite of the importance of reporting the ecological quality and status of habitats, the accumulated knowledge and recent techniques in ecology such as the use of investigated cases and indicators/indices have not been utilized in evaluation processes. Even the EIA report does not contain sufficient information required in a decision making process for conservation and development. In addition, for CCAU, sampling efforts were so limited that only two or a few stations were set in most study cases. This hampers transferring key ecological information to both specialist review and decision making processes. Hence, setting the effective number of sampling stations can be said as a prior step for better assessment. We introduced a few statistical techniques to determine the number of sampling stations in macrobenthos surveys. However, the application of the techniques requires a preliminary study that cannot be performed under the current assessment frame. An analysis of the spatial configuration of sampling stations from 19 previous studies was carried out as an alternative approach, based on the assumption that those configurations reported in scientific journal contribute to successful understanding of the ecological phenomena. The distance between stations and number of sampling stations in a $4{\times}4$ km unit area were calculated, and the medians of each parameter were 2.3 km, and 3, respectively. For each study, approximated survey area (ASA, $km^2$) was obtained by using the number of sampling stations in a unit area (NSSU) and total number of sampling stations (TNSS). To predict either appropriate ASA or NSSU/TNSS, we found and suggested statistically significant functional relationship among ASA, survey purpose and NSSU. This empirical approach will contribute to increasing sampling effort in a field survey and communicating with reasonable data and information in EIA and CCAU.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.52
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• pp.277-312
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• 2018

First-order cybernetics during the 1940s and 1950s aimed for control of an observed system, while second-order cybernetics during the mid-1970s aspired to address the mechanism of an observing system. The former pursues an objective, subjectless, approach to a system, whereas the latter prefers a subjective, personal approach to a system. Second-order observation must be noted since a human observer is a living system that has its unique cognition. Maturana and Varela place the autopoiesis of this biological system at the core of second-order cybernetics. They contend that an autpoietic system maintains, transforms and produces itself. Technoscientific recreation of biological autopoiesis opens up to a new step in cybernetics: what I describe as third-order cybernetics. The formation of technoscientific autopoiesis overlaps with the Fourth Industrial Revolution or what Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee call the Second Machine Age. It leads to a radical shift from human centrism to posthumanity whereby humanity is mechanized, and machinery is biologized. In two versions of the novel Demon Seed, American novelist Dean Koontz explores the significance of technoscientific autopoiesis. The 1973 version dramatizes two kinds of observers: the technophobic human observer and the technology-friendly machine observer Proteus. As the story concludes, the former dominates the latter with the result that an anthropocentric position still works. The 1997 version, however, reveals the victory of the techno-friendly narrator Proteus over the anthropocentric narrator. Losing his narrational position, the technophobic human narrator of the story disappears. In the 1997 version, Proteus becomes the subject of desire in luring divorcee Susan. He longs to flaunt his male egomaniac. His achievement of male identity is a sign of technological autopoiesis characteristic of third-order cybernetics. To display self-producing capabilities integral to the autonomy of machinery, Koontz's novel demonstrates that Proteus manipulates Susan's egg to produce a human-machine mixture. Koontz's demon child, problematically enough, implicates the future of eugenics in an era of technological autopoiesis. Proteus creates a crossbreed of humanity and machinery to engineer a perfect body and mind. He fixes incurable or intractable diseases through genetic modifications. Proteus transfers a vast amount of digital information to his offspring's brain, which enables the demon child to achieve state-of-the-art intelligence. His technological editing of human genes and consciousness leads to digital standardization through unanimous spread of the best qualities of humanity. He gathers distinguished human genes and mental status much like collecting luxury brands. Accordingly, Proteus's child-making project ultimately moves towards technologically-controlled eugenics. Pointedly, it disturbs the classical ideal of liberal humanism celebrating a human being as the master of his or her nature.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.74-93
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• 2010

Nowadays, the navigation system is very popular to general public and the study of landmarks has an important role to develop the cognitive systems for regional navigation. The city image is composed of landmarks that are well-known to regional community and they are the reference frame for place recognition in urban navigation. In general, the case of navigation can be categorized as two kinds. The first is to explore the new region and the second is to navigate the familiar region. In case of latter, the city image has a critical role in place recognition for regional community. Place recognition of a community might be a knowledge-based inference on the basis of city image which is composed of the systematically connected places. In this study, the mental structure of urban image is regarded as a hierarchical knowledge and represents it as domain ontology for the regional navigation of a community. The city image of a community is assumed as the collection of landmarks, which are categorized as anchor, distant and local according to spatial familiarity of community. Representing city image as a regional knowledge using ontology modeling method is an essential step to make the geographical assumption of a regional community explicit and reusable for the regional agents who will provide the regional guide in LBS age.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5350-5355
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• 2012

Human tyrosinase (hTyr) catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in the biosynthesis of a skin color determinant, melanin. Although a number of cosmetic companies have tried to develop hTyr inhibitors for several decades, absence of 3D structure of hTyr make it impossible to design or screen inhibitors by structure-based approach. Therefore, we built a 3D structure by comparative modeling technique based on the crystal structure of tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium to provide structural information and to search new hit compounds from database. Our model revealed that two copper atoms of active site located deep inside and were coordinated with six strictly conserved histidine residues coming from four-helix-bundle. Substrate binding site had narrow funnel like shape and its entrance was wide and exposed to solvent. In addition, hTyr-tyrosine and hTyr-kojic acid, a well-known inhibitor, complexes were modeled with the guide of solvent accessible surface generated by in-house software. Our model demonstrated that only phenol group or its analogs could fill the binding site near the nuclear copper center, because inside of binding site had narrow shape relatively. In conclusion, the results of this study may provide helpful information for designing and screening new anti-melanogenic agents.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.64-70
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• 2016

The recent development of modern weapon system by SOS (System of System) has required users to have more exact decision making. It is possible to achieve the control of complex weapon system more efficiently and effectively by increasing usability. Accordingly, many studies on graphical display have been conducted for several years in the field of HCI (Human Computer Interaction) and GUI (Graphic User Interface), starting from its design stage. Therefore, this paper focuses on evaluating the system GUI usability and analyzing several important points based on performance model, which is a tool for the evaluation and the improvement of service quality. Performance Model, the main focus of this study, reflects user expectations (which is defined as user importance in this paper). The study consists of four steps. First, 34 checklists are drawn from the existing studies related to GUI usability evaluation by using a heuristic method, and then the checklists are matched with 11 weapon system design factors. Next, the study evaluates the importance of GUI element and the usability of weapon system "A" with the checklists twice respectively. Third, the performance of user importance ($P_i$) and the performance of usability ($P_u$) are calculated by modifying a numerical formula for normalization in this step. Finally, the study compares the approach it takes and the existing usability evaluation method, demonstrating that there is a significant difference between the two methods as a result. In addition, 4 improvement factors are suggested for weapon system "A" as "Shortcut" and "Description of Abbreviation," and so on. Although it is necessary to conduct more studies for higher reliability and validity of the results, this study is meaningful considering it takes a new point of view.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.330-338
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• 2015

The influences of fluorescence, scattering, and flocculation in turbid material by light scattering of N-propyl-N,N-dimethylethanolamine, fluorescence agent and absorption agent were interpreted for the scattered fluorescence intensity and wavelength. They have been studied the molecular properties by the spectroscopy of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) and flocculation. The effects of optical properties in scattering media have been found by the optical parameters(${\mu}_s$, ${\mu}_a$, ${\mu}_t$). Flocculation is an important step in many solid-liquid separation processes and is widely used. When two particles approach each other, interactions of several colloid particles can come into play which may have major effect on the flocculation and LIF process. The values of scattering coefficient ${\mu}_s$ are large by means of the increasing scattering of scatterer, The values have been found that the slope decays exponentially as a function of concentration from laser source to detector by our experimental result. It may also aid in designing the best model for oil chemistry, bio-pharmaceutical, laser medicine and application of medical engineering on LIF and coagulation in particle transport mode.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.37
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• pp.143-158
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• 2014

In the modeling processes of 3D computer animation, methods to build optimal work conditions to realize real forms for more efficient works have been advanced. Digital sculpting software, published in 1999, ZBrush has been positioned as an essential factor in character model work requiring of realistic descriptions through different manufacturing methods from previous modeling work processes and easy shape realization. Their functional areas are expanding. So, in this production case paper, as a method to product more optimized animation character models, the efficiency of production method linking digital sculpting software (Z-Brush) and animation production software (Maya) was deliberated and its consequences and implications are suggested. To this end, first the technical features of polygon modeling and Retopology were reviewed. Second, based on it, the efficiency of animation character modeling work processes through step linking ZBrush and Maya suggested in this paper was analyzed. Third, based on the features drawn before, in order to prove the hypothesis on modeling optimization method suggested in this paper, the production process of character Dumvee from a short animation film, 'Cula & Mina' was analyzed as an example. Through this study, it was found that technical approach easiness and high level of completion could be realized through two software linked work processes. This study is considered to be a reference for optimizing production process of related industries or modeling-related classes by deliberating different modeling process linked systems.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2020

The most common approach for computing engineering flow problems at high Reynolds number is still the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) computations based on turbulence models with wall functions. The recently developed generalized wall functions blending between the wall-limiting viscous and the outer logarithmic relations ensure a smooth transition of flow quantities across two regions. The performances and convergence properties of widely used turbulence models with wall functions that are applicable for turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), turbulent and specific dissipation rates, and eddy viscosity are presented through a series of near wall flow simulations. The present results show that RNG k-𝜖 model should be carefully applied with small tolerance to get the stable solution when the first grid lies in the buffer layer. The standard k-𝜖 and RNG k-𝜖 models are not sensitive to the selection of wall functions for both TKE and eddy viscosity, while the k-ω SST model should be applied together with kL-wall function for TKE and nutUB-wall functions for eddy viscosity to ensure accurate and stable boundary conditions. The applications to a backward-facing step flow at Re=155,000 reveal that the reattachment length is reasonably well predicted on appropriately refined mesh by all turbulence models, except the standard k-𝜖 model which about 13% underestimates the reattachment length regardless of the grid refinement.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.431-442
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• 2009

The Software Product Line (SPL) engineering is one of the most promising software development paradigms. With Feature-Oriented Reuse Method (FORM), reusable and flexible components can be built to aid the delivery of various software products such as mobile phone and digital TV applications based on commonalities and variabilities identified during Feature modeling. Model Driven Architecture (MDA) is also an emerging technology which supports developing software products to work on different platforms with platform independent models (PIM). Combining advantages of these two approaches is helpful to build a group of software products which share common Features while working on various platforms. As first step to combine FORM with MDA, we extend UML2.0 with profiles by which FORM architectures and parameterized Statecharts can be modeled. Secondly, we provide rules to examine whether Features are allocated at positions of elements of Statecharts consistently between a Feature model and a parameterized Statechart. Some rules are designed to check the consistency between FORM architectures and parameterized Statecharts. A case study on an elevator control system is provided to demonstrate the feasibility of our modeling approach and consistency checking rules.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.1573-1582
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• 2011

Risk of lung cancer among lung-related diseases has gradually increased during last decades. The chest digital radiography is the primary diagnosis method for lung cancer. Diagnosing lung cancer using this method requires doctors of ripe experience. Despite their experience there are often wrong diagnoses, which decrease early diagnosis and survival rates of patients. The aim of this study was intended to establish the base on the Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) by analyzing Image Recognition Algorithm using Principle component Analysis (PCA) and diagnosing patient's chest X-ray image. The database obtained through this approach enables a doctor to significantly reduce misdiagnosis during the early diagnosis stage, if he or she utilizes it as the preliminary reading step. Case studies were carried out using normal organ, and organs suffering from bronchogenic carcinoma and granuloma. A normal image and unique disease images were extracted after PCA analysis, and their cross-recognition efficiency were compared each other. The result revealed that the recognition rate was much high between normal and disease images, but relatively low between two disease images. In order to increase the recognition efficiency among chest diseases the related algorithms have to be developed continuously in the future study, and such effort will establish the resolute base for CAD.