• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.481-492
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• 1999

Asian-Australasian region comprises of 82 countries spread over varying agro economic zones, habitats and ecosystems varying from dry hot to humid tropics and cold deserts. The literacy standards vary from very low to almost 100 percent. On the basis of economic development there are 4 countries Japan, Australia, New Zealand and Korea which are developed countries, rest are in varying states of development and growing economically very rapidly. Based on Agro ecosystems and farming practices, we have chosen four countries for indepth study in this paper namely China, Thailand, Indonesia and India. They represent 70% of the bovine and poultry population of the region. This paper makes a comparative study of the grain and roughage production and utilization at present and in 2000 A.D. by examining information on feed rates demand patterns and feed requirements in these four countries keeping in view the size and growth of bovine and poultry population and dietary pattern of the people. It has been observed, there has so far been no country level detailed study on the livestock feed requirements. Apart from conceptual discrepancies, most of the estimates given in various reports brought out by the national governments and international agencies do not have any scientific basis. Hence an inter-country comparison is virtually impossible on the basis of the available information. We have however, attempted to analyse the dietary pattern in the different countries, feedgrains requirements, availability of feed based on the information available from the various published and unpublished reports. We have given an inter-country comparison of feed rate and feed requirements which, however, needs to be tested by carrying out a micro level study in each selected country.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.289-292
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• 2008

Recently, several satellite data analyses projects and numerical weather prediction (NWP) reanalysis projects have produced the ocean surface Latent Heat Flux (LHF) data sets in the global coverage. Comparisons of these LHF data sets showed substantial discrepancies in the LHF values. Recently, the increase of LHF in during 1970s-1990s over the global ocean is shown by the LHF data that have been developed at the Objective Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. It is interesting to investigate the existence of the increase of LHF over a global ocean in the other LHF products. It is interesting to investigate the existence of the increase of LHF over a global ocean in the other LHF products. In this study, we assessed the consistencies and discrepancies of the inter-annual variability and decadal trend for the period 1988-2005 among six LHF products ((J-OFURO2, HOAPS3, IFREMER, NCEP1,2 and OAFlux) over the global ocean. As results, all LHF products showed a positive trend. In particular, the positive trend in satellite-based data analyses (J-OFURO2, HOAPS3, IFREMER) is larger than that in reanalysis products (NCEP1/2). Also, the consistencies and discrepancies are shown on the spatial patterns of the LHF trends across the six data sets. The positive trend of LHF is remarkable in the regions of western boundary currents such as the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream in all LHF data sets. But, the discrepancies are shown on the spatial patterns of the LHF trends in tropics and subtropics. These discrepancies are primarily caused by the differences of the input meteorological state variables, particularly for the air specific humidity, used to calculate LHF.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.199-217
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• 2005

Using monthly total ozone data obtained from a Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) onboard the Nimbus-7 and Earth Probe satellite, this study examined the trend in the total amount of global ozone during two periods: from 1979-1992 [Early period] and 1997-2002 [Latter period]. The Annual average of total ozone during the Early period was globally reduced by about 10 DU compared to the amount during the Latter, except in some areas between the equator and 20 N. Global trends of total ozone showed a decrease of -6.30 DU/decade during 1979-1992, and an increase of 0.12 DU/decade during 1997-2002. Its enhancement during the Latter period was especially noticeable in tropical areas. The EOF analyses of total ozone from this period indicated signs of temporal/spatial variability, associated with the phenomena of Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), Quasi-Triennial Oscillation (QTO), El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and volcanic eruption. Seasonal profiles of tropospheric ozone in the tropics obtained from ozonesondes, showed the spatial pattern of zonal wavenumber one. Overall, this study may be useful in analyzing possible causes in the variations of statospheric and tropospheric ozone.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.529-549
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• 2009

In 2007, just after the recession of the Changma, anomalously long rainy period (from July 30 to August 15) occurred in Korea. To identify the cause of the sustained rainy period, we performed synoptic analysis and the associated air motions. The behavior of each air parcel trajectory associated with atmospheric motion was then investigated. As a result, three particular phenomena occurring at latitudes lower than $40^{\circ}N$ were discovered. First, a mass of relatively cold air, referred to as E, made a deep intrusion from $20^{\circ}N$ to $60^{\circ}N$. Second, this intrusion was accompanied by another mass of air called dE. It was colder and drier than E and originated from the mid-troposphere over the tropical ocean. Third, dE and E rotated clockwise three times over a period of 17 days over the Northwestern Pacific and blocked the westerly waves imbedded in the zonal flow from propagating. Two additional phenomena were observed at latitudes higher than $40^{\circ}N$. First, the cold core system, while approaching from the west with low geopotential values at its center, was stagnated over Shanxi China. It enhanced the northward intrusion of dE and E, and then diminished. The subsequent low system showed similar evolution as the first one. Second, a warm core anticyclone was formed over Lake Baikal, blocking the westerlies for 13 days and contributed to the persistent northward incursion of warm moist air. Moreover, a horizontally extended intrusion of upper level clouds from the tropics to $50^{\circ}N$, which may be interpreted as a tropical plume, was found around the end of the period (from August 12 to 15, 2007) with successive tropical nights over Korea.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.491-495
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• 2001

The behaviour of 5 Jersey and 5 Guernsey heifers, grazing on natural vegetation in a sub-humid tropical environment in Kenya, was studied during the dry (January and February) and wet (April and May) seasons in 1999. The heifers grazed for 12 hours daily in both seasons. Observations on feeding, standing, lying and ruminating were done chronometrically, at five-minute intervals, between 0600 and 1800 h. During the dry season, the average feeding, standing, lying and ruminating times per 12 h period for Jerseys was 8.0, 3.13, 0.87, and 1.40 respectively, while those for Guernseys were 8.6, 3.26, 0.4, and 1.35 respectively. In the wet (green) season, the mean feeding, standing, lying and ruminating times for Jerseys were found to be 7.54, 3.07, 1.39, and 1.27 respectively, and for Guernseys were 8.42, 3.10, 0.48, and 0.44 respectively. In both seasons Guernseys spent more time feeding (p<0.05) in comparison with the Jerseys. It was also observed that lying occurred more often in Jerseys than the Guernseys (p<0.05) in both seasons. During the wet season, Jerseys ruminated longer (p<0.05) than the Guernseys. The health status of the animals was determined by examining the respiratory frequency, heart rate, rectal temperature, haemoglobin erythrocytes and leucocytes of the experimental animals. All the clinical and physiological parameters were within the normal physiological range of healthy cattle. It was concluded that there are differences in grazing behaviour between Jerseys and Guernseys in the sub-humid tropical environment of Kenya and Jerseys seem to be more adapted to the tropical climatic conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.230-238
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• 2011

Effects of cooling and supplemental recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on hemato-biochemical characteristics were studied at different stages of lactation of crossbred Holstein Friesian cows in a tropical environment. Ten primiparous cows were divided into two groups of five animals each. The first group was housed as the non-cooled animals in an open-sided barn with a tiled roof in a normal shaded house (NS), while the second group was housed as cooled cows in an open-sided barn with a tiled roof under misty fan cooling (MFC). Three injections with rbST (500 mg per dose) at each stage of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) significantly increased total milk yield as compared with pretreatment in both cooled and non-cooled cows. Milk fat was significantly increased, while total solids, solid not fat, milk protein and lactose were not affected by the rbST treatment. Hematological parameters, plasma proteins, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), plasma inorganic phosphate and the activities of plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were not affected by supplemental rbST in cooled and non-cooled cows. Supplementation of rbST caused a significant decrease in plasma urea concentration, while plasma FFA concentrations significantly increased in both cooled and non-cooled cows. The results of the present study suggest that exogenous rbST is efficacious in increasing milk yield without adverse effects on lactating crossbred Holstein cows in a tropical environment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1849-1857
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• 2007

The experiment was carried out using fistulated multiparous Holstein Friesian crossbred (75% Holstein Friesian and 25% Red Sindhi) dairy cows in their dry period fed on untreated rice straw to evaluate the nutritive value of local protein feed resources using the in sacco method and in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion. Experimental feeds were cottonseed meal (CSM); soybean meal (SBM); dried brewery's grains (DBG); palm kernel meal (PSM); cassava hay (CH); leucaena leaf meal (LLM). Each feedstuff was weighed into duplicate nylon bags and incubated in each of the two rumen fistulated cows for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h. Rumen feed residues from bags of 16 h incubation were used for estimation of lower gut digestibility by the technique of in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestion. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) concentrations did not differ between treatments or time with a mean of 5.5 mg%. Effective degradability of DM of CSM, SBM, DBG, PSM, CH and LLM were 41.9, 56.1, 30.8, 47.0, 41.1 and 47.5%, respectively. Effective degradabilities of the CP in feedstuffs were 49.6, 59.2, 40.9, 33.5, 47.3 and 65.0% for the respective feedstuffs. The CP in vitro pepsin-pancreatin digestibility as ranked from the highest to the lowest were SBM, CSM, LLM, CH, DBG, PSM, respectively. The intestinal and total tract digestion of feedstuffs in the current study were relatively lower than that obtained from previous literature. The results of this study indicate that SBM and LLM were highly degradable in the rumen, while CH, CSM and DBG were less degradable and, hence resulted in higher rumen undegradable protein. Soybean meal and LLM could be used to improve rumen ecology whilst CH, CSM and DBG could be used as rumen by-pass protein for ruminant feeding in the tropics.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3179-3185
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• 2012

Background: Most of the epidemiology studies on the effects of sun exposure and prostate cancer were conducted among the temperate countries of North America and Europe. Little is known about the influence on Asian populations. The purpose of current study was to evaluate any association of sun exposure with risk of prostate cancer in Chinese, Malays and Indians who reside in the tropics. Methods: The Singapore Prostate Cancer Study is a hospital-based case-control study of 240 prostate cancer incident cases and 268 controls conducted in Singapore between April 2007 and May 2009. Detailed information on outdoor activities in the sun, skin colour, sun sensitivity and other possible risk factors were collected in personal interviews. Cases were further classified by Gleason scores and TNM staging. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, ethnicity, education, family history of any cancers, BMI and skin colour. Results: We found that prostate cancer risk was increased in subjects with black/dark-brown eyes (OR 5.88, 95%CI 3.17-10.9), darker skin colour e.g. tan/dark brown/black (OR 7.62, 95%CI 3.41-17.0), frequent sunburn in lifetime (OR 4.30, 95%CI 1.7-11.2) and increased general sun exposure in adulthood per week (OR 2.03, 95%CI 1.09-3.81). The increased risk was consistent for high grade tumours and advanced stage prostate cancers. Conclusion: The findings from this study suggest that excessive sun exposure is a risk factor for prostate cancer in Asians.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.657-669
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• 2006

This study is to investigate the previous cases of plural eclecticism through the works of Vivienne Westwood, who contributed to the spread of innovative and eclectic English fashion out to the world as well as to review plurality and its phenomena since the 20th century more systematically. In terms of research methodology, the phenomena of plural eclecticism were examined from social and cultural perspectives, whereas bibliographic research and case study were performed for the phenomena of eclecticism in fashion. From the perspective of plural eclecticism, the results from analyzing the works of Vivienne Westwood by the divisions of temporal eclecticism, spatial eclecticism, and contingent eclecticism are described in the following. First, Vivienne Westwood emphasized historicism tendency of temporal eclecticism. Her efforts to try to modernize history went beyond ages and social classes including men's clothing, prostitutes' costumes, craft items, and dresses for royal family. Second, her spatial eclecticism was reflected on the first collection themes inspired by the American Indians or borrowed from the names of Voodoo in the Tropics. Finally, infra-fashion as an expression of contingent eclecticism of Vivienne Westwood's works can be interpreted as plural eclecticism which shows contingent eclecticism and historic eclecticism at the same time. This study aimed at proving preceding implications concerning recent plural eclecticism through the analysis of the works of Vivienne Westwood who tried a radical design of plural eclecticism in an effort to modernize the tradition of England in the circumstances where a number of trends and styles exist together, with their own uniqueness and values.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2004

A complete understanding of the epidemiological factors required for optimum for disease development facilitates the design of effective and reliable screening techniques and also disease prediction models. An attempt was made to study the effects of different temperatures ($15-35^{\circ}C$) and leaf wetness periods (4-24 h) on the development of late leaf spot (LLS) in three groundnut genotypes differing in their susceptibility to LLS infection. Irrespective of the genotype, the disease progress evaluated based on different components of resistance was maximum between $15-20^{\circ}C$ and minimum between $20-25^{\circ}C$. At temperatures $\geq$$30^{\circ}C$, LLS development was insignificant. The overall severity of LLS increased with an increase in the leaf wetness period from 4 h to 12 h a day. Further increase of wetness period to 16 h resulted in a rapid increase in the severity. Thereafter, the disease severity gradually decreased with an increase in the wetness period. The effect of temperature and wetness periods on the individual component of disease quantification was not uniform compared between genotypes with different levels of susceptibility/resistance to LLS infection. The results of this study indicate that temperature and leaf wetness period are critical in late leaf spot screening programs since the expression of disease symptoms measured from disease initiation till defoliation, varied differently in the test genotypes with respect to change in these two parameters.