• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.411-420
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drinking water containing trimethyl glycine or ascorbic acid on growth performance and blood parameter profiles of duck exposed to scorching heat stress. A total of 480 ducks were randomly assigned to the following eight experiment groups for 42 days : control group C with general water, treatment group 1 (T1) with drinking water containing 100 ppm ascorbic acid, treatment group 2 (T2) with drinking water containing 200 ppm ascorbic acid, treatment group 3 (T3) with drinking water containing 300 ppm ascorbic acid, treatment group 4 (T4) with drinking water containing 400 ppm trimethyl glycine, treatment group 5 (T5) with drinking water containing 800 ppm trimethyl glycine, treatment group 6 (T6) with drinking water containing 1,200 ppm trimethyl glycine, treatment group 7 (T7) with electrolytes of KCl (0.5%) + $NaHCO_3$ (1.0%)+NaCl (0.5%). Our results revealed that the body weights and feed intakes of treatment groups, especially T3 and T6, were increased compared to the control group, where as the feed conversion ratios of treatment groups were decreased (p<0.05). Blood levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C, glucose, AST, ALT and pH in treatment groups were lower compared to those in the control group (p<0.05). Blood levels of red blood cell, platelets profiles, electrolyte and gas in treatment groups were higher compared to those of the control group (p<0.05).

• 대한화학회지
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.598-602
• /
• 1992

2-Piperidylglycine은 항종양제 593A의 합성을 위한 모델이 될 수 있다. 2-Piperidylglycine은 piperidine의 C-2 위치에 glycine 동등체를 도입하여 합성할 수 있다. ${\delta}$-Valerolactam에 trimethyl oxonium tetrafluoroborate를 가하여 2-methoxy-1-piperideine을 합성하였다. 이 imino ether는 glycine 동등체인 ethyl phthalimidoacetate와 반응하지 않았으나 ethyl nitroacetate와는 축합하여 ethyl nitro-2-piperidylene acetate를 주었다. 이를 Pt/C 촉매하의 수소첨가로 ethyl 2-piperidyl glycinate을 얻을 수 있었는데 축합물인 ethyl nitro-2-piperidylene의 이중결합이 Z-configuration을 가져 ethyl 2-piperidyl glycinate는 항종양제 593A와 다른 입체화학을 가지게 된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.1073-1077
• /
• 2002

Binding of dodecyl trimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) to human and bovine hemoglobin and globin samples has been investigated in 50 mM glycine buffer pH = 10, I = 0.0318 and 300 K by equilibrium dialysis and temperature scanning spectrophotometry techniques and method for calculation of average hydrophobicity. The binding data has been analyzed, in terms of binding capacity concept $({\theta})$, Hill coefficient (nH) and intrinsic Gibbs free energy of binding $({\Delta}Gbv).$ The results of binding data, melting point (Tm) and average hydrophobicity show that human hemoglobin has more structural stability than bovine hemoglobin sample. Moreover the results of binding data analysis represent the systems with two and one sets of binding sites for hemoglobin and globin, respectively. It seems that the destabilization of hemoglobin structure due to removal of heme group, is responsible of such behavior. The results indicating the removal of heme group from hemoglobin caused the depletion of first binding set as an electrostatic site upon interaction with DTAB and exposing the hydrophobic patches for protein.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.102-109
• /
• 2014

4개의 아미노산류(proline 0.29 g, glycine 0.63 g, arginine 0.61 g, methionine 0.02 g)와 과당(fructose 1.07 g)을 홍게 농축자숙액(100 mL, 20oBrix)에 넣고 반응향(reaction flavor)을 유도한 게 향미제 base(CFB)의 휘발성 향기성분을 분석하였다. 총 74종의 휘발성 성분이 검출되었는데, 원료에서는 30개의 화합물이, 대조구에서는 34개, CFB에서는 55종의 화합물이 검출되었으며, 반응향 유도 가열반응에 의해 많은 휘발성 화합물이 생성된 것을 알 수 있었다. 그룹별로 보면 함질소화합물(19종의 pyrazine류, 4종의 pyridine류)이 반응향 유도를 통하여 가장 많이 검출되었고, 대조구에 비해 27배 이상의 함량 증가가 있었다. 함황화합물류(7종)에서는 dimethyl trisulfide 및 dimethyl disulfide 등 2종의 화합물이 전체 함량의 대부분을 차지하였고 반응을 통하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 방향족화합물의 종류와 함량은 원료(12종) 및 대조구(3종)에서 반응향 반응을 통하여 CFB(3종)에서는 오히려 감소하였다. Pearson's 상관분석 결과 tetramethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(3-methyl butyl) pyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethyl-3-(3-methylbutyl)pyrazine, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine 및 2-decanone 등 7종의 화합물이 CFB의 관능적 향에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권10호
• /
• pp.1461-1476
• /
• 2009

This review focuses on the metabolic and osmoregulatory functions of betaine and its impact on nutrient digestibility and performance in pigs and poultry. Betaine is the trimethyl derivative of the amino acid glycine, and is present in plant and animal tissue. It has been shown to play an important role in osmoregulation of plants, bacteria and marine organisms. Due to its chemical structure, betaine exerts a number of functions both at the gastrointestinal and metabolic level. As a methyl group donor, betaine is involved in transmethylation reactions and donates its labile methyl group for the synthesis of several metabolically active substances such as creatine and carnitine. Therefore, supplementation of betaine may reduce the requirement for other methyl group donors such as methionine and choline. Beneficial effects on intestinal cells and intestinal microbes have been reported following betaine supplementation to diets for pigs and poultry, which have been attributed to the osmotic properties of betaine. Furthermore, betaine potentially enhances the digestibility of specific nutrients, in particular fiber and minerals. Moreover, at the metabolic level, betaine is involved in protein and energy metabolism. Growth trials revealed positive effects of supplemental betaine on growth performance in pigs and poultry, and there is evidence that betaine acts as a carcass modifier by reducing the carcass fat content. In conclusion, due to its various metabolic and osmoregulatory functions, betaine plays an important role in the nutrition of monogastric animals.

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
• /
• 제15권1호
• /
• pp.54-68
• /
• 2011

$^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of biological samples has been proven to be an effective and nondestructive approach to probe drug toxicity within an organism. In this study, ketoprofen toxicity was investigated using $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Histopathologic test of ketoprofen-induced acute gastrointestinal damage in rats demonstrated a significant dose-dependent effect. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) derived from $^1H$-NMR spectra of urinary samples showed clear separation between the vehicle-treated control and ketoprofen-treated groups. Moreover, PCA derived from endogenous metabolite concentrations through targeted profiling revealed a dose-dependent metabolic shift between the vehicle-treated control, low-dose ketoprofen-treated (10 mg/kg body weight), and high-dose ketoprofen-treated (50 mg/kg) groups coinciding with their gastric damage scores after ketoprofen administration. The resultant metabolic profiles demonstrated that the ketoprofen-induced gastric damage exhibited energy metabolism perturbations that increased urinary levels of citrate, cis-aconitate, succinate, and phosphocreatine. In addition, ketoprofen administration induced an enhancement of xenobiotic activity in fatty oxidation, which caused increase levels of N-isovalerylglycine, adipate, phenylacetylglycine, dimethylamine, betaine, hippurate, 3-indoxylsulfate, N,N-dimethylglycine, trimethyl-N-oxide, and glycine. These findings demonstrate that $^1H$-NMR-based urinary metabolic profiling can be used for noninvasive and rapid way to diagnose adverse drug effects and is suitable for explaining the possible biological pathways perturbed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity.

• 약학회지
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.692-697
• /
• 1997

Creatine and 3,4-Dimethylhippuric acid (3,4-DMHA), a glycine conjugate of 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene (1,2,4-TMB) were determined in the urine of workers exposed to 1,2,4-TMB vapor. The best condition for the simultaneous determination of 3,4-DMHA and creatine by high performance liquid chromatography was obtained by reverse phase $C_{18}$ column (4.6${\times}$150mm, 5${\mu}m$) as stationary phase and 20% acetonitrile in 20mM phosphate buffer (pH 3.0) containing 4mM sodium octylsulfate(SOS)as mobile phase. The recovery of 3,4-DMHA spiked to blank urine in the range of 1~5${\mu}g$/ml was about 96%. The concentration of urinary 3,4-DMHA of workers had a positive correlation with the environmental level of 1,2,4-TMB (r=0.866). The data suggest that urinary 3,4-DMHA concentration is a useful biological index for 1,2,4-TMB exposure.

• 한국수산과학회지
• /
• 제26권3호
• /
• pp.221-229
• /
• 1993

우렁쉥이는 독특한 맛과 향기 때문에 옛부터 줄곧 식용으로 이용되어 왔으며 근년 들어 양식 기술의 발달과 그에 따른 양식 면적의 확대로 연안 어민의 새로운 소득원으로 등장하고 있으며, 또한 최근에는 우렁쉥이의 효율적인 이용을 위해 조미가공품, 냉동품 등 새로운 제품화가 시도되고 있으나 아직 실용화 단계에는 이르지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 일시 대량으로 수확하고 있는 우렁쉥이의 유효 이용을 위한 연구의 일환으로 우렁쉥이 젓갈의 상품화 가능성을 검토하였다. 1. 숙성 기간중 VBN의 변화는 식염 농도 $5\%$인 경우 숙성기간에 따라 증가하여 10일경에 부패취에 도달하였으며 30일후 VBN값이 급격히 증가하였고, 식염 농도가 증가함에 따라서 VBN생성은 억제되었다. 또한 저온숙성($5{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)시킨 시료의 VBN함량은 상온 숙성($25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$)보다는 현저히 억제되었다. 2. TMA함량의 변화는 식염 농도 $5\%$ 상온 숙성에서 30일경에 최고값을 나타내었으며 식염 농도가 높을수록, 저온 숙성일수록 그 증가폭은 낮았다. 3. 총 creatinine함량의 변화는 숙성 30일까지 서서히 증가한 후 감소 경향을 나타내었으며 식염농도가 높을수록, 저온 숙성일수록 그 증가폭은 낮았다. 4. 아미노 질소는 상온과 저온 모두 숙성 30일까지 서서히 증가하였으며 숙성 50일경에 최고값을 나타낸 후 감소하였다. 5. 원료 우렁쉥이의 유리 아미노산 조성은 taurine, aspartic acid, histidine, lysine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, serine의 순서로 함량이 많았으며, 이 중에서 taurine 및 aspartic acid가 각각 $30.4\%$ 및 $24.9\%$를 차지하였다. 45일 숙성후의 유리 아미노산 조성은 taurine이 가장 많았고 proline, glutamic acid, lysine, histidine, valine, alanine순으로 나타났다. 6. 관능 검사 결과 식염 농도 5, 10 및 $15\%$를 첨가하여 상온에서 숙성시킨 경우는 숙성 $10{\sim}40$일경에 악취 발생, 곰팡이 및 흰점질물이 생성되었으나 식염 농도 $20\%$ 상온 숙성 및 저온에서 5, $10\%$를 첨가하여 숙성시킨 경우는 숙성 50일까지 우렁쉥이 특유의 상큼한 냄새를 느낄 수 있었다. 7. 전처리후 제조한 젓갈의 관능 검사 결과, 저온 숙성구에서는 45일간 갈변이 발생하지 않았으며 우렁쉥이 특유의 상큼한 냄새와 맛이 지속되었다.