• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.931-944
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to compare among bull, steer and heifer on growth performance, blood composition and carcass traits according to fattening phase in Hanwoo. 12 month of aged 4 bulls ($339.8{\pm}18.5kg$), 4 steers ($309.8{\pm}13.2kg$), and 3 heifers ($290.0{\pm}16.7kg$) were allocated in the stalls with individual feeding system during 20 months. Average daily gain was not different among the treatment groups during early fattening phase, but higher in the bulls and lower in the heifers after mid-fattening phase (p<0.05). The difference of body size by animal groups appeared from 24 month of age, and wither height and body length of Hanwoo heifer were the smallest (p<0.05) among treatment group. But wither height was not difference among treatment groups at 32 month of age. At 12 month of age, concentrations of serum cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose and total protein were higher in the heifers compared to other groups, and serum GPT (Glutamic pyruvic transaminase) was the highest (p<0.05) in the bulls, and serum GOT (Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase) was the highest (p<0.05) at late fattening phase in the bulls. Meat yield index was similar between the bulls and the heifers, and the lowest (p<0.05) in the steers. Marbling score was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the steers and the heifers than in the bulls, and meat quality was the best in the steers among treatment groups. The results of this experiment might be used as a basal data on difference between gender in revision of Korean feeding standard for Hanwoo.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.5
• /
• pp.710-714
• /
• 2003

This study was carried out to compare the effects of different plant oil sources on lipid metabolism of insulin dependent diabetic mice. Streptozotocin-induced (65 mg/kg B.W.) diabetic mice were fed four kinds of experimental diets with 20% lipid, which composed of 10% lard, and 10% soy bean oil (SBO), 10% rice germ oil (RGO), 10% rice brab oil (RBO) and 10% sesame oil (SSO) respectively, for 7 weeks. Diet intake, body weight, organs weights and lipids levels of serum, liver and feces were measured. There was no significant difference in diet intake and body weight among experimental groups. But the concentrations of serum triglyceride of RGO and RBO groups, and of serum total cholesterol of RGO and SSO groups were lower than those of the others. The hepatic total cholesterol level was the lowest in RGO group. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol excreted in feces of RGO and RBO groups were higher than those of SBO and SSO groups. These results suggested that rice germ oil can effectively reduce serum triglyceride level and hepatic total cholesterol concentration of insulin dependent diabetic mice than rice bran oil, soy bean oil and sesame oil, and hypolipidemic effect of rice germ oil be due to increasing fecal lipid excretion. But we need to investigate the more detailed factors on lipid reducing effect in rice germ oil and rice bran oil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.60-68
• /
• 2002

Purpose of this study was to compare serum phospholipid fatty acid composition of obese children with that of normal weight children reside in Kangnung area. Subjects were consisted of 56(41 boys and 15 girls) moderately or severely obese elementary school children, and age and sex-matched normal weight children as a control group. Level of serum phospholipid fatty acids was measured by thin layer chromatography(TLC) followed by gas chromatography(GLC). for male subjects, serum triglyceride(121 $\pm$ 4.7mg/dl) and total cholesterol(180 $\pm$ 37.1mg/dl) concentrations were significantly(p < 0.05) higher in obese group than those for control group(81.5 $\pm$ 2.5mg/dl and 161 $\pm$ 32.0mg/dl, respectively). Obese group showed significantly higher percentage of serum phospholipid myristic acid(C14:0) than the value for control group in both male and female subjects. Obese male subjects had significantly higher percentages of palmitoleic acid(16 : 1), oleic acid(18 : 1), dihomo-${\gamma}$-linoleic acid(20 : 3, $\omega$6) and docosatetraenoic acid(22 : 4, $\omega$6), and lower percentages of eicosenoic acid(20 : 1, $\omega$6), docosapentaenoic acid(22 : 5, $\omega$6), EPA(22 : 5, $\omega$3) and DHA (22 : 6, $\omega$3) compared to values for control male subjects. For male subjects, obese group showed significantly higher ratios of 16 : 1($\omega$9)/16 : 0 and 18 : 1($\omega$9)/18 : 0, and significantly lower ratios of 22 : 5($\omega$6)/22 4($\omega$6), and 22 : 6($\omega$3)/22 : 5($\omega$3) compacted to values for the control group. But there was not significant differences in elongation and desaturation indices of serum phospholipids fatty acid metabolism between obese and control group in female subjects. Most of anthropometric measurements related to obesity were negatively correlated with the percentages of PUFA, $\omega$3 fatty acids or DHA(22 : 6, $\omega$3), and positively correlated with the percentage of myristic acid(14 : 0) or $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio in serum phospholipids. Serum triglyceride concentration was negatively correlated with the percentage of PUFA or $\omega$3 fatty acids, and positively correlated with $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio in serum phospholipids. These results indicate that obesity related changes in blood lipid levels and metabolism are more significant in male subjects than in female subjects. Also changes in serum phospholipid fatty acid composition observed in obese children appear to demonstrate the increased susceptibility of these children to cardiovascular disease and other related chronic diseases.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.122-128
• /
• 2001

This review showed a discussion on the biofunctional activities of citrus flavonoids. The major flavonoids of citrus species, hesperidin, hesperetin, naringin, and naringenin, were selected to evaluate their biological effects on the lipid metabolism in rats and hamsters, the proliferation of human hepatocyte HepG2 cells, and the antioxidative effect in lipid peroxidation models. These flavonoids showed hypotriglyceridemic effect in hamsters and hypochloesterolemic effect in rats. They also significantly inhibited the activities of phosphatidate phophohydrolase and acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase, which are key enzymes for biosynthesis of triglyceride and cholesterol, repectively, in vivo and in vitro experiments. These biofunctional activities by citrus flavonoids were shown more potent in the aglycone flavonoids, hespreretin and naringenin, than their corresponding glycoside flavonoids, hesperidin and naringin. These aglycone flavonoids also have inhibitory effects on proliferation of human hepatocyte cancer HepG2 cells. Hesperidin showed lowering activities of cellular triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations in HepG2 cells. Citrus flavonoids have significant importance in functional food industry as biofunctional active ingredients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.31-40
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in Korean type 2 diabetes patients. The subjects were 429 (male: 218, female: 211) type 2 DM patients visited DM clinic, and they were classified into quartiles based on $K_{ITT}$ index (%/min, Insulin Tolerance Test). Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, and dietary intakes by Food Frequency Questionnaire were assessed. The means of waist circumference, fat mass, percent body fat and abdominal fat thickness were significantly higher in the lowest quartile (the most insulin resistant group) than in the highest quartile (the least insulin resistant group) of $K_{ITT}$ index (%/min)(p<0.05), For hematological values, the lowest quartile showed significantly higher fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin, triglyceride, ApoB/apoA-1 ratio and C-reactive protein compared to the highest quartile (p < 0.05). Moreover, $K_{ITT}$ index (%/min) was negatively correlated with waist circumference, fat mass, percent body fat, abdominal fat thickness and fasting blood concentrations of glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride, ApoB/apoA-1 ratio and C-reactive protein (p < 0.05). Nutrient intakes were not significantly different among the quartile groups of $K_{ITT}$ index (%/min) and also not correlated with insulin resistance, however, they showed correlation with obesity parameters (BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, vat mass, abdominal fat thickness), which were strongly associated with insulin resistance. In conclusion, cardiovascular disease risk would be higher as the insulin resistance grows in Korean type 2 DM patients, and nutrient intakes would affect to the insulin resistance through the effect on anthropometric parameters.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.55-68
• /
• 2007

Objectives : This research was performed to investigate the effect of herbal acupuncture(Crataegus pinnatifida) at WI-SU($BL_{21}$) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, serum of lipid concentrations, liver function and cardiovascular risk of rats fed high fat diet for 8weeks. Methods : Experimental groups were divided into high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and saline in $BL_{21}$ treated group(Saline), high fat diet and Crataegus pinnatifida-herbal acupuncture in $BL_{21}$ treated group(HA-1, 0.08mg/ml/g), high fat diet and Crataegus pinnatifida-herbal acupuncture in $BL_{21}$ treated group(HA-2, 0.04mg/ml/g), high fat diet and Crataegus pinnatifida-herbal acupuncture in $BL_{21}$ treated group(HA-3, 0.016mg/ml/g), Herbal acupuncture was bilaterally treated at Crataegus pinnatifida-herbal acupuncture in both $BL_{21}$ 1time (0.2cc) per 4days, total 14 times in 56days. Results : Body weight was decreased in HA-1 and food efficiency was decreased in HA-1, HA-3. Feed intake was increased in HA-3. The level of serum total cholesterol was decreased in Saline, HA-1, HA-2, HA-3. The level of serum HDL-cholesterol was increased in HA-1, but LDL-cholesterol was not significant. The level of serum triglyceride was decreased in HA-1, HA-2, HA-3. and the level of serum Total Bilirubin was decreased in HA-1. The level of serum Atherogenic index was decreased in HA-1, HA-2, HA-3. and the level of serum HTR was increased in HA-3. The evel of serum AST, ALT were increased in saline, and the level of serum r-GTP was not significant. Conclusions : Crataegus pinnatifida acupuncture in Wi-Su($BL_{21}$) can control the body weight, feed intake and feed efficiency ratio, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, total bilirubin, and prevention cardiovascular risk. And Crataegus pinnatifida acupuncture is not injurious on liver function.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.69-75
• /
• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the effects of mountain cultivated ginseng water boiled extract(MCG) on blood glucose and insulin levels, and examined whether lipid metabolism are improved by it in male db/db mice(a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus). Methods : 9 weeks old, male db/db mice were divided into 5 groups : C57BL/6J normal, control, MCG-250mg/kg (MCG-1), MCG-500mg/kg(MCG-2) and MCG-1000mg/kg(MCG-3). After mice were treated with MCG for 8 weeks, we measured body weight, food intake, fat weight, visceral organ weight and blood glucose, insulin and lipid levels. Results : 1. We found no difference in body weight, food intake, fat weight and visceral organ weight among the animal groups. 2. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower blood glucose level and higher blood insulin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 3. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had lower LDL-cholesterol and higher HDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Compared with controls, MCG-treated mice had blood triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in MCG-2. 5. Blood AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by MCG, indicating MCG do not show any toxic effects. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that MCG effectively increases blood insulin level and decreases blood glucose level, blood lipid levels, and prevents and improves diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.562-566
• /
• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the supplementary effects of giant embryonic rice, which has over two times of embryo size compared the normal rice, on lipid metabolism of insulin dependent diabetic rats. Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were fed four kinds of experimental diets com starch diet as a control (C-D), a polished rice diet (R-D), a brown rice diet (BR-D) and a giant embryonic rice diet (GER-D) respectively, for 6 weeks. Diet intake body weight, organ weights and lipid levels of serum, liver and feces were measured. There was significant difference in diet intake and body weight among experimental groups. The concentrations of serum triglyceride and total serum cholesterol of BR-D and GER-D groups were lower than those of others. The total hepatic cholesterol level was the lowest in GER-D group. The contents of total lipid and total cholesterol excreted in feces of BR-D and GER-D groups were higher than those of C-D and R-D groups. These results suggested the giant embryonic rice diets can effectively reduce serum triglyceride level and total hepatic cholesterol level in insulin dependent diabetic rats, and hypolipidemic effects be due to increasing fecal lipid excretion.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.627-633
• /
• 1995

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of various dietary vitamin $B_6$ levels on conversion from linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in various tissues in growing chicks. Growing chicks were fed the purified diet containing 7% safflower oil with different levels of vitamin $B_6$ (0, 4, 8, 40, 80 mg per kg diet) for 14 days. Feed intake and weight gain in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet were markedly depressed. Esterified and free cholesterol concentrations in serum were significantly higher, while the serum triglyceride concentration was significantly lover in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet compared to that fed diets with vitamin $B_6$. The liver triglyceride content was also lower in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet. The liver and serum cholesterol ester fractions in chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet showed higher rate of $C_{18:2n6}$ and lower rates of $C_{18:3n6}$, $C_{20:3n6}$ and $C_{20:4n6}$ as compared with vitamin $B_6$ fed groups. In serum phospholipid fraction of chicks fed the vitamin $B_6$-free diet, rates of $C_{20:3n6}$ and $C_{20:4n6}$ were markedly lower. As dietary vitamin $B_6$ level was increased, the rate of $C_{20:4n6}$ was slightly increased, although it was statistically not significant. The fatty acid compositions of adipose tissue showed almost the same pattern as those in liver and serum. This result suggests that the desaturation of $C_{18:2n6}$ to $C_{18:3n6}$, elongation to $C_{20:3n6}$ or both steps might be impaired by vitamin $B_6$ deficiency in growing chicks.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.237-242
• /
• 2001

Colostrum deprived, newborn pigs (N=12, $1.64{\pm}0.05kg$) were used to study the renal threshold of carnitine, and effects of emulsified medium-chain triglyceride (MCT, tri-8:0) feeding on kinetics of plasma carnitine and urinary carnitine excretion. An arterial catheter was inserted through an umbilical artery, and a bladder catheter was inserted via the urachus. Piglets were oro-gastrically gavaged with one of six carnitine levels (0, 60, 120, 180, 240, $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$) with (+MCT) or without medium-chain triglycerides (-MCT) in 0.9% NaCl solution. Blood was sampled into heparinized tubes at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, and 20 h after gavage, and urine was collected and pooled into 1 h or 2 h composite samples to determine free- and short-chain carnitine concentrations. Plasma from the 12 newborn piglets before gavage contained $10.6{\pm}1.2{\mu}mol/L$ free carnitine and $7.2{\pm}0.6{\mu}mol/L$ acid-soluble acyl carnitine. The renal threshold for carnitine was similar between the MCT and the +MCT group (42.6 13.1 and $46.4{\pm}2.0{\mu}mol/L$, respectively), but the correlation between plasma free carnitine and urinary excretion was altered. Plasma free carnitine linearly increased with increasing carnitine dosage (-MCT group, $R^2=0.95$, p<0.001; +MCT group, $R^2=0.91$, p<0.001), but was decreased by 50% when medium-chain triglycerides were fed. The peak in plasma free carnitine concentration was depressed by medium-chain triglycerides feeding also. Therefore, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio of the +MCT group was increased by 100% and 40%, respectively (p<0.01). Feeding of medium-chain triglycerides may delay plasma carnitine elevation via altering the kinetics of absorption. Similarly, the plasma and urinary short-chain/free carnitine ratio were affected by interaction between medium-chain triglycerides and time (p<0.01). The present study suggests that an oral carnitine dose over $480{\mu}mol/kg\;W^{0.75}$ may be needed to reach the free carnitine renal threshold within a short period, especially when provided together with medium-chain triglyceride.