• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.269-277
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• 2003

Effects of soy protein concentrate (SPC) containing isoflavone and casein diets on plasma phospholipid (PLs)-fatty acid patterns were investigated in 7-& 40- wk old female rats. Diets containing 16% SPC (soy/young:SY, soy/old: SO) and casein (casein/young : CY, casein/ old: CO) supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol were fed for 4 wks. Fatty acid compositions of plasma PLs were determined by TLC and GLC. Compared to the dietary protein effects, age effects on serum lipids were more profound. The levels of total cholesterol (Chol.), triglyceride, HDL-Chol., (LDL+VLDL)-Chol. and atherogenic index (AI) were higher in older groups (OC & OS) than younger groups (YC &. YS). Soy groups had higher Ell)L-Chol. level and lower (LDL+ VLDL)-Chol. and AI, compared with casein groups. The compositions of C22:0, Cl8:1 $\omega$9 and sum of MUFA in plasma PLs were significantly higher in casein group (CY & CO) than soy group (SY & SO), but those of sum of SFA were higher in soy group. The compositions of C22:0, Cl8:1 $\omega$9, C22:1, Cl8:3$\omega$3 and C22:4$\omega$6 were higher and those of C22:6$\omega$3, sum of $\omega$3, Cl8: 2$\omega$6 C20:4$\omega$6, sum of $\omega$6 and sum of PUFA were lower in plasma PLs of younger rats. The average P/S and $\omega$3/$\omega$6 ratio in older group was higher. The $\Delta$-7 desaturation index (16:0⇒16:1$\omega$7) and $\Delta$-9 desaturation index (18:0⇒18:1$\omega$9) were lower in soy group than casein group, while $\Delta$-6 and $\Delta$-5 desaturation index were not affected by dietary protein. The $\Delta$-4 desaturation index (22:4$\omega$6⇒22:5$\omega$6) were higher and elongation index (20:4$\omega$6⇒22:4$\omega$6) were lower in older group. The ratio of the products of $\omega$3 fatty acid series (Cl8:3) was significantly higher in older group, which indicated that age affected the plasma PUFA metabolism. On the other hand, older rats had higher serum cholesterol level compared with younger rats. Taken together, these changes in fatty acid composition might cause minimal changes in tile membrane fluidity induced by the increase serum cholesterol level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1983

In order to find out the possibility of utilizing red pepper seed as food resources of fats and proteins, a series of studies were conducted. The red pepper seed contained 27.6% of crude fat and 22.2% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of 95.4% neutral lipid, where as compound lipid were 4.6%. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 85.6%, sterol ester 4.9%, free fatty acids 3.4%, diglyceride 2.5%, sterol 2.2% and monoglyceride 1.1%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids of red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid (57.1-75.4%), palmitic acid (13.9-21.3%) and oleic acid (8.0-15.1%), especially glycolipid contained 1.7% of linolenic acid and small amount of myristic acid and arachidic acid. The salt soluble protein of red pepper seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was about 25.0%. Glutamic acid and arginine were major amino acids of red pepper seed protein. The electrophoretic analysis showed 6 bands in seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by sephadex G-100 and G-200 was about 62.2%. Glutamic acid (19.9%) was major amino acid of the main protein, followed by glycine and alanine. The molecular weight of the main protein was estimated to be 93,000.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.119-136
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• 1998

The lipids of milk provide energy and many essential nutrients for the newborn animal. They also have distinctive physical properties that affect the processing of dairy products. Milk fat globules mainly consist of neutral lipids like triacylglycerols, whereas the globule membranes contain the complex lipids mostly, Phospholipids are a small but important fraction of the milk lipids and are found mainly in the milk fat globule membrane and other membranous material in the skim-milk phase. The milk fats of ruminant animals are characterized by the presence of relatively high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids, especially butyric and hexanoic acids, which are rarely found in milks of non-ruminants. The fatty acids of milk lipids arise from de novo synthesis in the mammary gland and uptake from the circulating blood. The fatty acid compositions of milks are usually complex and distinctive, depending on the nature of the fatty acids synthesized de novo in the mammary gland and those received from the diet in each species. The content and composition of milks from different species vary widely; presumably, these are evolutionary adaptations to differing environments. The actual process by which these globules are formed is unkonwn, but there are indications that triglyceride-containing vesicles which bleb from endoplasmic reticulum may serve as nucleation sites for globules. Recent studies on milk have centred on the manipulation of milk lipids to increase specific fatty acids, i.e. 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5n3, decosahexaenoic acid 22:6n3) from marine sources because the fatty acids are closely associated with a decreased risk of coronary heart disease.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the effect of 12-week weight control program including nutrition education, diet therapy and regular exercise on body weight, obesity degree, BMI and blood lipid levels among middle aged obese women. The 31 middle aged obese women participated in the weight control program for 12-week. The body weight, body composition, blood lipid levels and food habit were measured before and after the weight control program. Changes in body weight after 12 week weight control program showed the slight reduction from $67.4{\pm}10.8kg\;to\;65.1{\pm}9.2kg$. Obesity degree and BMI were decreased from $128.4{\pm}19.1%,\;27.8{\pm}3.9\;to\;123.4{\pm}15.7%,\;26.8{\pm}3.0$, respectively. Waist-hip ratio was also decreased from $0.98{\pm}10.16\;to\;0.94{\pm}0.04$. LBM was also slightly reduced from $39.9{\pm}5.6kg\;to\;37.0{\pm}8.5kg$ with the reduction of body fat. The levels of systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and triglyceride were slightly decreased, HDL-chol level was significantly increased from $43.1{\pm}14.1mg/dL\;to\;50.4{\pm}16.5mg/dL$. Waist-hip ratio was also slightly decreased after 12 weeks. Food habit score was significantly increased after nutriton education and personal counseling about their eating behaviors and nutritional status.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.103-109
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the influence of Eosungcho (Houttuynia cordata Thunb) mixture on the plasma lipids of pigs. Experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: control group(0%), 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups. Plasma concentration of total cholesterol, atherosclerotic index, free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester were significantly lower in the Eosungcho powder 5% and 10% feeding groups than control group. Plasma contents of HDL-cholesterol, cholesteryl ester ratio, triglyceride and phospholipid were significantly different between 10% Eosungcho feeding group and control group. Plasma concentration of LDL-cholesterol was significantly love in 10% Eosungcho feeding group($76.5{\pm}5.4mg/dL$) than in control group($86.5{\pm}5.6mg/dL$). Plasma concentration of VLDL and chylomicron were showed similar tendency to LDL-cholesterol. Also, blood sugar, GOT and GPT concentration were significantly lower in 10% Eosungcho feeding group than in control group. In control group, the ratio of saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid was 58.1 : 51.9, but in 5% and 10% Eosungcho feeding groups, those were 42.1 : 57.9 and 41.0 : 59.0, respectively. The component of main fatty acid was different between control group and Eosungcho feeding groups. In Eosungcho feeding groups, main unsaturated fatty acids were oleic acid(18:1) and linoleic acid(18:2). From the results, addition of Eosungcho powder might be effective in improving the plasma lipid components in pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.231-242
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nutrition education based on ubiquitous healthcare (u-health) service on changes in dietary habits, nutrition intake, and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in male workers. In total, 72 male office workers with at least three risk factors of the National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III were recruited as subjects. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses were conducted on all subjects. Dietary habits and nutrient intake were determined by a questionnaire using the 24-hour dietary recall method before and after nutrition education. Subjects measured their body composition, blood pressure, and physical activity more than once per week during the 12 weeks using the u-health care equipment and sent these data to a central database system using a personal computer. Individual nutrition counseling was provided four times on the first, fourth, eight, and twelfth weeks. The results showed significant decreases in abdominal circumference, body fat (%), diastolic blood pressure, serum triglycerides, and serum total cholesterol during the 12 weeks. Subjects with more than 12 measurements showed significant reductions in abdominal circumference, body fat (%), serum triglyceride, and serum total cholesterol. Mean intake of dietary fiber, animal calcium, potassium, vitamin C, and folic acid after nutrition education were higher than those before nutrition education. Participants showed significant increases in the frequencies of consuming protein foods (meat, fish, eggs, beans, tofu, etc.) and vegetables. In conclusion, nutrition education through the u-health service resulted in positive effects on the risk factors for metabolic syndrome, nutrient intake, and dietary habits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.381-389
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• 2020

Purpose: This study examined the relationships among serum ferritin, vitamin D, folate, iron, and vitamin B₁₂ as indicators of obesity. The results provide the basic data for the prevention and treatment of obese and severely obese people. Methods: This study selected 44 people from 18 years of age or older to 59 years. This study used the indicators of the body mass index (BMI) to analyze obesity as the obesity group (BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/㎡) and as the severe obesity group (BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/㎡). Of the 44 subjects, 23 and 21 subjects were in the obesity and severe obesity groups, respectively. Their height, weight, body fat, skeletal muscle mass measured using bioimpedance analysis, and measured serum nutrients and biochemical parameters. Results: The obesity group showed a significantly lower age, body weight, BMI and body composition, body fat mass, and body fat percentage, and the height was significantly lower in the severe obesity group. The results of the biochemical parameters of the subjects showed that the levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, and triglyceride were within the normal range, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. The levels of folate, vitamin B₁₂, 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃, iron, and ferritin were almost normal, and there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion: This study revealed an association with the serum nutrients and obesity, but there was no difference between the obesity group and severe obesity group. Observations of the nutrient levels in not only the blood in obesity and severe obesity but also in red blood cells and tissues will be necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.683-689
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• 2006

This study was established to investigate the effect of germanium-fortified yeasts on the serum lipid composition and immune system of human body. All 50 subjects with the age range of $50{\sim}75$ were entered in this clinical trial for 6 months. The effects were determined by the proliferative responses of immune-mediated cells, T-cell, B-cell and NK-cell during daily supplementation with/without germanium-fortified yeast. The results of hematology and blood chemistry didn't show any significant differences during administration periods. Serum lipid compositions also didn't show any significant differences during administration periods except triglyceride (TG) and VLDL-cholesterol. TG and VLDL-cholesterol levels were increased significantly by the consumption of germanium-fortified yeast (p<0.05). Immune mediated T-celt and NK-cell didn't increased in both control and test group supplemented with germanium fortified yeast, while B-cell increased in the germanium fortified yeast group after 8 week (p<0.05). Also $TNF-{\alpha}$ increased in the group of germanium fortified yeast after 8 week (p<0.05) but not in the control group. From the above results, germanium fortified yeast is expected to be useful on the improvement of the cellular immune response and protection of organs from various chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 1999

Seasonal variation in lipid classes and fatty acid compositions of total lipid (TL) of 12 species of Korean fish muscle, which caught off Tongyeong coast of the Southern Sea (Nam-Hae) from Mar, 1995 to Feb. 1996, was studied. Triglyceride (TG) and free sterol (ST) were prominent lipid classes of neutral lipid in all fish species. The percent of TG rose with increasing TL content by season, but that of ST fell. The prominent lipid classes of phospholipid were phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), percents of PC and PE were higher in the fish containing lower lipid. The prominent fatty acids in all fish species were 16:0 ($19.5\pm1.99\%$) 22:6 (n-3) ($16.6\pm7.46\%$), 18:1 (n-9) ($15.8\pm8.39\%$), 20:5 (n-3) ($8.46\pm3.70\%$), 16:1 (n-7) ($7.06\pm3.08\%$) and 14:0 ($3.80\pm2.15\%$). With increasing TL content by season, the percent of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) such as 18:1 (n-9) and 16:1 (n-7) rose, but those of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as 22:6 (n-3) and 20:5 (n-3) fell. There was a negative correlation between the percent of the MUFA and the PUFA of total fatty acids. However, the PUFA content increased as the TL content increased by season. On the other hand, the percent of 16:0 almost unchanged by seasonal variation of lipid content.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.433-438
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• 1985

Lipids extracted from two kinds of sun-dried laver samples, wild Porphyra suborbiculata and cultured Porphyra tenera, produced at Wan-do in Korea were studied. Dried P. suborbiculata contained $0.8\%$ total lipid(TL) which consisted of $21.4\%$ neutral lipid(NL), $53.4\%$ glycolipid(GL) and $25.2\%$ phospholipid(PL), and dried P. tenera contained $1.2\%$ TL which consisted of $30.5\%$ NL, $50.3\%$ GL and $19.2\%$ PL. Among the NL of dried P. suborbiculate and P. tenera, free fatty acid ($41.4\%,\;39.0\%$), triglyceride($25.6\%,\;28.8\%$) and free sterol ($22.1\%,\;16.7\%$) were predominant. Digalactosyl diglyceride ($34.7\%,\;46.6\%$) and monogalactosyl diglyceride ($19.2\%,\;18.0\%$) were the major components among the GL. Sulfoquinovosyl digylceride ($4.2\%$) was also identified in P. tenera only. And main lipids in the PL of P. suborbiculata and P. tenera were phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($40.3\%,\;35.7\%$) and phosphatidyl choline ($28.6\%,\;30.7\%$) and followed by phosphatidyl serine($15.1\%,\;19.2\%$) and phosphatidyl inositol ($16.0\%,\;14.4\%$). The major fatty acids in the TL of the dried P. suborbiculata were 20:5 ($29.4\%$), 16:0 ($23.4\%$) and 20:4 ($13.0\%$), and those of the dried P. tenera were 20:5 ($36.7\%$), 16:0 ($16.2\%$), 16:1 ($10.7\%$) and 18:1 ($9.7\%$). The fatty acid composition of the both samples in the NL fraction were similar to the pattern in those of the TL. The abundant fatty acids in the PL of the both dried laver were 20:5, 16:0 and 18:1. In case of the GL fraction, the main fatty acids of the dried P. suborbiculata were 16:0, 20:5, 18:1 and 20:4, while those of the dried P. tenera were 20:5, 16:0 and 18:1.