• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1483-1494
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of slaughter age on carcass traits, meat quality, and the relative mRNA levels of lipid metabolism-related genes in different muscles of Taihang black goats. Methods: In this study, the triceps brachii (TB), longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus (GL) muscles of 15 grazing Taihang black goats slaughtered at the age of 2, 3, and 4 (designated as 2-year-old, 3-year-old, and 4-year-old, respectively) were collected. The differences in carcass shape, meat quality, amino acid composition and lipid metabolism gene expression among Taihang black goats of different ages and from different plant parts were compared. Results: Compared with goats at other ages, goats slaughtered at the age of 4 had greater live and carcass weights, meat weights, bone weights and skin areas (p<0.05). LD in the 4-years-old had the lowest cooking loss and moisture content. The crude protein content in the LD of 2-year-old was significantly greater than that in the other age group, and at the age of 2, the LD had the highest crude protein content than TB and GL. The highest fat content was in LD, followed by TB, for goats slaughtered at the age of 4. Eight out of 9 essential amino acids had higher content in the TB compared with other muscles, regardless of age. The total essential amino acid content was highest in the 4-year-old and lowest in the GL muscle at the age of 3. The sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) genes were significantly more abundant in the TB muscle than in the other muscles for goats slaughtered at the age of 2. At the age of 4, the ATGL and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) genes were significantly more abundant in the GL than in the LD, while the fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes were significantly less abundant in the GL than in the other muscles. Similarly, compared with those in goats of other ages, the relative mRNA expression levels of the FAS and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) genes in goats slaughtered at the age of 4 were the highest, and the relative mRNA expression of the PPARγ gene was the lowest (p<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of the H-FABP and FAS genes was positively correlated with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, while the relative mRNA expression levels of the PPARγ and ATGL genes was negatively correlated with the IMF content. Conclusion: Overall, a better nutritional value was obtained for TB from 4-year-old goats, in which the total essential amino acid and fat contents were greater than those of other muscles. The comprehensive action of lipid metabolism genes was consistent with that of the IMF content, among which the FAS, H-FABP, PPARγ, and ATGL genes had positive and negative effects on the process of IMF deposition in Taihang black goats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1985

This study was designed to elucidate the lipid and its fatty acid composition in various tissues of cat fish, Parasilurus asotus. The free lipid contents in meat, skin and viscera were 5.62%, 26.34% and 19.27%, whereas the bound lipid contents in those tissues were 2.34%, 2.30% and 19.27%, respectively. The neutral lipid contents in free lipid were 5 times higher than those in bound lipid, while the phospholipid contents in bound lipid were 4 times higher than those in free lipid. The neutral lipid was mainly composed of triglyceride (79.84%-99.86%) in free lipid, and esterified sterol & hydrocarbon (55.12-64.33%) in bound lipid. The phospholipid was mainly composed of phosphatidyl choline (52.38-69.98%) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (24.09-40.48%) in free lipid, and phosphatidyl choline (53.03-58.54%) and phosphatidyl ethamolamine (13.80-19.23%) in bound lipid. The major fatty acids of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were C16:0 (28.37%, 21.99%), C18:1 (12.01%, 11.52%), C18:2 (17.93%, 14.12%) and C22:6 (17.22%, 20.63%), and those of nonpolar lipid in free and bound lipids were C16:0 (14.81%, 18.94%), C18: 1 (25.93%, 10.89%) and C22:6 (9.95%,23.44%), respectively. The total essential fatty acid (TEFA) content in skin was slightly higher than that in meat. In both polar and nonpolar lipids in meat ${\omega}3-HUFA$ contents of polar lipid were 1.5-2.0 times higher than nonpolar lipid and also ${\omega}3-HUFA$ content of bound lipid was slightly higher than that of free lipid. There were significant differences in the lipid classification and its fatty acid composition between free and bound lipids and/or in various tissues.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2016

This research was carried out to determine the effect of Cudrania tricuspidata fruit (CTF) on the performance of laying hens, egg quality, yolk fatty acid composition, Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and blood composition. A total 288 Brown Nick laying hens of 48 weeks old replaced into 4 groups with 4 replicates of 18 birds in each. Treatments were added with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0% CTF containing dried seed and pulp. Metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) were 2,800 kcal/kg and 16.0% in basal diets, respectively. Egg production and daily eggmass were significantly increased in 1.0% CTF addition treatment compared to those of other treatments (P<0.05). Egg weight and feed intake were not different among treatments. Feed conversion ratio showed the lower result in 1.0% CTF treatment than other treatments (P<0.05). Eggshell color was not influenced by the addition of CTF. Albumin height, Haugh unit and eggshell breaking strength was not statistically different, but seemed to be higher as dietary CTF addition increased. Yolk color was increased as dietary CTF increased and was the highest in 1.0% CTF group (P<0.05). Fatty acids were not shown the consistency in yolk. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) of birds fed CTF were significantly low compared to those of control. IgG was also statistically higher in CTF treatments than control (P<0.05). As the results of this experiment, the addition of 1% CTF would be the most effective on performance and egg quality, whereas the 0.25% CTF addition in basal diets seemed to be optimum to improve the blood cholesterol, TG,high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-CHOL), IgG in laying hens.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.399-405
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• 2009

Two experiments were conducted to establish the basic data of feeding system in cross-bred Korean native chicks. A total of seven hundred twenty chicks were replaced the 36 floor pen for the first five weeks with $3{\times}3$ factorial design in Experiment 1. Four hundred eighty of five weeks old chicks were raised from six to ten weeks of age with $3{\times}2$ factorial design in Experiment 2. Dietary ME and CP were formulated to contain 3,000, 3,050, 3,100 kcal/kg and 21, 22, 23%, respectively in Experiment 1 and 3,050, 3,100, 3,150 kcal/kg and 18, 19% in Experiment 2. Weight gain, feed intake were measured and calculated the feed conversion. Blood were collected and analyzed at the end of experiments. In Experiment 1, weight gain showed significantly higher in 3,050, 3,100 kcal/kg treatments than 3,000 kcal/kg treatment (P<0.05), but was not different in CP treatments. Feed intake was statistically high in 3,000 kcal/kg treatment compared with 3,050 and 3,100 kcal/kg ones (P<0.05), and more increased in 21% CP treatments compared to that of 22 and 23 CP treatment (P<0.05). Feed conversion of birds fed 3,050 and 3,100 kcal/kg diet showed much lower than 3,000 kcal/kg treatments (P<0.05). FCR was signicantly improved (P<0.05) in chicks fed diets containing 21 and 22% CP as compared to that fed 20% CP. Blood protein, glucose, and total cholesterol tended to increase in high energy and diet treatments. Blood HDL was increased as dietary energy increased, whereas LDL increased in low CP treatments. In Experiment 2, weight gain was not consistent between treatments, but more increased in 18% CP treatments compared to that of 19% CP treatment from six to ten weeks old in cross bred chicks (P<0.05). Feed intake was similar to the result of weight gain, but more increased in 19% CP treatment than 18% CP treatment (P<0.05). There were no statistically difference in FCR, but seemed to improve as dietary ME increased. Blood total protein and glucose increased as dietary CP was high, but triglyceride and HDL increased in high versus low ME (P<0.05). The results of these experiments suggested that optimum dietary ME and CP, were 3,050, 3,150kcal/kg and 22, 19% for the first five weeks and second one, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.141-149
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• 1993

The seasonal variation of lipid content was mostly attributed to diet, water temperature and period of reproduction etc. The lipid mainly consisted of neutral lipid and phospholipid. Nonpolar lipid content was higher in between late spring and summer, while polar lipid content lower during the period. The composition of neutral, glyco, and phospholipid of the total lipid: in average was 53.88, 10.09 and $36.03\%$, respectively. The neutral lipids were composed of triglycride($51.88\%$) and free sterol($23.21\%$) as major component and a little quantity of diglycerides, monoglycerides, esterified sterols and hydrocarbon, free fatty acid were also identified. The phospholipids of each fraction were mainly occupied by phosphatidyl choline($55.5\%$), followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine($27.8\%$), phosphatidyl inositol($8.65\%$) and phosphatidyl serine($4.85\%$). The major fatty acids of the total lipid in ascidian were $C_{20:5},\;C_{22:6},\;C_{16:6}\;and\;C_{18:1}$, respectively. The fatty acid composition of phospholipid and neutral lipid showed a similar tendency to that of the total lipid. The major fatty acids in the fraction of glycolipid, however, appeared $C_{16:0},\;C_{20:1},\;C_{18:0}\;and\;C_{18:1}$ in order.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.510-518
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• 2012

This study examined the biological activity and synergistic effects of an extract of Wa-song ($Orostachys$ $japonicus$, OE), a medicinal plant mixture (MPE) and a combination of both at different ratios (1:1, OMPE-1 and 3:1, OMPE-3). Extracts of the medicinal plants mixture were comprised of Baekbokyung, Changchul and Sa-in at the same ratio. The antioxidant activity of the extracts and their complex were tested $in$ $vitro$. The $in$ $vivo$ antioxidant activity was also analyzed by examining the lipid composition in the liver and kidney of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes rats. The nitric oxide radical scavenging activity was more than 50% in OMPE-3 at a 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL concentration. Regarding metal ions, such as $Fe^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$, the antioxidant activity of OMPE-1 and OMPE-3 was higher than that of OE and MPE. OMPE-1 and 3 had higher activity on $Cu^{2+}$ ions than $Fe^{2+}$ ions. The ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibition activity of the OE extract was higher than that of MPE and OMPE-1 but the relative activity of OMPE-3 was significantly higher than the others. Freeze-dried MPE, OMPE-1 and OMPE-3 were added to the diet at a level of 1% given to STZ induced diabetes rats for 4 weeks. The OMPE-1 and OMPE-3 administered groups showed significant decreases in the total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the liver and kidney. In these groups, the glycogen accumulation level of the liver was increased significantly. The content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver and kidney was decreased but the DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased. These results suggest that Wa-song extract exhibits antioxidant and antidiabetic activity, which are enhanced by a complex with a medical plants extract.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.841-846
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis on serum lipid composition of rats fed high fat and cholesterol diets. Fourty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing $70{\pm}2.5g$ of 4 weeks old were fed experimental diets for 6 weeks with high fat diet consisting of basal diet plus cholesterol (1%) and lard (10%) for the inducement of hyperlipidemia. The effect of laminaran supplements via drinking waters on serum lipid composition of rat were investigated for 5 weeks by administration of experimental diet group fed basal diet only as normal group, control group fed high fat diet, LL group fed high fat diet plus 0.25% laminaran containing water, and LH group fed high fat diet plus 0.5% laminaran containing water, respectively. As a results of experiments, it was found that LL and LH groups showed significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight gain and liver weight as compared with control and it may caused by decreased FER. The weight of cecum and adipose tissue (EFP) of LL group showed a significantly (p<0.05) decreased patterns compared with control. It was also found that LL and LH diet groups affects the intestinal length and transit time of rat as significantly (p<0.05) increased in length of intestine and decreased in transit time. In addition, LL and LH diet groups showed a dramatic decrease in triglyceride, total and LDL-cholesterol, and significant increase in HDL-cholesterol compared with control diet group, by which results in decreased in AI. These results indicate that crude laminaran from Eisenia bicyclis has a strong hyperlipidemic and hypercholesterolemic activities in rat fed high fat and cholesterol diet.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical composition and biological function of tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves. The antioxidant activities of tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves were determined by measuring their electron-donating ability based on their DPPH and nitrite-scavenging ability. The electron-donating abilities of tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves (500 and 1,000 ppm) as determined by DPPH assay were 45.6 and 85.1%, respectively. The nitrite scavenging ability of tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves (500 and 1,000 ppm) at pH 6.0 were 32.8 and 51.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the nitrite scavenging activity increased in a dose-dependent manner at all pH values. The effects of tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves on Male Sprague-Dawley rats were also evaluated. To accomplish this, the rats were divided into three groups (A: normal diet group, B: high fat diet group and C: high fat diet supplemented with tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves group). The anti-obesity effects of tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves were then evaluated. The serum total lipid, total cholesterol and triglyceride contents in C group were lower than those of B group; however, these differences were not statistically significant. The HDL-cholesterol content was significantly higher in the C group than in the other groups. Taken together the results of this study suggest that tea made from mountain-cultivated ginseng leaves possesses antioxidant activity and improves lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.350-363
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• 1987

This study dealt with the comparison of the individual lipid component and fatty acid composition in the six varieties of dent corn, Zea mays Indentata. The fatty acid and sterol compositions of the total lipid were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The total lipid was also fractionated into three lipid classes namely neutral, glyco and phospolipid by the methods of silicic acid column chromatography. The lipid componets of lipid-classes were estimated by thin layer chromatography and TLC-scanner. The contents of total lipid in six varieties of Cdent corn were $3.7{\sim}5.3%$. Total lipid were mainly Composed of triglyceride$(69.8{\sim}75.7%)$ free fatty acid$(13.0{\sim}17.9%)$, lanosterol$(4.8{\sim}6.0%)$. hydrocarbon & esterified sterol$(3.5{\sim}6.0%)$, and polar lipid & pigment$(2.7{\sim}5.9%)$. The contents of triglycerde in $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ and Hwangok No.3 were slightly higher then other varieties. The major fatty acid In total lipid from six varieties of dent corn were chiefly consisted of linoleic$(46.0{\sim}61.4%)$, oleic$(21.9{\sim}29.9%)$ and palmitic acid$(10.9{\sim}16.7%)$. Particularly the content of linoleic acid in $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ was higher but oleic and palmitic acid in $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ were less than other varieties. The compositions of 4-desmethylsterol were mainly composed of siterol $(44.0{\sim}63.2%)$, campestetel$(11.6{\sim}15.5%)$ and stigmasterol$(5.6{\sim}9.1%)$. The content of sitosterol in Chinjuok was higher than other varieties and isofucosterol was detected only in Chinjuok. The compositions of 4-monomethlysterol were mainly composed of obtusifoliol$(17.7{\sim}37.6%)$, gramisterol$(15.0{\sim}27.0%)$ and citrostadienol$(9.1{\sim}17.3%)$. The contents of obtusifoliol and citrostadienol in Kwangok and Chinjuok were less than other varieties. The contents of fractionated neural lipid in Suwon No.19. Kwangok, $Hoengs{\breve{o}}ngok$ and Chinjuok$(90.3{\sim}97.1%)$ were higher than those of $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ and Hwangok No.3$(85.5{\sim}86.1%)$. Neutral lipid were mainly composed of triglyceride$(24.7{\sim}80.0%)$, lanosterol$(6.2{\sim}20.2%)$, Cholesterol$(1.0{\sim}50.6%)$, free fatty acid$(4.4{\sim}8.9%)$ and esterified sterol$(1.5{\sim}15.9%)$. The major fatty acid in neutral lipid from six varieties of dent corn were chiefly consisted of linoleic$(26.2{\sim}55.4%)$ oleic$(22.7{\sim}39.1%)$ and palmitic acid$(11.4{\sim}41.6%)$. Particularly the contents of linoleic acid Suwon No.19 and $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ were higher but palmtic acid in Suwon No.19 and $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ were less tan other varieties. Glycolipd were mainly composed of nlonoglycosflsterol $(17.5{\sim}56.4%)$, monoglycosylce-ramide $(8.2{\sim}25.9%)$ and monoglycoslydiacylglycerol$(12.4{\sim}22.2%)$. The contents of mono-g1ycosrlceramide and monoglycosrlsterol in Chinjuok. Were higher than other varieties. The major fatty acid in glycolipid from six varieties of dent corn were chiefly consisted$(14.6{\sim}39.3%)$, palmitic$(20.0{\sim}26.1%)$, linoleic$(3.6{\sim}26.9%)$ and heptadecanoic acid $(3.3{\sim}24.7%)$. Particutarly the cantents of oleic acid in Chinjuok and heptadecanoic acid in $Chech'{\breve{o}}nok$ were higher than other varieties. Phospholipid were mainly composed of phosphatidyllnositol$(30.9{\sim}86.4%)$ and phosphatidylcholine$(4.5{\sim}22.0%)$. The contents of phosphatidrlinositol in $Hoengs{\breve{o}}ngok$ and Hwanngok No. 3 were less than other varieties. The major fatty acid in phospolipid from six varieties of dent corn chiefly consisted of patmitic$(37.2{\sim}61.6%)$ heptadecanoic$(9.2{\sim}31.8%)$ and oleic acid$(4.3{\sim}17.2%)$. Particuiarlr the content of oleic acid in $Hoengs{\breve{o}}ngok$ was higher but heptadccanoic acid in $Hoengs{\breve{o}}ngok$ was less than othcr varieties.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 1984

This study was designed to elucidate the lipid and its fatty acid composition in various tissues of fresh water fishes. The free and bound lipids in meat, skin and viscera of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were extracted with ethyl ether and the mixed solvent of chloroform-methanol-water (10/9/1, v/v). The free and bound lipids were fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid by a silicic acid column chromatography using chloroform, acetone and methanol, respectively, and quantitatively analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and TLC scanner. The fatty acid compositions of polar ana nonpolar lipids in meat, and these of neutral lipid in various tissues were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography(GLC). The free lipid content in meat, skin and viscera was $6.22\%,\;9.95\%\;and\;9.76\%$, whereas the bound lipid content in those tissues was $10.01\%,\;3.56\%\;and\;7.36\%$, respectively. The neutral lipid contents in free lipid were ranged from $71.7\%$ to $89.4\%$, and $3{\sim}9$ times higher than those in bound lipid, while the phospholipid contents in bound lipid were ranged from $42.3\%$ to $63.2\%$, and $5{\sim}10$ times higher than those in free lipid. The neutral lipid was mainly consisted of triglyceride ($81.91{\sim}88.34\%$) in free lipid, and esterified sterol & hydrocarbon ($41.00{\sim}59.43\%$) in bound lipid. The phospholipid was mainly consisted of phosphatidyl ethanolamine($54.56{\sim}66.79\%$) and phosphatidyl choline ($21.88{\sim}34.28\%$) in free lipid, and phosphatidyl choline ($50.49{\sim}70.57\%$) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($15.74{\sim}24.92\%$) in bound lipid. The major fatty acids of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}\;(17.53\%,\;19.29\%)$, $C_{18:1}\;(24.57\%,\;16.08\%)$, $C_{18:2}\;(8.39\%,\;4.03\%)$, $C_{22:5}\;(1.68\%,\;8.08\%)$, and $C_{22:6}\;(6.22\%,\;13.60\%)$ and these of neutral lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}\;(17.67\%,\;24.15\%)$, $C_{16:1}\;(12.81\%,\;5.52\%)$, $C_{18:1}\;(24.13\%,\;13.02\%)$, $C_{18:2}\;(15.47\%,\;8.68\%)$, $C_{22:5}\;(0.88\%,\;4.14\%)$ and $C_{22:6}\;(1.17\%,\;5.04\%)$, respectively. The unsaturations (TUFA/TSFA) of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were 2.02 and 2.74, and $1.5{\sim}2.0$ times higher than 1.51 and 1.23 of nonpolar lipid. In both polar and nonpolar lipids, w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (w3HUFA) content of bound lipid was $2{\sim}5$ times higher than that of free lipid. The polyenoic acid contents such as $C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in bound lipid were $2{\sim}5$ times higher than these in free lipid. Consequently, there were significant difference between the lipid and its fatty acid composition in free and bound lipids and/or in various tissues.