• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.280-283
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• 1985

Lipid fractions of the roots of cultured (five years old) and wild (eight years old) Codonopsis lanceolata were analyzed. The most abundant fraction of the lipids extracted from cultured and wild roots of C. lanceolata was neutral lipid and the next came phospholipid and glycolipid in descending order. The percentage, however, of the neutral lipid in total lipid was comparatively low, while that of phospholipid, particularly high; 41.30% and 29.34% in that of cultured and wild one respectively. The richest fraction of neutral lipid was triglyceride; 39.49% and 32.88% in the cultured and the wild respectively, and followed by sterol esters and free acid. Noticed amounts of sterol esters and monoglycerides which is able to be used as an emulsifiers, were contained in the neutral lipid of roots; 27.74% and 5.11% respectively. The unsaturated fatty acid fraction of the total lipid hydrolyzate contained in cultured and wild C. lanceolata roots was 72.87% and 74.37% respectively. The main fatty acid contained in the total lipid hydrolyzate was linoleic acid, and followed by linolenic acid palmitic acid. The main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and lauric acid.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of red ginseng mare or Korean mistletoe powder on growth performance and physicochemical properties of thigh meat in broiler. A total of 200 broiler chicks were divided into five groups were fed a basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 0.5% red ginseng mare (T1), red ginseng mare 1% added (T2), Korean mistletoe 0.5% added (T3), Korean mistletoe 0.5% added (T4) for five weeks. Growth performance and proximate composition of chicken thigh meat were not influenced by all treatments, except for mortality and crude fat, which was significantly lower in all treatments with red ginseng mare or Korean mistletoe powder compared to control. Dietary red ginseng mare and Korean mistletoe supplementation had no significantly effects on pH, WHC, shear force, CIE $L^*$, $b^*$ values, triglyceride and glucose but TBARS values total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol were decreased (P<0.05) by the addition red ginseng mare and Korean mistletoe powder. CIE $a^*$ values increased significantly with added red ginseng mare and Korean mistletoe powder relative to the control (P<0.05). It was concluded that the addition of red ginseng mare and Korean mistletoe powder revealed minor improvements in the lipid oxidative stability of chicken meat.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2006

This study investigated the effects of mulberry leaf extract on lipid metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing $100{\pm}10g$ were randomly assigned either to one of two normal diet groups, with (NE group) or without (N group) mulberry extract, or one of four high cholesterol groups containing 1% cholesterol and various levels of dietary mulberry leaf extract. The rats fed high cholesterol diets were subdivided into 4 groups according to level of mulberry extract; Mulberry extract free group (HC group), 0.8% mulberry leaf extract group (HCL group), 1.6% mulberry leaf extract (HCM group) and 3.2% mulberry leaf extract (HCH group). The rats were fed their respective diets ad libitum for 4 weeks. The levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of the HC group were higher than mulberry leaf extract supplemented groups. In contrast, the levels of serum HDL-cholesterol in groups supplemented with mulberry leaf extract were significantly lower than that of HC group. Hepatic total lipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol were significantly higher in the high cholesterol groups compared to those of the normal group, but were lower in the HCL, HCM and HCH groups than in the HC group. HMG-CoA reductase activity was significantly decreased in the HC and HCL groups compared to the normal and NE groups. However, the activities in the HCM and HCH group were similar to that of the normal group. The activity of acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) was increased in high cholesterol groups compared to the normal group. However, the activity was lower for all of the high cholesterol groups fed mulberry leaf extracts, and was lowest for the highest supplemented group (HCH), with no significantly difference from the normal group. In conclusion, the reduction in serum and hepatic lipid composition by mulberry leaf extract may be due to its modulation of HMG-CoA reductase and ACAT activities.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the nutrients intakes of hypertensive female farmers in Korea. The number of subjects in this survey was 40(normal 22, hypertensive 18). Body weight, height, circumferences of waist, hip and thigh, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of them were measured, and lipids and mineral levels of venous blood, mineral contents of 24-hour urine and Na or K levels of some sodium sources were analyzed. The evaluation of nutritional status was performed by recording dietary intake for a day and analyzing it with food composition table. Body weight, waist circumference, waist to thigh ratio, and serum triglyceride were higher in hypertensive. The mean values of calcium, vitamin B2 and niacin intakes of the subjects didn't meet the Korean recommended allowances though there was no significant difference in nutrients intake between two groups. The value of sodium intake presumed from content of sodium excreted to urine, and Na content and Na/K in Korean cabbage Kimchi was higher in hypertensive. These results suggest that reducing of serum triglyceride, decreasing of sodium intake and changing the taste for saltiness can help develop the health status of the rural female hypertensive and control the blood pressure of them.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.105-113
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• 2004

This study investigated the synergy effects of hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system of rats on hypercholesterol diets. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed either a hypercholesterol diet with water or a hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine. The experimental groups consisted of the control group (CO), the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus(ES), and the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC). Eleutherococcus senticosus was extracted, made into 0.5% solution, and fed to the ES and ESC groups. A 3% carnitine diet was supplied to the ESC group. Hypercholesterol diets contained 18% beef tallow and 5% cholesterol. After 4 weeks of administering these diets, serum and liver were obtained and the level of serum lipid and the activities of GOT and GPT were measured. In addition, the level of liver lipid and TBARS and the activity of GSH-Px were measured. The results were as follows: 1) Weight gain and FER in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC) was low significantly(P<0.05). 2) In the groups supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus(ES) and the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherocorcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC), total serum cholesterol levels were both significantly low (P<0.05,P.0.01). 3) Serum GOT activity was significantly low(P<0.05) in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus(ES) and in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietary carnitine(ESC). There was no difference between serum GPT activity in the control group and the groups supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus or dietary carnitine. 4) Liver triglyceride was low (P.0.05) in the group supplied with hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine(ESC). No difference was observed in other lipid composition, TBARS level, and GSH-px activity in liver between the control group and the experimental groups. In summary, the effects of hot water soluble extract from Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine on the lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system (such as weight gain, FER, total serum cholesterol and liver triglyceride) were low when Eleutherococcus senticosus and dietarty carnitine were supplied simultaneously.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.91-97
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to determine the preventive effects of combined interventional trial of fish oil treatment and exercise training on insulin resistance of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into chow diet (CD), high-fat diet (HF), high-fat diet with fish oil (FO), high-fat diet with exercise training (EX), and FO+EX groups. The rats in control group were fed chow diet containing, as percents of calories, 58.9% carbohydrate, 12.4% fat, and 28.7% protein. High-fat diet provided 32% energy as lard, 18% as corn oil, 27% as carbohydrate and 23% as casein. The fish oil diet had the same composition as the high fat diet except that 100 g menhaden oil was substituted for corn oil. Insulin sensitivity was assessed by in vitro glucose transport in the soleus muscle after diet treatment and treadmill running for 4 weeks. While the FO or EX only partially prevented insulin resistance on glucose transport and visceral obesity induced by high-fat diet, these interventions completely corrected hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia from the high-fat diet. The rats in the FO+EX showed normalized insulin action on glucose transport, plasma chemicals and visceral fat mass. Insulin-mediated glucose transport was negatively associated with total visceral fat mass (r=－0.734; p＜0.000), plasma triglyceride (r=－0.403; p＜0.05) and lepin (r=－0.583; p＜0.001) concentrations with significance. Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that only total visceral fat mass was independently associated with insulin-mediated glucose transport (r=－0.668; p＜0.000). In conclusion, combined interventional trial of FO+EX recovered insulin resistance on glucose transport of skeletal muscle induced by high-fat diet. Visceral fat mass might be more important factor than plasma TG and leptin to induce insulin resistance on glucose transport of skeletal muscle in high-fat fed rats.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-62
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was designed to examine the effects of Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. on lowering lipid and anti-oxidation using hyperlipidemic rat. Methods : Male rats weighting $195.21{\pm}4.93g$ were divided into 4 groups and fed high fat diet for 8 weeks. Each of 7 rats was divided into a control and sample group. We fed a control group of rats a basal diet and administered normal saline(100 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. And we fed each experimental group of rats basal diet and administered an extract of Polygonatum odoratum(100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1 time/1 day) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed to determine their chemical composition. We measured lipid of plasma and liver, concentration of anti-oxidative activity and tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$($TNF-{\alpha}$). Results : 1. Concentration of plasma free fatty acid, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol showed a significant decrement in the 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. Concentration of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride showed a significant decrement in all Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. However, concentration of plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol was not significantly different in all the treatment groups. 2. Concentration of liver total cholesterol showed a significant decrement in the 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. Concentration of liver triglyceride(TG) showed a significant decrement in all Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. 3. Concentration of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance showed a significant decrement in the 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. 4. The values of glutathione peroxidase activity showed a significant increment in all Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. The values of superoxide dismutase activity and catalase activity showed a significant increment in the 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. 5. The values of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were not significantly different in all treatment groups. 6. Concentration of liver $TNF-{\alpha}$ showed a significant decrement in the 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. Conclusions : Based on the results in this study, the Polygonatum odoratum EtOH ext. showed a positive effect in lowering lipid and anti-oxidation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.567-572
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• 1994

Diglyceride was prepared by reaction of hydrogenated beef tallow and glycerol (GL) in the presence of a Pseudomonas lipase. Both substrates were mixed at the ratio of GL/Triglyceride of 0.5 which is the stoichiometric molar ratio for the complete conversion of triglyceride (TG) to diglyceride (DG). DG can be obtained by solid phase-glycerolysis of hydrogenated beef tallow without use of organic solvents or emulsifiers by careful control of reaction temperature. Optimized reaction temperature condition was as follows: An initial incubation at$60^{\circ}C$ for 2h followed by the first temperature shift down to $55^{\circ}C$ for 4h, and then the second shift down to $50^{\circ}C$ for up to 3 days. There was a large decrease in the content of TG during the first $60^{\circ}C$ incubation for 2h. Even a prolonged incubation at $60^{\circ}C$ could not make a change of the composition of the reaction mixture at liquid state. By controlling the temperature lower than $60^{\circ}C$, reaction mixtures were solidified. The reaction temperature at $50^{\circ}C$ below the melting temperature of hydrogenaed beef tallow gave an 71% optimum yield of DG after 72h enzymatic glycerolysis and about 73% of total DG was 1,3-DG.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.633-638
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• 1992

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of vitamins A and E on hepatic lipid metabolism in adriamycin (ADR)-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 groups according to the dietary supplementation of vitamin A or E. Except control rats, a dose of 2mg ADR/kg of B.W. was injected to these animals intraperitoneally in the same day every week. Lipid peroxide values of liver were elevated by ADR treatment. But dietary supplementation of vitamin A or E significantly reduced these values. Catalase activity in rat liver was increased by ADR treatment, but glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity was decreased. This effect was somewhat modified by feeding dietary vitamin A or E. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in rat liver was not changed by ADR treatment, but the combined use of ADR, vitamins A and E significantly induced this activity. Fatty acid composition of liver mitochondria was not affected by ADR treatment. The contents of hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol were elevated by ADR treatment. Dietary vitamin A reduced the increased hepatic triglyceride and cholesterol contents in ADR-treated rat.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.476-481
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• 1994

The lipase activity of crude enzyme extracted from the molded sardine meal(MSM) 'koji', and lipid classes and fatty acid composition of neutral lipid(NL) and phospholipid (PL) of MSM 'koji' were investigated. The optimum pH and temperature of the crude enzyme was 8.0 and $40^{\circ}C$ using olive oil emulsion as a substrate, but the residual activity depended on pH and temperature. Total lipid contents of the MSM 'koji' consisted of 15.33g/100g NL, 5.45g/100g PL respectively. The major lipid classes of NL were triglyceride ($53.4\%$) and free fatty acid($28.1\%$), that of PL were phosphatidylethanol($32.7\%$), phosphatidylinositol($25.5\%$), phosphatidylcholine($25.1\%$), lyso-phosphatidylcholine($7.3\%$) and sphingomyeline($3.5\%$). The prominent fatty acid fractions of NL were 16:0, 22:6, 18:1 n-9, 18:2n-6 and 20:5, with PL fractions the major fatty acid ratios were 22:6, 16:0, 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 and 20:5, in the same respective order.