• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.525-532
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the age-related changes of the lipid metabolism and thrombogenic capacity in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at the ages of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 months old. Total lipid, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol in plasma and liver, HDL-cholesterol concentration, and eicosanoid contents in plasma were measured. Lipid peroxides were determined by the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) in LDL fraction. Body weight was increased continuous until 16 months and decreased after 20 months. Epididymal fat pad (EFP) weight was increased continuously until 20 months and decreased at 24 months. Total lipid and TG concentrations in plasma were increased until 20 months and then rapidly decreased at 24 months but plasma cholesterol was increased continuously with aging. HDL-cholesterol level was increased continuously until 12 months, but decreased at 16 months and maintained there after. The TBARS levels in LDL fraction were the highest level at 24 months. Liver total lipid, TG, and total cholesterol concentrations were shown a tendency to increase with aging, and especially TG concentration was increased rapidly from 12 months to 16 months. Plasma thromboxane B$_2$ (TXB$_2$) and 6-keto-prostaglandin F$_1$ (6-keto-PGF$_1$) contents did not change with aging, but the ratio of TXB$_2$/6-keto-PGF$_1$ was increased with aging, especially from 8 to 12 months. These results showed that lipid levels in plasma and liver, TBARS levels in LDL fraction, and TXB$_2$/6-keto-PGF$_1$ ratio were increased with aging.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 1995

An attempt was made to elucidate the stability of serum metabolites and enzyme activities in blood samples taken from rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli), Israeli carp(Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) under different storing conditions. The concentrations of total protein(TP), albumin(ALB), triglyceride(TG), cholesterol(CHOL) glucose(GLC), phosphorus(P) and sodium(Na), and the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in serum were investigated for 16 days at $15^{\circ}C$(room temp.) and $4^{\circ}C$ (refrigerative) condition, or frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$ for period of 30 days. Though there was a little difference between fish species, the concentrations of TP, ALB, GLC, P, Na in serum were stable at all storing temperatures, while those of TG, CHOL, ALT and AST were not stable, particularly even at the normal temperature. In general, serum components were more stable at refrigerative and frozen conditions than at room temp. storing. However, it was noticeable that the stability of CHOL in rockfish serum was found to be more unstable at $-20^{\circ}C$ than kept at $15^{\circ}C$ or$4^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2000

To study the stress response of coho salmon (Oncorhpohus kisutch) during transportation, the stress responses of the fish confined in a container box filled with freshwater or $5{\%{\circ}}$ salt-water were monitored pre and post 10 hours transportation. Changes of cortisol as the first stress indicator, and glucose (GLC), lactate (LAC), triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), sodium ($Na^+$), chloride ($Cl^-$), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as the second stress indicators were compared between the fish in two hauling media. Results showed significantly lower levels of cortisol, GLC, LAC, TG, CHOL and AST in salt-water group than freshwater group, It was shown that using salt-water for transportation could lessen the stress level of the coho salmon.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.773-785
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• 2006

Vitamin E in the body system plays an important role in preventing chronic diseases by decreasing the oxidative stress by free-radicals. However, there are not enough researches on analyzing the primary factors affecting vitamin E levels in the blood in Korean adults. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to examine blood tocopherol levels and the primary factors affecting the status. A complete lifestyle survey was performed on 314 Korean adult men and surveyed their smoking, drinking and exercising habits. The average plasma level of ${\alpha}-\;and\;{\gamma}-tocopherol$ showed similar mutual relations with plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), or low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (p<0.001). Plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level of the subjects did not show any difference as smoking, drinking and exercising habits changed. However, ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ per TG showed much lower figure in smokers than non smokers (p < 0.05). Amongst diet factors, plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level showed negative correlations with Vitamin E intake, while ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ level showed positive correlations with Vitamin E intake. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and plasma tocopherol showed negative correlations, and catalase activity and plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ showed positive correlationship. The level of cell DNA damage of Iymphocyte and plasma ${\alpha}-\;or\;{\gamma}-tocopherol$ showed negative correlations. As a result of this research, the factors that affect Korean adult men's plasma ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ level are plasma TG, LDL-C and cell DNA damage in Iymphocyte, while the factors that affect ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ level are plasma TG, LDL-C and vitamin E intake based on multiple regression analysis. These findings implies that the level of different types of tocopherol depends on slightly different factors. A further research is needed on the factors involved in the differentiation of the types of tocopherol.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.214-226
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• 1996

In an attempt to evaluate the effect of high and low concentration of Injinsaryungsan and high and low concentration of Sosihotang on cholestatic liver injery induced by $ANIT({\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate)$, biochemical changes in serum transaminase(GOT, GPT), alkaline phosphate, lactate dehydrogenase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total-bilirubine were studied and the following results were obtained. 1. High concentration of Injinsaryungsan(2.2g／Kg) inhibited significantly the activity increases of GOT, GPT, ALP, LDH, TC, TG, T-Bilirubine induced by $ANIT({\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate)$. 2. Low concentration of Injinsaryungsan(1.1g／Kg) inhibited the activity increases of ALP, LDH, TC, TG with statistical significance, while inhibited the activity increase of GOT ,but with no statistical significance. 3. High concentration of Sosihotang(2.4g／Kg) inhibited the activity increases of LDH, TG, TC with statistical significance while inhibited the activity increases of GOT, GPT, ALP, T-bilirubine with no significance. 4. Low concentration of Sosihotang(1.2g／Kg) inhibited the activity increase of TG, while inhibited the activity increase of ALP, TC with no statistical sig-nificance, but didn't inhibite the activity increases of GOT, GPT, LDH, T-Bil. These results suggest that Injinsaryungsan has more significant effect on the liver injury induced by $ANIT({\alpha}-naphthylisothiocyanate)$ compared with Sosihotang and so can be applicable clinically to virus hepatitis and cholestatic liver injury. Further study will be required to evaluate the effect of Sosibotang on cholangitis and cholecystitis.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.100-107
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-lipogenic effect of Sobuncheong-eum on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in free fatty acid induced cellular model. Methods : HepG2 cells were treated with palmitate for 24h to overload intracellular triglyceride (TG) content in the presence or absence of Sobuncheong-eum extract. After palmitate treatment, Intracellular TG content was measured with TG assay kit. Several lipogenesis related markers, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid synthase (FAS), were assessed using Western-blot analyses and RT-PCR. Results : Palmitate markedly increased intracellular TG in HepG2 cells, and which were alleviated by coadministered Sobuncheong-eum extract. Sobuncheong-eum extract activated AMPK, which plays a key role in reducing hepatic lipid accumulation, and reduced lipogenic fators, SREBP-1c, ACC, and FAS. Conclusions : Taken together, it is conceivable that Sobuncheong-eum has an potential to alleviate steatosis, and which may be mediated by activating AMPK at least in part.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2004

This study investigated the effect of allium vegetable intake on the storage and utilization of energy substrates before, during, and after exercise in tissues of rats. Ninety rats were fed either a control diet or a diet with added Allium sativum (AS, garlic), Allium cepa (AC, onion), Allium fistulosum (AF, spring onion), or Allium tuberosum (AT, Chinese chives) for 4 weeks and were then subdivided into 3 groups: before-exercise (BE); during-exercise (DE); after-exercise (AE). The DE group was exercised on treadmill for 1 hour just before being sacrificed at the end of 4th week of the dietary treatment rats in the AE group were allowed to recuperate for 2 hours after being exercised like the DE group. The levels of glycogen (GLY), triglyceride (TG) and protein (PRO) were compared in liver and skeletal muscle. In the AS diet animals, the level of liver GLY was significantly higher than those of control animals in the BE, DE and AE groups. The level of muscle TG also tended to be higher in BE, but lower in AE than in control animals. In AC animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. The level of muscle TG also tended to be higher than those of control animals in BE and DE but tended to be lower in AE. In AF animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. The level of muscle TG was also significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE groups. In AT animals, the level of muscle GLY was significantly lower than those of control animals in BE, DE and AE. These results suggest that Allium sativum diets enhance the capacity to store fuel before as well as during exercise and increases the potential to utilize the stored fuel during exercise.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.710-721
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the hematological characteristics and risk factors of hypercholesterolemia(HC) in Korean. 344 adult men who took the annual health check ups at D or J hospitals were participated in this cross sectional study. The subjects were grouped by plasma total cholesterol level into three groups: normal cholesterolemic(n=139), borderline hypercholesterolemic (n=93) and hypercholesterolemic(n=112) groups. The data of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), hemoglobin, plasma glucose, albumin and cholesterol levels were collected from medical records. The levels of plasma triglyceride(TG), HDL C, phospholipid, insulin, apo A and apo B were measured. The levels of plasma LDL C, VLDL C and atherogenic index(AI) were calculated. The subjects with HC had significantly higher SBP and DBP, albumin, TG, phospholipid, HDL C, LDL C, VLDL C and apo B level than those of the normal subjects. The relative and attributable risks on HC were 1.59 and 0.18 for hypertension(SBP/DBP$\geq$160/95), 2.08 and 0.35 for hypertriglyceridemia (TG $\geq$400mg/dl). Plasma total cholesterol level was positively correlated with several hematologic parameters: age(r=0.1242, p<0.05), DBP(r=0.1194, p<0.05), albumin(r=0.2029, p<0.001), plasma TG(r= 0.3829, p<0.001), phospholipid(r=0.6036, p<0.001), LDL C(r=0.8572, p<0.001), HDL C(r=0.2399, p< 0.001), AI(r=0.3116, p<0.001), apo B(r=0.2602, p<0.05) and Lp(a)(r=0.1372, p<0.05). However, plasma total cholesterol level was negatively correlated with the levels of Apo A1(r= 0.2922, p<0.001), and ABR(r= 0.3598, p<0.001).

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.215-220
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• 2008

Hypolipidemic effect of Insamsansa-eum (ISE, Ren-Shen-Shan-Zah-Yin in Chinese) consisted of Red ginseng (RG; the steamed root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) and Crataegii fructus (CF, the fruit of Crataegus pinnatifida BGE) is used frequently in China and Korea as a herbal medicine to treat arteriosclerosis, was investigated. Treatment of ISE significantly reduced blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice and serum TG levels in corn oil-induced hypertriglyceridemic mice. ISE significantly lowered the high blood TG and TC levels as well as body and epididymal mass weights in hyperlipidemic mice induced by long-term feeding of a high-fat diet and increased blood HDL cholesterol level. ISE and its ingredients, RG and CF, inhibited pancreatic lipase and HMG-CoA reductase activities. Of its ingredients, RG reduced the blood TC level and HMG-CoA reductase activity more than CF. CF reduced blood TG level and pancreatic lipase activity more than RG. These finding suggest that the antihyperlipidemic effect of ISE may be due to synergistic inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and pancreatic lipase by RG and CF, and that ISE may be effective hypolipidemic agents.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.3058-3068
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• 2014

This experimental research is aimed to apply a health promotion program based on Cox's interaction model to such college students as are on the brink of dyslipidemia, so as to investigate the effects of the program on the subjects' blood lipid indexes including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL). The subjects are 39 in all including the experimental group comprising 20 and the control group comprising 19. The analyses applied include descriptive statistics using SPSS WIN 18.0, $X^2$-test, independent t-test, and paired t-test. By means of nursing interventions which are an element of client-professional interaction, the following were offered including health information (exercise management, dietary management, health education), emotional support (sharing of experiences, encouragement, self expression), decision-making controlling (counselling by phone), and professional/ technical abilities; and blood lipid indexes were measured before and after the interventions. The results of this research found that TC, TG and LDL decreased significantly and HDL increased significantly in the experimental group, which indicates that the health promotion program was effective.