• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2014

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA elements that often cause mutations in genes and alterations in the chromosome structure. In order to identify and characterize transposable elements (TEs) in Pleurotus eryngii, a TE-enriched library was constructed using two sets of TE-specific degenerated primers, which target conserved sequences of RT and RVE domains in fungal LTR retrotransposons. A total of 256 clones were randomly chosen from the library and their insert sequences were determined. Comparative investigation of the insert sequences with those in repeat element database, Repbase, revealed that 71 of them were found to be TE-related fragments with significant similarity to LTR retrotransposons from other species. Among the TE sequences, the 70 TEs were Gypsy-type LTR retrotransposons, including 20 of MarY1 from Tricholoma matsutake, 26 of Gypsy-8_SLL from Serpula lacrymans, and 16 of RMER17D_MM from mouse, whereas a single sequence, Copia-48-PTR, was found as only Copia-type LTR retrotransposon. Southern blot analysis of the HindIII-digested P. eryngii genomic DNA showed that the retrotransposon sequences similar to MarY1 and Gypsy-8_SLL were contained as high as 14 and 18 copies per genome, respectively, whereas other retrotransposons were remained low. Moreover, both of the two Gypsy retrotransposons were expressed in full length mRNA as shown by Northern blot analysis, suggesting that they were functionally active retrotransposons.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.231-236
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• 2002

Encapsulating 1-octen-3-ol with alginates solution, the effects of physical properties (viscosity, emulsion activity, emulsion stability) of alginates solutin on the retention of 1-octen-3-ol in capsules were investigated. Only alginates solutions haying less than 350 cP in viscosity were capable to be adopted to spray dry. Adding citric acid to alginates solution in order to reduce its viscosity, the concentration of citric acid became higher, the viscosity of alginates solution were lower. Adding $0.1\% of citric acid could reduce viscosity of alginates solution to 150 cP. The viscosity of alginates solution after emulsifying showed higher value than that of solution before emulsifying, but its viscosity were within the possible ranges for spray drying. The lower viscosity of alginates solution were, EAI became higher but ESI and amount of remaining 1-octen-3-ol in capsules were lower, In reducing the viscosity of alginates solutions, heating time after adding citric acid were longer, the their viscosity became lower. Differences of viscosity of alginates solution after and before emulsifying were little, In encapsulating raw pine agaric with alginates solution, the adding amount of soybean oil increased, the amounts of remaining 1-octen-3-ol in capsules increased. After freeze drying the amount of remaining 1-octen-3-ol in alginates capsules prepared with raw pine agaric was higher than that after cold air flow drying.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.206-213
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• 2008

We observed the physical and chemical properties of a soil on pine mushroom picking areas where were located in the most upper and lower parts showing a comparative climatic characteristics in Korea. The slope gradients within the investigation areas which were divided into 100 quadrates of $1m^2$ ranged from $5.7{\sim}8.6{\beta}$ to $24{\sim}22.7{\beta}$ (left to right) and $4.5{\sim}6.8{\beta}$ to $13.5{\sim}17.8{\beta}$ (top to bottom) for Ponghwa and Gansung, respectively. The amount of clay and thickness of organic matter were significantly decreased with increasing slope gradient, resulting in decrease of the soil moisture content around a fairly ring-colony of Tricholoma matsutake which was observed under the relatively thicker organic matter layer beyond 3 cm depth. Soil pHswere weak acid and average EC was $0.44dS\;m^{-1}$ in both areas. The cations were in the order of Fe K > Na > Mg > Ca and Fe > K > Na > Ca > Mg for the upper(Gansung) and the lower (Ponghwa) part. And the amount of Fe was approximately $80dS\;m^{-1}$ or greater in the pine mushroom picking soil. From this, we could assume that the growth of the pine mushroom was closely related not only with iron but also soil moisture content.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.671-679
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• 1997

Approximate composition and mineral content of eighty seven medicinal herbs marketed in Korea was analyzed on the basis of their dried weight. From the results anlyzed, it was known that Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seem. (22.4%), Portulaca oleracea L. (20.6%), Torilis japonica DC. (15.0%) in crude ash, Ziziyphus spinosa Hu. (39.9%), Alisma orientale Juzep. (30.6%), Lepidium latifolium L. (28.8%), Cassia tora L. (27.5%) in crude protein, Ziziyphus spinosa Hu. (27.9%), Xantnium strumarium L. (24.0%), Perilla frutescens var. acuta Kude (22.8%), Benincasa hispida Cong. (22.4%) in crude lipid, Vitex rotundifolia L. (59.5%), Ganoderma lucidum Karst (53.9%), Pinus densifiora Sieb. et Zucc. (46.4%), Sambucus williamsii Hanse (41.2%) in crude fiber, and Poria cocos Wolf (91.2%), Gastrodiae elata Blume (87.9%), Gentiana scabra Bunge (86.3%), Rehnannia glutinosa Libosch (86.0%) in nitrogen free extract exhibited higher content than other kinds. Phosphrous contents were 1.5, 1.1 and 1.0% in order of Taxillus chinensis Danser, Malva verticillata L., Nelumbo nucifera Gaeten, and magnesium contents were 0.7, 0.5 and 0.5% in the order of Saururus chinesis Baill., Salivia milltriorrhiza Bunge and Pueraria thunberglans Benth. Calcium contents of Cimicifuge heradeifolia Komarov, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum Seem. and Rhus vericiflura Stokes were 8.5, 7.1 and 3.0%, and potassium contents of Tricholoma matsutake Sing., Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Achyranthes japonica Nakai were 5.6, 5,4 and 4.7%, respectively. Sodium contents were 2.1, 0.6 and 0.3% in the order of Boshinakia rossica Fedtsch., Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and Prunus mume Seib., and iron contents were 0.3, 0.2 and 0.2% in the order of Cirsium japonicum var, ussuriense Kitamuraa, Gentiana scabra Bunge and Phlomis umbrosa Turcz.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.379-393
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• 2002

Thirty-six plots (each size 100m2) have been set up and surveyed to investigate the plant community structure and the ecological density of Pinus densiflora for. eracta(Chunyang-type) community in Seobyeok-ri, Chungyang-myeon, bonghwa-gun, Kyeongsangbuk-do. Four communities, Community I (large DBH class), Community II (large DBH class), Community III (middle DBH class), Community IV(small DBH class), were classified into by mean DBH and mean height. Pinus densiflora for. eracta dominate in canopy layer, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Quercus mongolica dominate in understory layer, Rhododendron Schlippenbachii and R. mucronulatum dominate in shrub layer. It turned out that thefour communiteis had low species diversity(0.4320~0.9487; unit: 400$m^2$) and high similarity. By the result of ecological density analysis. the mean basal area was proportionated to mean DBH (cm) size. By the result of simple regression analysis between mean DBH(cm), mean distance(m), and the number of individual were as follow: Ecological distance(m) = 0.0934$\times$ DBH(cm) +0.6117, Number of individual=242.47$\times$ DBH(cm)$^{-1.009}$, Ecological distance=9.643$\times$No. of individua $l^{-0.7016}$. In addition to four communities were suitable to the growth of Tricholoma matsutake because average species were about 30~50 years old, litter layer was 0.5~2.5cm and the ratio of coverage shrub was 20% .

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.730-740
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• 2012

Korea Expressway Corporation have a plan to make a new highway from East Hongcheon to Yanayang in Kangwon-do(province). This research was conducted to analyze a vegetation structure of japanese red pine forest and to prepare conservation and restoration basic information for minimizing the effects on pine mushroom producing by road construction. Considering the range of effects by road construction, twenty plots were set up near road construction reserved area, and surveyed. The result analyzed by TWINSPAN, one of the classification technique, showed that the communities were divided into four groups which are two Pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community and Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad leaves forest community(IV). Species diversity index of each community ranged from $1.7353{\pm}0.0341$ to $1.9079{\pm}0.2471$, and the average number of species was $9.2{\pm}2.8$, especially $9.6{\pm}5.0$ at canopy layer in the unit area($100m^2$). The number of individuals ranged from 4 to 29 and average 9.55 in the unit area($100m^2$). The average RSI(relative space index) was below 35%, the average estimated age of the forest was $38{\pm}8.34$ years. The depth of $A_0$ layer of soil was 4~6cm and the range of soil acidity was pH4.70~5.63(average pH 5.29). Pine mushroom and Japanes red pine have a close symbiosis relation. Therefore it is needed that minimizing the read construction which goes through the pine mushroom producing area. If a road goes through a pine mushroom producing area, restoration measurement is prepared to prevent forest from rapid change such as succession or vegetation structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.1087-1096
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activity of extracts of fresh mushrooms. The components were extracted by hot water; subsequently, the hot-water extract was subjected to 60% ethanol precipitation to yield high-molecular-weight (HMW) and low-molecular-weight (LMW) fractions. Total polyphenol contents, $\beta$-glucan contents, electron-donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, nitrite-scavenging activity, fibrinolytic activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and inhibition of NO production of the mushroom extracts were measured using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages, RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer contained the highest levels of $\beta$-glucan (33.5% and 25.57%, respectively). Further, the LMW fractions of the Phellinus linteus contained the highest levels of polyphenols (233.23 mg/g). The EDA of LMW fractions (10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Agaricus bisporus were 80.74% and 51.35%, respectively. Further, SOD-like activities of the LMW fractions were high as compared to those of the HMW fractions. Nitrite-scavenging activities of the LMW fractions (pH 1.2; concentration, 10 mg/mL) of the Phellinus linteus and Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kummer were 75.95% and 41.05%, respectively. The fibrinolytic activity of the LMW fractions of all mushrooms showed no enzyme activity by fibrin plate assay. The fibrinolytic activity of the extracts of Tricholoma matsutake was the greatest inhibitory activity at 60.4%. Further study revealed that the mushroom extracts exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on RAW 264.7 cells. The LMW fraction ($500\;{\mu}g/mL$) of the Phellinus linteus considerably inhibited NO production (100%).