• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.125-148
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• 2009

UGC(User Generated Contents) is emerging as the center of e-business in the web 2.0 era. The trend reflects changing roles of users in production and consumption of contents on websites and helps us to understand new strategies of websites such as web portals and social network websites. Nowadays, we consume contents created by other non-professional users for both utilitarian (e.g., knowledge) and hedonic values (e.g., fun). Also, contents produced by ourselves (e.g., photo, video) are posted on websites so that our friends, family, and even the public can consume those contents. This means that non-professionals, who used to be passive audience in the past, are now creating contents and share their UGCs with others in the Web. Accessible media, tools, and applications have also reduced difficulty and complexity in the process of creating contents. Realizing that users create plenty of materials which are very interesting to other people, media companies (i.e., web portals and social networking websites) are adjusting their strategies and business models accordingly. Increased demand of UGC may lead to website visits which are the source of benefits from advertising. Therefore, they put more efforts into making their websites open platforms where UGCs can be created and shared among users without technical and methodological difficulties. Many websites have increasingly adopted new technologies such as RSS and openAPI. Some have even changed the structure of web pages so that UGC can be seen several times to more visitors. This mainstream of UGCs on websites indicates that acquiring more UGCs and supporting participating users have become important things to media companies. Although those companies need to understand why general users have shown increasing interest in creating and posting contents and what is important to them in the process of productions, few research results exist in this area to address these issues. Also, behavioral process in creating video UGCs has not been explored enough for the public to fully understand it. With a solid theoretical background (i.e., theory of implementation intentions), parts of our proposed research model mirror the process of user behaviors in creating video contents, which consist of intention to upload, intention to edit, edit, and upload. In addition, in order to explain how those behavioral intentions are developed, we investigated influences of antecedents from three motivational perspectives (i.e., intrinsic, editing software-oriented, and website's network effect-oriented). First, from the intrinsic motivation perspective, we studied the roles of self-expression, enjoyment, and social attention in forming intention to edit with preferred editing software or in forming intention to upload video contents to preferred websites. Second, we explored the roles of editing software for non-professionals to edit video contents, in terms of how it makes production process easier and how it is useful in the process. Finally, from the website characteristic-oriented perspective, we investigated the role of a website's network externality as an antecedent of users' intention to upload to preferred websites. The rationale is that posting UGCs on websites are basically social-oriented behaviors; thus, users prefer a website with the high level of network externality for contents uploading. This study adopted a longitudinal research design; we emailed recipients twice with different questionnaires. Guided by invitation email including a link to web survey page, respondents answered most of questions except edit and upload at the first survey. They were asked to provide information about UGC editing software they mainly used and preferred website to upload edited contents, and then asked to answer related questions. For example, before answering questions regarding network externality, they individually had to declare the name of the website to which they would be willing to upload. At the end of the first survey, we asked if they agreed to participate in the corresponding survey in a month. During twenty days, 333 complete responses were gathered in the first survey. One month later, we emailed those recipients to ask for participation in the second survey. 185 of the 333 recipients (about 56 percentages) answered in the second survey. Personalized questionnaires were provided for them to remind the names of editing software and website that they reported in the first survey. They answered the degree of editing with the software and the degree of uploading video contents to the website for the past one month. To all recipients of the two surveys, exchange tickets for books (about 5,000~10,000 Korean Won) were provided according to the frequency of participations. PLS analysis shows that user behaviors in creating video contents are well explained by the theory of implementation intentions. In fact, intention to upload significantly influences intention to edit in the process of accomplishing the goal behavior, upload. These relationships show the behavioral process that has been unclear in users' creating video contents for uploading and also highlight important roles of editing in the process. Regarding the intrinsic motivations, the results illustrated that users are likely to edit their own video contents in order to express their own intrinsic traits such as thoughts and feelings. Also, their intention to upload contents in preferred website is formed because they want to attract much attention from others through contents reflecting themselves. This result well corresponds to the roles of the website characteristic, namely, network externality. Based on the PLS results, the network effect of a website has significant influence on users' intention to upload to the preferred website. This indicates that users with social attention motivations are likely to upload their video UGCs to a website whose network size is big enough to realize their motivations easily. Finally, regarding editing software characteristic-oriented motivations, making exclusively-provided editing software more user-friendly (i.e., easy of use, usefulness) plays an important role in leading to users' intention to edit. Our research contributes to both academic scholars and professionals. For researchers, our results show that the theory of implementation intentions is well applied to the video UGC context and very useful to explain the relationship between implementation intentions and goal behaviors. With the theory, this study theoretically and empirically confirmed that editing is a different and important behavior from uploading behavior, and we tested the behavioral process of ordinary users in creating video UGCs, focusing on significant motivational factors in each step. In addition, parts of our research model are also rooted in the solid theoretical background such as the technology acceptance model and the theory of network externality to explain the effects of UGC-related motivations. For practitioners, our results suggest that media companies need to restructure their websites so that users' needs for social interaction through UGC (e.g., self-expression, social attention) are well met. Also, we emphasize strategic importance of the network size of websites in leading non-professionals to upload video contents to the websites. Those websites need to find a way to utilize the network effects for acquiring more UGCs. Finally, we suggest that some ways to improve editing software be considered as a way to increase edit behavior which is a very important process leading to UGC uploading.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.25-34
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• 2020

본 연구는 국내 명승과 미국 국립공원을 대상으로 정의 및 주요 가치, 지정 절차 및 유형, 지정추이를 살펴보고 두 자연유산의 지정 특성을 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 명승은 경관성을 기본 전제로 학술적, 역사적, 인문적 가치를 포함하는 복합유산으로서의 성격을 지니고 있다. 미국 국립공원은 공공성을 기반으로 하는 자연유산으로서 경관의 보호를 통해 국민의 자연유산 향유에 기여하고 생태적·역사적 가치를 동시에 만족하는 것을 목표로 삼고 있다. 둘째, 명승의 지정은 소유자나 관리자, 지자체의 요청이나 문화재청장의 직권으로 지정신청과 지정조사를 거쳐 문화재 위원회의 심의를 통해 지정여부를 결정한다. 지정조사는 기초자원조사와 유형별 자원조사로 구분되며, 1970년 명주 청학동 소금강의 최초 명승 지정 이후 2000년대까지 명승 지정은 저조했으나 2006년 이후 명승 활성화 정책에 힘입어 지정건수가 급격히 증가했고, 자연명승과 역사문화명승의 비중이 균형을 이루게 되었다. 미국 국립공원은 의회나 대통령에 의해 지정이 결정되며 국립공원청에서는 사전검사조사를 통한 잠정자원의 특별자원연구 수행 여부 결정, 특별자원연구 결과에 따른 국립공원 지정기준 만족 여부, 우선순위 결정이 순차적으로 이루어진다. 미국 국립공원은 의회뿐만 아니라 대통령의 국립기념지 지정 권한 부여를 통해 국립공원의 지정경로가 확대되었고, 국립공원청의 통합 운영으로 여러 부처에서 관할하던 유산들이 국립공원에 포함되어 지정건수가 증가하였다. 또한 사적지법의 제정으로 역사유적이 다수 지정되고, 여가공간 제공을 위한 레크리에이션 지역들을 지정하여 총 18개 유닛으로 분류·관리하고 있다. 셋째, 명승과 미국 국립공원의 지정 특성을 비교한 결과 복합적 가치를 지닌 자연유산의 지정, 상호보완적 지정체계와 자원특성에 따른 유형분류, 주무부처 신설 및 지정 정책에 따른 유산의 균형화가 특징으로 확인되었다. 두 유산은 경관성과 공공성을 바탕으로 생태적, 역사적, 학술적 가치를 동시에 충족하는 복합적 자연유산의 특징을 지니고 있었다. 또한 양국 모두 기초자원조사와 심화단계의 지정조사를 통해 순차적, 상호보완적 조사로 유산의 지정을 심의하는 체계가 확인되었으며 자원의 특성에 따라 각 유형을 분류하였다. 이외에 국내 명승 활성화 정책과 미국의 국립공원청 통합운영은 두 유산의 지정 양상에 영향을 미쳤으며, 자연유산과 역사문화유산의 균형을 이루었다. 넷째, 명승과 국립공원의 자원유형과 보존관리 방식은 상당부분 연관성을 지니고 있었다. 미국 국립공원의 자연지역은 국내 천연기념물의 유형들이 주요 자원으로 포함되며, 자연명승과 유사한 특성을 지닌다. 또한 역사유적은 경관성 측면에서 역사문화명승의 지정기준과 유사하며, 전쟁 및 유명인물 관련 유적이 주를 이루는 양상이 사적의 유형과 관련있었다. 보존관리 측면에서 미국 국립공원의 자연지역은 생태계 원상을 그대로 두는 방식을 지니고 있으나 점적 자원에 대한 중점관리는 국내 자연유산 보호체계가 유용할 것으로 보인다. 한편, 역사자원은 사적과 역사문화명승이 전통시대 생활상 전반을 포함하고 있으나, 미국 국립공원의 역사유적은 전쟁사, 유명인 관련 유적을 대상으로 현대까지 시간적 범위를 설정하였으며, 현존 자원을 토대로 적극적인 향유 프로그램 제공이 차이점으로 도출되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.16-36
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• 1984

화강암질풍화토(花崗岩質風化土)의 미교란(未攪亂) 시료(試料)를 사용하여 일면(一面) 직접(直接) 전단시험(剪斷試驗)으로 측정(測定)한 전단강도(剪斷强度)와 함수비(含水比), 간극비(間隙比), 건조밀도(乾燥密度), 비중(比重)과의 관계(關係)를 통계(統計) 분석(分析)하였고, 화강암질풍화토(花崗岩質風化土)의 사방시공지(砂防施工地)에 식재(植栽)된 리기다소나무림(林)과 리기테-다소나무림(林)에서 토양단면(土壤斷面)을 만들어 산중식토양경도계(山中式土壤硬度計)로 토양(土壤)의 견밀도(堅密度)를 측정(測定)하고 수근분포(樹根分布)를 조사(調査)하여 통계(統計) 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 다음과 같다. 1) 함수비(含水比), 간극비(間隙比)와 전단강도(剪斷强度) 간(間)에는 유의적(有意的)인 부(負)의 상관(相關)이며 직접적(直接的)인 관계(關係)에 있었다. 2) 건조밀도(乾燥密度)와 전단강도(剪斷强度) 사이에는 정(正)의 상관(相關)이며 직접적(直接的)인 관계(關係)에 있었다. 3) 비중(比重)과 전단강도(剪斷强度) 간(間)에는 유의적(有意的)인 상관관계(相關關係)를 인정(認定)할 수 없었다. 4) 전단강도(剪斷强度)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 영향요소(影響要素)의 직접효과(直接效果)의 크기는 함수비(含水比)>간극비(間隙比)>건조밀도(乾燥密度)의 순위(順位)이다. 5) 다중선형(多重線型) 회귀방정식(回歸方程式)의 분산분석결과(分散分析結果) 함수비(含水比)만이 회귀성(回歸性)이 인정(認定)되므로 함수비(含水比)를 독립변수(獨立變數)로 하여 전단강도(剪斷强度)를 추정(推定)하기 위한 회귀방정식(回歸方程式)은 제한(制限)된 건조밀도(乾燥密度)의 범위내(範圍內)에서 적합도(適合度)가 매우 높게 평가(評價)되었다. 6) 토양(土壤)의 견밀도(堅密度)는 토심(土深)이 깊어짐에 따라 높아진다. 7) 토양(土壤)의 지표경도(指標硬度)와 수근수(樹根數) 간(間)에는 유의적(有意的)인 부(負)의 상관(相關)이며 직접적(直接的)인 관계(關係)에 있었다. 8) 리기다소나무와 리기테-다소나무의 수근(樹根)은 토심(土深) 20cm까지에 대부분 분포(分布)하고 있었다. 9) 리기다소나무림(林)과 리기테-다소나무림(林)에서 측정(測定)한 토양(土壤)의 지표경도(指標硬度)를 독립변수(獨立變數)로한 회귀방정식(回歸方程式)으로 수근수(樹根數)를 추정(推定)할 수 있었으나 낮은 적합도(適合度)를 나타내었다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.231-244
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• 2000

한국농촌의학회지 창간호(1976년 발행)부터 24권2호(1999년 발행)까지 총 3호에 게재된 연구논문을 종합 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 총 34호에 게재된 전체논문수는 337편이었고 이중 원저논문수는 240편(71.2%)이었다. 원저논문은 1970년대에 13편, 1980년대에 73편, 1990년대에 154편으로 계속 증가하고 있었다. 2. 원저논문 240편의 저자수는 1명에서 10명까지였고 3인인 경우가 55편(22.9%)으로 가장 높았다. 공동저자수가 점차 증가하는 추이를 나타냈다. 연구기관수는 l개에서 5개까지였고 단일기관인 경우가 106편(44.2%)으로 가장 높았다. 1990년대에 오면서 3개이상의 연구기관들이 공동연구하는 양상을 뚜렷이 나타냈다. 3. 게재논문의 사용언어는 97.5%가 한글로 기술되었으며, 영어논문은 2.5%이었다. 원저논문에 연구비를 받았다고 표시된 논문은 24편(10.0%)이었다. 4. 원저논문의 연구영역별 분류에 의하면 보건 관리에 관한 논문이 105편(43.8%), 질병역학 연구논문이 96편(40.0%), 농촌환경 및 농민의 직업성 질환분야는 39편(16.3%)으로 순이었다. 1970년대에는 질병역학 12편(92.3%), 보건관리 1편((7.7%)이었다. 1980년대에는 질병역학 33편(45.2%), 보건관리 29편(39.7%), 농촌환경 및 농민의 직업성질환 11편(15.1%)이었다. 1990년대에는 보건관리 75편(48.7%)으로 가장 많았고 질병역학 51편(33.1%), 농촌환경 및 농민의 직업성질환 28편 (18.2%) 순이었다. 5. 각 영역별 연구주제별 분류에 의하면 농촌 환경 및 농민의 직업성질환 논문 39편중 농약중독 8편(20.5%)으로 가장 많았고 농부증, 비닐하우스증에 관한 논문은 각각 7편(17.9%), 사고손상 및 기타중독 6편(15.4%) 순이었다. 질병역학 논문 96편중 기생충 56편(58.3%)으로 가장 많았고, 비감영성질환 16편(16.7%), 감염성질환 12편(12.5%)순이었다. 보건관리 논문 105편중 의료이용행태 25편(23.8%)으로 가장 많았고, 보건의료체계 18편(17.1%), 모자보건 13편(12.4%)순이었다. 연대별 다빈도 10순위 연구주제별 분포에 의하면 1970년대에는 기생충 6편(46.2%), 비감염성질환 4편(30.8%)순이었다. 1980년대에는 기생충 28편(38.4%)으로 가장 많았고, 보건의료체계 9편(12.3%), 의료이용행태 7편(9.6%), 모자보건 5편(6.8%), 농약중독 4편(5.5% )순이었다. 1990년대에는 기생충 22편(14.3%), 의료이용행태 18편(11.7%), 노인보건 16편(10.4%), 보건의료체계 14편(9.1%), 감염성질환 10편(6.5%), 비감염성질환 10편(6.5%) 순이었다. 6. 원저논문의 연구설계방법은 분석적연구 115편(47.9%), 기술적연구 92편(38.3%), 실험적 연구 21편(9.2%), 증례보고 6편(2.5%)순이었다. 1970년대에는 기술적연구 13편(100%)이고, 1980년대에는 기술적 연구 47편(64.4%), 분석적연구 19편(26.0%)이었으며, 1990년대에는 분석적연구 96편(62.8%), 기술적연구 32편(20.9%)으로 나타났다. 통계처리방법으로는 3개 연구영역 모두 지술적통계량을 모든 논문에 시도하였고, ${\chi}^2$-검정, t-검정 순이었다. 이상의 결과에서, 한국농촌의학회지에 원저 논문의 게재가 점차 증가하고 있고, 저자수 및 연구기관수도 1990년대에 들어 증가하여 농촌의 보건의료에 관한 연구가 계속 활발히 이루어지고 있다고 판단된다. 연구영역을 분석한 결과 보건관리에 관한 논문이 가장 많았는데 1970, 1980년대에 질병역학 논문이 가장 많았지만 1990년대에 와서 보건관리 논문이 급증한데 기인한다. 연구주제별 분석결과 1970, 1980, 1990년대 공히 질병역학 영역에 속한 기생충에 관한 논문이 가장 많아서 그동안 우리나라 농촌에 기생충 문제가 현 비중을 차지하고 있었음을 반영 할 수 있다. 그러나 1990년대에 그 비중이 감소하는 추세이며 앞으로 의료 이용행태, 노인보건 등 보건관리에 관한 주제에 대한 연구가 더 많이 이루어질 것으로 예측된다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1968

작물근의 분비물질이나 함유물질이 그 작물 자체에 나 또는 다른 작물에 미치는 영향을 구명하여 작무작촌방식 개선에 기여하고자 본연구를 하였다. 재료와 방법은 우리 나라에 적합한 사료작물중에서 레드클로우버, 옹처드그라스 및 브로움그라스의 생근즙액, 부패근즙액, 수경폐액을 채취하여 레드클로우버, 라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 콩, 오오처드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브르움그라스, 보리, 밀, 수수, 옥수수 및 기장 등의 종자발아 및 생장에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그리고, 식물근의 분비물질이나 함유물질중 기지현상과 관계가 깊은 것은 유기산일 것이라는 견해하에 이들 3개 재료작물의 근에서 유기산을 분석하였다. 본 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. (1) 생근즙액의 영향 : 레드클로우버즙액 : 라디노클로우버와 매듭풀의 유식물 생장을 제제하였고, 화본과작물에 대하여는 수수를 제외하고는 모든 작물에 생육제제작용을 하였다. 오오처드그라스즙액 : 레드클로우버와 콩의 유식물생장을 촉진하였으며, 오오처드그라스 자체에 대해서 발아와 생장을 제제하고, 보리와 기장의 생육을 제제하는 이외는 그 밖에 작물에 대한 영향을 인정할 수 없었다. 브로움그라스액즙 : 이탈리안라이그라스에 대해서는 영향이 없고, 그 밖의 작물에 대해서는 모두 제제작용을 하였다. (2) 부패근즙액의 영향 : 레드클로우버즙액 : 레드클로우버의 유식물의 생장을 촉진하였고, 수수를 제외한 그 밖의 작물에 대해서는 모두 제제작용을 하였다. 오오처드그라스즙액 : 레드클로우버와 리디노클로우버, 콩, 수수의 생장을 촉진하였고, 보리와 기장의 발아와 발근을 제제하였다. 브로움그라스즙액 : 레드클로우버, 콩, 수수에 대해서는 생장에 촉진적 영향을 미쳤고, 오오처드그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 기장에는 제제적 영향을 미쳤다. (3) 수경폐액의 영향 : 레드클로우버의 폐액은 화본과작물의 생장에 제제적 작용을 하였으며, 오오처드그라스와 이탈리안라이그라스의 폐액은 레드클로우버의 생장에 촉진적 영향을 미쳤다. (4) 유기산 분석 결과 : 레드클로우버근에는 비휘발성 유기산중, 수산, 구연산, 주석산, 마론산, 사과산, 호백산이 들어 있었고, 오오처드그라스와 브로움그라스에는 수산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산이 들어 있었다. 그리고, 모두 휘발성 유기산인 의산이 들어있음을 확인했다. 이상의 결과로 보아 본실험의 뿌리의 분비물질이나 함유물질의 영향으로 다음 사항을 알 수 있었다. ${\circled1}$ 레드클로우버는 대체로 화본과작물에는 불리한 영향을 미치는데, 그 원인은 뿌리가 함유하는 유기산(수산, 구연산, 주석산, 마론산, 사과산, 오백산, 의산)의 종류와 함량이 많기 때문이라고 인정된다. ${\circled2}$ 오오처드그라스는 두과작물에 대체로 유리한 영향을 미치는데, 그 원인은 뿌리가 함유하는 유기산(수산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산, 의산)의 종류와 함량이 적고, 또 어떤 생장촉진물질이 들어 있기 때문이라고 인정된다. ${\circled3}$ 브로움그라스의 뿌리는 부패하지 않는 근 두과 화본과작물에 모두 불리한 영향을 미치는데, 그 원인은 확인된 유기산(수산, 구연산, 주석산, 사과산, 의산)이외에 미동정된 수종의 휘발성물질이 들어 있기 때문이라고 인정된다. (5) 근부함유물질의 기지현상에 대한 영향 : ${\circled1}$ 종래 알려진 레드클로우버의 기지현상의 원인은 뿌리의 유독성분에 의하는 것은 아니라고 인정된다. ${\circled2}$ 오오처드그라스 및 브로움그라스는 장기단작의 경우는 뿌리의 유독성분이 기지의 원인이 될 수 있다고 인정된다. (6) 근부함유물질의 작부체계상 상대작물에 대한 영향 : ${\circled1}$ 생근즙액 및 수경폐액의 경우(간작, 혼작 상정) : 1) 유리한 조합 : 오오처드그라스->레드클로우버, 콩. 이탈리안라이그라스->레드클로우버. 2) 불리한 조합 : 레드클로우버->라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 오오처드그라스 ,이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리 ,밀, 옥수수, 기장. 오오처드그라스->매듭풀, 오오처드그라스, 보리, 기장. 브로움그라스->레드클로우버, 라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 콩, 오오처드그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 밀, 수수, 옥수수, 기장. 3) 무해한 조합 : 레드클로우버->레드클로우버, 콩, 수수. 오오처드그라스->라디노클로우버, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 밀, 수수, 옥수수. 브로움그라스->이탈리안라이그라스. ${\circled2}$ 부패근즙액의 경우(후작 상) : 1) 불리한 조합 : 레드클로우버$\longrightarrow$레드클로우버, 수수. 오오처드그라스->레드클로우버, 라디노클로우버, 콩, 수수, 옥수수. 브로움그라스-> 레드크로우버, 콩, 수수. 2) 불리한 조합 : 레드클로우버->매듭풀, 오오처드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 밀, 기장. 오오처드그라스->보리, 기장. 브로움그라스->오오처드그라스, 브로움그라스, 보리, 기장. 3) 무해한 조합 : 레드클로우버->라디노클로우버, 콩, 옥수수. 오오처드그라스->매듭풀, 오오처드그라스, 이탈리안라이그라스, 브로움그라스, 밀. 브로움그라스->라디노클로우버, 매듭풀, 이탈리안라이그라스, 밀.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1975

The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제3권
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• pp.89-98
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• 1965

대두증산의 중요성에 미추어 대두의 다수계통 선발을 위하여 전년에 공시한 22품종을 재료로 각 형질의 유전력, 각 형질상호간의 유전상관, 그리고 선발지수 등을 재검토하기 위하여 선발시험을 한 바 대체로 전보 전년의 결과와 같다. 1. 유전력 : 유전력을 추정하기 위하여 파종기별로 각 형질의 평균치의 변동을 보면 제1표와 같이 파종기가 지연됨에 따라 형질의 평균치는 감소하고 (Table 1), 형질중에는 환경에 따라 크게 영향을 받는 것도 있으며(Table 2), 각 형질별 유전력을 추정한 바 그 결과는 제3표와 같다. 즉 개화일수ㆍ결실일수ㆍ생육일수 등 생유기간에 관계되는 형질은 그의 유전력이 높고 형태적 특성에 관계되는 형질중에서도 경장 100입중은 높으나 수량에 관여하는 형질 등은 낮았다. 그리고 파종기에 따라서도 변동을 하며 대체로 파종기가 늦어짐에 따라 감소하는 경향이 보인다(Table 3). 2. 유전상관 : 각 형질 상호간의 유전상관ㆍ표현형상관을 알기 위하여 각 형질의 표현형분산과 각 형질 상호간의 표현형공분산ㆍ유전공분산. 그리고 환경공분산을 산출한 바 그 결과는 제4,5표와 같고(Table 4,5), 그들의 유전상관과 표현형상관은 제6표와 같다(Table 6). 대체로 유전사관의 정도는 표현형상관보다높으나 파종기에 따라서도 변동하고 있다. 일주입중 즉 수랴오가 타형질과의 상관을 보면 대체로 전보와 같이 100입중이외의 제형질은 정의 상관을 보이며, 파종기에 따라서도 그 값이 변동을 하나 전보에서는 일주입중과 분지수 사이에 고도의 상관관계가 보였으나, 본실험에 있어서는 상관의 경향이 보였을 따름이다. 그리고 본실험에 있어서는 일주협수와 일주입수간에서 유전상관이 1이상의 이상치를 보였다. 3. 선발지수 : 선발이 최종 대상형질을 일주입중(형질 Y)으로 하여 여기에 어려 형질을 조합한 선발지수(Selection index A)와 최종 대상형질을 수량과 높은 유전상관이 있는 일주협수(형질 Y')로 하여 여기에 여러 형질을 조합한 선발지수(Selection index B)를 Robinson et al.의 방법에 의하여 작성하여 본 바 제7표와 같다(Table 7). 전보의 결과와 같이 대두의 선발에 있어서는 최종 대상형질을 일주입중 대신에 일주협수로써 선발하여도 대차가 없고, 선발대상형질을 4개형질이상인 경우에는 그 효과가 조사와 산출에 요하는 노력에 비하여 크게 기대될 정도가 못된다. 이와 같은 점에서 다수확을 목표로 하는 선발은 탈곡조제 전에 일주협수ㆍ분지수ㆍ경직경 등에 대하여 조사를 하고 선발지수를 산출하여 Selection score가 큰 계통부터 선발하여 가면 될 것으로 믿는다. 그리고 선발을 위한 대상형질로는 생육일수(X$_1$)ㆍ분지수(X$_2$)ㆍ경직경(X$_3$), 그리고 일주협수(X$_4$)의 4개형질 혹은 분지수(X$_2$)ㆍ경직경(X$_3$), 그리고 일주협수(X$_4$)의 3개형질로 할 것이 요망되고, 이들 형질의 측정치로 선발지수를 작성하여 그 지수에서 산출된 Selection score가 큰 계통부터 선발해 나가는 것이 선발지수의 이용상 실용적이고 효과적인 방법이라 하겠다.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.211-250
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• 2007

1. The 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金娥), Yoshida Koton(吉田篁墩) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li '(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 1739${\sim}$1798) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai, Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 1749${\sim}$1787) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論) and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯) 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai 's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋司"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue", "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Rits(森立之 1807${\sim}$ 1885) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai, a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("神農本草經"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"(神農本草經) and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"("枳園隨筆") that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"("說文解字") to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據). Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬 1804${\sim}$1876) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai, and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園). He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi" and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan" but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 912-955) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 1755-1810) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi" and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi" are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng" is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"("素問識"), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan lu Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"("難經疏證"), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"("疾雅"), "Ming Yi Gong An"("名醫公案"), and "Yi Ji Kao"("醫籍考"). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), Yuan Jian(元堅 1795-1857) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(樂匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素間紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"(傷寒廣要), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("該腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(失數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', 'the founding of Ji Shou Guan and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai ' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.58-71
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• 1981

충남(忠南) 전북지방(全北地方) 적송림(赤松林)의 천이과정(遷移過程)을 연구(研究)하기 위하여 솔잎혹파리의 피해지속기간(被害持續期間)에 따라 피해극기지(被害極基地) (5년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))인 공주(公州)(A), 피해지속지(被害持續地)(10년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))인 부여(扶餘)(B), 피해회복지(被害回復地)(20년전(年前)에 피해발생(被害発生))로서 고창지역(高敞地域)(C)을 조사지역(調査地域)으로 설정(設定)하고, 각(各) 조사지역별(調査地域別)로 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態)를 調査하여, 환경요인(環境要因)과 식생상태(植生狀態), 삼림군집(森林群集)의 비교(比較), 식물상(植物相)의 변화(変化) 등(等)을 분석(分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다 1. 임분(林分)이 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)로 부터 회복(回復)되어 감에 따라 식생구성(植生構成)에 변화(変化)가 오고 대상수종(代償樹種)으로 발달(発達)된 참나무류(類)의 상대우점치(相対優点値)가 감소(減小)되었다. 그러나 본(本) 조사지역내(調査地域內)에서는 상수리나무의 상대우점치(相対優点値)가 다른 참나무류(類) 보다 높았다. 2. 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)가 지속(持續)됨에 따라 삼림군집(森林群集)의 종구성상태(種構成狀態)가 점차 다양(多樣)하여진다. 그후 피해(被害)가 회복(回復)됨에 따라 임분(林分)의 종구성상태(種構成狀態)는 단순화(单純化)되는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 상대밀도(相対密度) 및 상대우점치(相対優点値)의 상대치(相対値)에 의(依)한 식생천이(植生遷移)를 종합분석(綜合分析)한 결과(結果) 솔잎혹파리피해(被害)의 극심(極甚)에서 우점종(優点種)을 이루던 참나무류(類)가 피해(被害)로부터 회복(回復)되어감에 따라 그 값이 감소(減少)되고, 싸리류(類), 진달래류(類) 등(等)이 하층식생(下層植生)을 형성(形成)하는 삼림군집(森林群集)으로 변화(変化)하여 갔다. 4. 식생(植生)에 미친 토심(土深), 토양함수량(土壤含水量), 유기물함량(有機物含量), 그리고 유기물층(有機物層)의 두께는 본(本) 조사대상지(調査対象地)의 범위내에 있어서는 거의 같은 것으로 사료(思料)되었고 연평균강수량(年平均降水量)과 온도(温度)도 유사(類似)하였다고 본다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.1-40
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• 2008

1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩 $1745{\sim}1798$) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li'(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 $1739{\sim}1798$) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(伊澤蘭軒) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai(澀江抽齋), Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 $1749{\sim}1787$) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論") and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(伊澤蘭軒) and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋詞"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue"("金匱要略"), "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Ritsi(森立之 $1807{\sim}1885$) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken(伊澤蘭軒) and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai(狩谷掖齋), a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"("神農本草經") and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"(枳園隨筆) that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"(說文解字) to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據), Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬, $1804{\sim}1876$) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai(安積艮齋), and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園), He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju"("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi"("金匱要略疏義") and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan"(老醫巵言) but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 $912{\sim}955$) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 $1755{\sim}1810$) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi"("傷寒論輯義") and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi"("金匱要略輯義") are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng"("醫勝") is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"(素問識), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan Ju Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"(難經疏證), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"(疾雅), "Ming Yi Gong An"(名醫公案), and "Yi Ji Kao"(醫籍考). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), Yuan Jian(元堅 $1795{\sim}1857$) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(禦匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素問紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"("傷寒廣要"), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("診腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(矢數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', the founding of Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.