• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2001

To examine the effects of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the tree growths of central Korea, tree rings of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis) , Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) and yew (Taxus cuspidata) were analyzed. Korean pine and red pine samples were collected from 4 and 7sites in Sorak Mountain ranges, respectively ; yew from one site in Sobaek Mountain. Correlations between ring-width and monthly temperature data showed generally positive relationships for the Korean pine and yew chronologies, but negative ones for the red pine chronologies. In the analysis of correlation between ring-width and monthly S0 index data, only one Korean pine chronology at the lower Hangaerung valley site, and one red pine chronology at Baekdamjang shelter site showed significant relationships ; negative with April SOI for the former and positive with previous August-September SOI for the latter. The other chronologies at higher elevation sites did not indicate any significant correlations with SOI.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.189-201
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• 1995

In order to clarify regeneration processes and mechanisms of the disturbed Pinus densiflora forest, responses of Pinus densiflora to gap formed by disturbance were analysed by growth of saplings and mature and growth equations were obtained from branch growth of mature trees and height growth of saplings, and age distribution of saplings and young trees recruited within gap was analysed in relation to gap age. Height growth of saplings within gaps was accelerated after gap formation. Such abrupt increases of growth of saplings after the gap formation might be resulted in the difference of growth of saplings between gap and non-gap areas. In fact, height and diameter of saplings in the central part of gap were larger than those of saplings in marginal parts of gap and non-gap area. However, density of saplings was not different in both parts. In addition, growth of annual rings of mature trees bordering on gap also increased after gap formation. Branch growth of mature trees bodering on gap was 6.3 - 6.5 cm /year and the mean radius of gaps created by death of only one canopy tree was about 3 m. Therefore, for those gaps to be closed by branch growth it will take 46 years. Growth of saplings within gap showed exponential equation. Fifty years will be required for the saplings to enter the forest canopy by the exponential growth equation. Therefore, gap created by only one tree might be closed by branch growth of surrounding canopy trees in advance of being done by height growth of saplings. But gaps created by death of trees more than 2 will be closed by the growth of saplings. Among the regenerating saplings and young trees within gaps, individuals established in advance of gap formation were more than those established after the gap formation. From these results, it was assumed that the disturbed Pinus densiflora forests in these sites were regenerated by height growth of saplings recruited in advance of gap formation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.396-408
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• 2008

Gwangtan-myeon, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do was classified as a 4 grade age-class deciduous tree forest, however as a result of vegetation survey, this site was found to consist of natural forest with deciduous trees, thus causing difficulty in judging which age class it belongs to. Subsequently, the necessity of drawing up a detailed stock map plan was raised. For this reason, this research was designed to propose a mapping method for a detailed stock map plan based on a detailed survey on actual vegetation, vegetation structure, and analysis data on tree rings. The detailed analysis of actual vegetation pattern showed that there exist 22 patterns of vegetation, in which the natural forest has 11 patterns, such as Quercus mongolica forest and Q. variabilis forest, etc. while the artificial forest was found to have 6 patterns including Castanea crenata, etc. In order to verify their age-class, this research measured a tree age by collecting 42 quadrats and 89 specimen tree cores on the basis of a detailed actual vegetation map; as a result, an artificial forest and oak trees with small diameters located at low-lying areas, was categorized as 2-grade age class(covering 29.8%), and other areas were judged to be available for land use as 3-grade age-class(covering 57.6%) while the areas judged to be 4-or-more grade age-class (covering 8.8%) was impossible for land use because they are located on a steep slope ridge line on a boundary. In case a proposed site for a small-scale development is judged as a natural forest with deciduous trees as mentioned above, it is necessary that a detailed stock map plan should be drawn up through a detailed investigation into actual vegetation and analysis of plant gathering structure & specimen trees. A detailed stock map plan includes the data that makes it possible to comprehensively judge natural property, scarcity, and diversity of vegetation; thus, it is considered that a detailed stock map plan will be useful in judging the development propriety of a small-scale site.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2001

This study was carried out to elucidate the relationship between wood anatomy and the water flow path in P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis. through the experiment of penetration of the dye solution. The experiment was performed by permeating 1% acid, alkali and direct solution into the xylem just after being cut. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. In P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis, the dye solution penetrated into sapwood and annual rings adjacent to cambial zone were only dyed according to ascent of tree height. 2. The penetrability of latewood was better than that of earlywood. 3. In P. koraiensis and L. leptolepis, the main water flow path in longitudinal direction was the trachied and that in transverse direction was ray trachied and ray parenchyma. Also, the dye solution was found in resin canal. 4. P. koraiensis was more permeable than L. leptolepis. 5. Among the acid, alkali and direct dye solution, the acid dye solution was the most permeable.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.9-20
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• 1985

Dimensional variation of secondary xylem elements, such as vessel element and fiber, was investigated in root, stem and branch of Alnus hirsuta and A. firma. It is clear that vessel diameter in the root is the widest, next in the stem, and the least in the branch. Length of vessel element among them becomes, however, larger in following sequence; stem, root, and branch, whereas fiber diameter and length are the widest in the root, the second in the stem, and the least in the branch. The size of secondary xylem element at any one level in tree increases from the center (pith) of the organs through a number of annual rings to the outer.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.8 no.1 s.11
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• pp.16-22
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• 1999

Species of 741 charcoal samples, which were excavated from the dwelling sites of the bronze age $(about\;2500\~3100\;B.P)$ at Hyeonwha-ri, Pyungteak, Korea, were identified. Most of samples were deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.; $97.7\%$) and others were alders (Ainus spp.; $1.9\%$) and soft pines (Pinus spp.; $0.4\%$). Tree rings of nine largest samples were also examined. The numbers of annual rings were 8 to 36 and mean ring width was rather narrow $(0.65\~1.82\;mm)$. Most samples possessed pith and tylosis. The results indicate that logs 10 to IS cm diameter had been used for the poles of houses without further processing.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 1987

Some anatomical characterisitcs of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) collected from pollution-exposed areas in Korea were investigated. These sites were reportedly the most severe air polluted areas in Korean peninsular. A decline in overall growth rate was apparent since the late 10-year period of growth. P. densiflora in Onsan and in Yeochon recorded in the radial growth reduction of approximately 70 and 60% respectively. The formation of earlywood in the period of air pollution was restricted, whereas the percentage of latewood increased. The maximum wood density was lower in xylem rings formed during a period of air-pollution than in rings found without pollution. Most of pine trees damaged by air pollution showed the classical type of length-on-age curve for tracheids. However, reduction in cell wall-thickness and diameter was revealed in the wood exposed to air pollutants. Nor anomalies in microstructures nor microorganisms in wood structures were found in the damaged trees.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.484-491
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• 2020

In this study, to solve the existing inefficient stem analysis process and expensive equipment cost problems, a method for detecting and analyzing tree rings using smartphone images was proposed and a semi-automated computer program (TRIO, Tree Ring Information) was developed. TRIO can measure the annual ring radius and save the results to Excel. Since TRIO uses smartphone images, the results may vary depending on the quality of the smartphone camera. Therefore, using the Samsung Galaxy S10 and Tap 2, 30 dics images of Pinus rigida were acquired and analyzed, and these were compared with WinDENDROTM. As a result of the study, both Samsung Galaxy S10 and S2 showed significant results with WinDENDROTM, and the R2 value of S10 had a high correlation as 0.976, and RMSE was analyzed as 0.4199, and very similar results were output. The R2 value of S2 was 0.975 and the RMSE was 0.4232, showing no significant difference from S10. Accordingly, the TRIO developed in this study analyzed the annual radius value very similar to WinDENDROTM.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.264-274
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• 2020

Background: Climate change has altered the various ecosystem processes including forest ecosystem in Himalayan region. Although the high mountain natural forests including treelines in the Himalayan region are mainly reported to be temperature sensitive, the temperature-related water stress in an important growth-limiting factor for middle elevation mountains. And there are very few evidences on growth performance of planted forest in changing climate in the Himalayan region. A dendrochronological study was carried out to verify and record the impact of warming temperature tree growth by using the tree cores of Pinus roxburghii from Batase village of Dhulikhel in Central Nepal with sub-tropical climatic zone. For this total, 29 tree cores from 25 trees of P. roxburghii were measured and analyzed. Result: A 44-year long tree ring width chronology was constructed from the cores. The result showed that the radial growth of P. roxburghii was positively correlated with pre-monsoon (April) rainfall, although the correlation was not significant and negatively correlated with summer rainfall. The strongest negative correlation was found between radial growth and rainfall of June followed by the rainfall of January. Also, the radial growth showed significant positive correlation with that previous year August mean temperature and maximum temperature, and significant negative correlation between radial growth and maximum temperature (Tmax) of May and of spring season (March-May), indicating moisture as the key factor for radial growth. Despite the overall positive trend in the basal area increment (BAI), we have found the abrupt decline between 1995 and 2005 AD. Conclusion: The results indicated that chir pine planted population was moisture sensitive, and the negative impact of higher temperature during early growth season (March-May) was clearly seen on the radial growth. We emphasize that the forest would experience further moisture stress if the trend of warming temperatures continues. The unusual decreasing BAI trend might be associated with forest management processes including resin collection and other disturbances. Our results showed that the planted pine forest stand is sub-healthy due to major human intervention at times. Further exploration of growth climate response from different climatic zones and management regimes is important to improve our understanding on the growth performance of mid-hill pine forests in Nepal.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the check shelling distribution of Lindera erythrocarpa Makino in Kanghwa Island, MT. Suri, Kyunggido and MT. Kaya, Chungchongnamdo. The results were as follows : The total distribution area of Linedra erythrocarpa where are Jeondeung temple and Jugsu temple Kanghwa Island, MT. Suri, Kyunggido and MT. Kaya, Chungchongnamdo was 344.4ha and the total number of Linedra erythrocarpa was 3,224. The total number of femle Linedra erythrocarpa was625(22.2%) except the seedlings under 2cm of DBH(Diameter breast of height). For the estimation of tree age by counting of tree rings, the regression equation was Y=1.79X+9.47($R^2$=0.83, DBH=cm). The soil acidity of stands studied was $pH4.6{\sim}pH5.8$. And the soil acidity of Seoul was $pH4.2{\sim}pH4.5$ So for the Planting Linedra erythrocarpa in Seoul area, the soil acidity of planting area should be changed to $pH4.6{\sim}pH5.8$. The flower size of and female of Linedra erythrocarpa was 5.96mm, 3.66mm, respectively. The length of petiole of male and female of Linedra erythrocarpa was 5.96mm, 3.66mm, respectively. The length of petiole of male and female of Linedra erythrocarpa was 5.96mm, 3.66mm, respectively. And the number of flowers per flowering bud of male and female were 13.4, 11.2, respectively. The flowering period of Lindera erythrocarpa in Suwon was 21 days from May 2 to May 22. And The leaf continuing period of Lindera erythrocarpa in Suwon was 203 days from April 7 to October 27. And the fall-foliage color continuing period was 10 days from October 18 to October 27. The fruit continuing period of Lindera erythrocarpa in Suwon was 61 days from September 26 to November 26.