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A Study on the Relationship between Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Health Promoting Life Style among Some Workers (일부 직업인들의 근골격계 자각증상과 강증진생활양식간의 연관성에 관한 연구)

  • Kang Hong-Gu;Lee Eun-Kyoung;Jun Sun-Young;Kim Sang-Deok;Jeoung Jae-Yeal;Lee Yong-Gil;Jahng Doo-Sub;Song Yung-Sun;Lee Ki-Nam
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.5 no.2
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    • pp.40-68
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    • 2001
  • In this study, grade of subjective symptom appealed by laborer of Jeollabuk-do was evaluated using questionary regarding factor made effect on musculoskeletal disease and in addition, studied relationship with health promotion life style of them. Based on the result, relationship of general characteristics of musculoskeletal subjective symptom and life-style of the subjects was concluded as below. 1. General characteristics of study subjects were as following. Ratio of male was higher as 57.7% of male and 42.2% female and age distribution was 5.1% of 20s, 34.99% of 30s, 36.3% of 40s and 23.7% of 50s and therefore, $30{\sim}40$ aged groups showed highest ratio. Most subjects (74.9%) was married status and in case of education level, high-school graduate and dropout (23.3%) and over-college graduate (46.8%) showed highest distribution. $1{\sim}2$ Mil. KRW (29.5%) and $2{\sim}2.99$ Mil. KRW (21.2%) is the main income distribution and however there was high ratio of non-reply (29.0%). In case of employment period, $10{\sim}14$ years (15.3%) and over 15 years (29.6%) showed highest ratio and there were many non-reply (39.4%) and in addition, 67.6% replied as own house and 14.3% as lease on deposit base in question of residence type. 2. Subjects showed high ratio of subjective symptom appeal of 62.79% and many cases (50.23%) appealed 1 or 2 symptoms. Symptom by body region was 29.8% (waist), 27% (shoulder), 21.2% (knee), 15.5% (neck), 9.5% (ankle), 8.1% (wrist) and 5.0% (elbow) in order. In case of relationship with general characteristics, female comparing with male, non-residence of own house, subjects with lower education level and employment period of $10{\sim}14$ years showed higher appeal rate and kind of symptoms than others. Therefore, it was concluded that rate of musculoskeletal symptom appeal have close relationship with gender, level of living, education level, age and employment period. 3. In case of severe pain of upper body except waist and ankle, it was appealed in both or right side and it means that upper body pain is originated from right side and right region pain is transited to both region pain. In addition, there was 39.41% of non-reply to existence of right-left region pain and therefore, it was evaluated that, in may cases, there was no awareness of their own symptom condition even on subjective symptom. 4. Degree of pain was, as pain over middle level, evaluated as 2.79 on full mark of 4.0 and in order of waist (2.97), ankle (2.83), knee (2.82), wrist (2.82), neck (2.79), shoulder (2.70) and elbow (2.62). In addition, 71.97% appealed $2{\sim}3$ cases for the latest 1 week. Owing to subjective symptom, 54.95% drop into hospital or pharmacy, 10.32% made temporary retirement or absence, 7.99% transferred into more comfortable duty and $39.4{\sim}54%$ experienced one or more managing mentioned above. 5. Fulfillment of health promotion life style of subjects was evaluated on full mark of 4.0 and total score was 2.63. Average mark of each area was personal relationship (3.05), self-realization (2.92), stress management (2.63), health control (2.48), physical exercise (2.19) and nutrition management (2.19) and personal relationship was highest and physical exercise and nutrition management were lowest. As general characteristics influencing health promotion life style, gender, residence style and employment period showed significant difference. Male showed higher mark than female and showed higher mark in order of own house, others, lease on deposit base, monthly rent. Subjects with longer employment period showed higher mark with significant difference. 6. Accounting of factor influencing each area of health promotion life style, self-realization showed significance in marriage status, income, residence style and education level and health control in age, residence style and employment period. Physical exercise showed significant difference in gender, age, residence style and employment period and nutrition in gender, age, residence style and employment period. Stress management showed significant difference in residence style and employment period and however not in personal relationship. 7. Health promotion life style relating with existence and kind of pain showed significant difference in all area except personal relationship area. In absence of pain, there was statistically significant high score in all area even in total health promotion life style and all area. Accounting of kind of pain, cases of $1{\sim}2$ kinds of pain and $5{\sim}6$ kinds of pain showed relatively high score and it was lower than mark of subject stated absence of pain. 8. Subjects appeal symptom were classified by symptom region and difference of total and each areas were evaluated. General area (p=0.002), self-realization (p=0.012), health management (p=0.023), physical exercise (p=0.028), nutrition management (p=0.028) and stress control (p=0.001) showed statistically significant difference and not in personal relationship area. Especially, elbow, shoulder and neck area marked high and group appealed pain of knee, arm and elbow, foot and ankle marked low. Based on those results, subjective symptom should be accounted seriously in diagnosis of occupational musculoskeletal disease of laborer and among subjective symptom, general characteristics of gender, age, condition of living, education level and employment period make effect. Generally subject appeal symptom marked lower than subject without symptom appeal and it means that life management of subject appealing musculoskeletal pain make important role in management and treatment of occupational musculoskeletal disease.

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Inhibitory Effects of Amitriptyline, Sertraline and Chlorpromazine on the Thrombin-induced Aggregation of Platelets (Thrombin성 혈소판응집에 대한 Amitriptyline, Sertraline 및 Chlorpromazine의 억제작용)

  • Choi, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Young-Jae;Shin, Kyung-Ho;Chun, Yeon-Sook;Chun, Boe-Gwun
    • The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.299-311
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    • 1995
  • Platelets resemble monoaminergic neurons in several respects, i.e. the uptake of 5-HT and its inhibition, the subcellular storage and release of 5-HT, and the metabolism of aromatic amines brought about by monoamine oxidase. And the 5-HT content of rabbit platelets is well known to be about 40 times higher than that of human platelets. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the influences of amitriptyline (AMT) and sertraline (SRT) on the aggregation, contents of signaling second messengers, and protein phosphorylations of rabbit platelets in response to thrombin, 0.25 unit/ml, comparing with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ). Thrombin-induced aggregation was inhibited by SRT $(IC50:4.37{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$, CPZ $(IC50:5.76{\times}10^{-5}\;M)$, and AMT $(IC50:1.15{\times}10^{-4}\;M)$, respectively, and the aggregation by A23187 $(1.0\;{\mu}M)$ or PMA (320 nM) was also inhibited by SRT, CPZ, and AMT. AMT, SRT, and CPZ had little affects on basal contents of platelet $TXB_2$ and $PGE_2$, but all of them inhibited the thrombin-induced increase of $TXB_2$. Thrombin did not change the platelet contents of cAMP and cGMP. CPZ, AMT, and SRT produced the slight decrease of basal cAMP content, and their effects were not affected by thrombin-treatment. But SRT and AMT moderately increased the basal cGMP content, and the cGMP content of thrombin-stimulated platelets was gradually increased by the pretreatment with SRT, AMT, and CPZ. Particularly, the SRT-dependent increase of the cGMP content was notable. Platelet $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$ content was rapidly increased up to a plateau within 10 sec after thrombin-stimulation, AMT, SRT, and CPZ increased the basal $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$ content, and the thrombin-dependent increase was enhanced by pretreatment with CPZ and AMT, but was blunted by SRT. Platelet $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, was rapidly increased up to a peak level within 20 sec after thrombin-stimulation. The increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was sisnificantly inhibited by AMT, SRT, and CPZ. Thrombin- or PMA-induced phosphorylations of platelet $41{\sim}43\;kDa$ and 20 kDa proteins were significantly inhibited by AMT, SRT, and CPZ. These results suggest that the antiplatelet activities of AMT and CPZ may be considerably attributed to the inhibition of protein kinase C activity, and the activity of SRT may be associated with the inhibitory effect on the thrombin-induced increase of $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$ and the increasing effect on the cGMP content of ptatelets. Therefore, it seems to be evident that AMT and SRT may produce their antidepressant activity, at least, partly through the inhibition of protein kinase C activity or the increase of resting $Ins(1,4,5)P_3$, content and in case of SRT, to a lesser extent, via the increase of cGMP in the brain.

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Airway Compression or Airway Anomaly Causing Respiratory Symptoms in Infants and Children with Cardiovascular Diseases (심혈관계 질환 환아에서 동반된 기도 압박 및 기도 기형의 임상적 특성)

  • Kim, Ja-Hyeong;Lee, So-Yeon;Kim, Hyo-Bin;Koo, So-Eun;Park, Sung-Jong;Kim, Young-Hui;Park, In-Suk;Ko, Jae-Gon;Seo, Dong-Man;Hong, Soo-Jong
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.7
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    • pp.737-744
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : Infants and children with cardiovascular diseases often present with respiratory symptoms. However, missed or delayed evaluation for potential airway problem may complicate overall prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine the clinical characteristics of these patients and explore the cause of airway problem. Methods : We reviewed the medical records of 64 patients(M : F=33:31, mean age : $6.3{\pm}7.5$ months) whose airway problems were proven by computed tomography or bronchoscopy in perioperative periods at the Asan Medical Center from January 1997 to June 2004. Patients were divided into two groups based on the duration of ventilator care : ${\leq}7$ days(group 1 : 23 cases, M : F=10 : 13) and >7 days(group 2 : 41 cases, M : F=23 : 18). Results : The patients in group 2 significantly developed more post-operative respiratory symptoms than group 1(P<0.001) and had more airway problems including extrinsic obstruction, intrinsic anomaly, and combined problem than group 1 although not significantly different(P=0.082). Among underlying diseases, the most common diseases were vascular anomaly(26.2 percent) and aortic arch anomaly(26.2 percent) in group 1 and pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect(22.4 percent) in group 2. The most frequent respiratory symptoms were recurrent wheezing pre-operatively and failure of ventilator weaning post-operatively. The major types of airway anomaly were tracheomalacia and tracheal stenosis(in each case 18.2 percent). Nineteen patients with persistent airway problems underwent aortopexy or other vascular correction. Of the 19 patients, 13(68.4 percent) were improved, but 2 failed in weaning ventilator and 4 died of non-airway problems. Conclusion : Early evaluation and treatment for potential airway problems may affect natural or surgical prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases presenting with respiratory symptoms.

Optimization and Development of Prediction Model on the Removal Condition of Livestock Wastewater using a Response Surface Method in the Photo-Fenton Oxidation Process (Photo-Fenton 산화공정에서 반응표면분석법을 이용한 축산폐수의 COD 처리조건 최적화 및 예측식 수립)

  • Cho, Il-Hyoung;Chang, Soon-Woong;Lee, Si-Jin
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.30 no.6
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    • pp.642-652
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    • 2008
  • The aim of our research was to apply experimental design methodology in the optimization condition of Photo-Fenton oxidation of the residual livestock wastewater after the coagulation process. The reactions of Photo-Fenton oxidation were mathematically described as a function of parameters amount of Fe(II)($x_1$), $H_2O_2(x_2)$ and pH($x_3$) being modeled by the use of the Box-Behnken method, which was used for fitting 2nd order response surface models and was alternative to central composite designs. The application of RSM using the Box-Behnken method yielded the following regression equation, which is an empirical relationship between the removal(%) of livestock wastewater and test variables in coded unit: Y = 79.3 + 15.61x$_1$ - 7.31x$_2$ - 4.26x$_3$ - 18x$_1{^2}$ - 10x$_2{^2}$ - 11.9x$_3{^2}$ + 2.49x$_1$x$_2$ - 4.4x$_2$x$_3$ - 1.65x$_1$x$_3$. The model predicted also agreed with the experimentally observed result(R$^2$ = 0.96) The results show that the response of treatment removal(%) in Photo-Fenton oxidation of livestock wastewater were significantly affected by the synergistic effect of linear terms(Fe(II)($x_1$), $H_2O_2(x_2)$, pH(x$_3$)), whereas Fe(II) $\times$ Fe(II)(x$_1{^2}$), $H_2O_2$ $\times$ $H_2O_2$(x$_2{^2}$) and pH $\times$ pH(x$_3{^2}$) on the quadratic terms were significantly affected by the antagonistic effect. $H_2O_2$ $\times$ pH(x$_2$x$_3$) had also a antagonistic effect in the cross-product term. The estimated ridge of the expected maximum response and optimal conditions for Y using canonical analysis were 84 $\pm$ 0.95% and (Fe(II)(X$_1$) = 0.0146 mM, $H_2O_2$(X$_2$) = 0.0867 mM and pH(X$_3$) = 4.704, respectively. The optimal ratio of Fe/H$_2O_2$ was also 0.17 at the pH 4.7.

Studies on Glycolipids in Bacteria -Part II. On the Structure of Glycolipid of Selenomonas ruminantium- (세균(細菌)의 당지질(糖脂質)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) -제2보(第二報) Selenomonas ruminantium의 당지질(糖脂質)의 구조(構造)-)

  • Kim, Kyo-Chang
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.125-137
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    • 1974
  • The chemical structure of glycolipid of Selenomonas ruminantium cell wall was to be elucidated. The bacterial cells were treated in hot TCA and the glycolipid fractions were extracted by the solvent $CHCl_3\;:\;CH_3OH$ (1 : 3). The extracted glycolipids fraction was further separated by acetone extraction. The acetone soluble fraction was named as the spot A-compound. The acetone insoluble but ether soluble fraction was named as the spot B-compound. These two compounds were examined for elucidation of their chemical structure. The results were as follows: 1. The IR spectral analysis showed that O-acyl and N-acyl fatty acids were linked to glucosamine moiety in the spot A-compound. However in the spot B-compound in addition to O and N-acyl acids phosphorus was shown to be attached to glucosamine. 2. It was recognized by gas liquid chromatography that spot A compound contained beta-OH $C_{13:0}$ fatty acid in predominance in addition to the fatty acid with beta-OH $C_{9:0}$, whereas the spot B compound was composed of the predominant fatty acid of beta-OH $C_{13:0}$ with small amount of beta-OH $C_{9:0}$. 3. According to the paper chromatographic analysis of hydrazinolysis products of the spot A compound, a compound of a similar Rf value as the chitobiose was recognized, which indicated a structure of two molecules glucosamine condensed. The low Rf value of the hydrazinolysis product of the spot B-compound confirmed the presence of phosphorus attached to glucosamine. 4. The appearance of arabinose resulting from. ninhydrin decomposition of the acid hydrolyzate of the spot A compound indicated that the amino group is attached to $C_2$ of glucosamine. 5. The amount of glucosamine in the N-acetylated spot A compound decreased in half of the original content by the treatment. with $NaBH_4$, indicating that there are two molecules of glucosamines in the spot A compound. The presence of 1, 6-linkage between two molecules of glucosamine was suggested by the Morgan-Elson reaction and confirmed by the periodate decomposition test. 6. By the action of ${\beta}-N-acetyl$ glucosaminidase the N-acetylated spot A compound was completely decomposed into N-acetyl glucosamine, whereas the spot B compound was not. This indicated the spot A compound has a beta-linkage. 7. When phosphodiesterase or phosphomonoesterase acted on $^{32}P-labeled$ spot B compound, $^{32}P$ was not released by phosphodiesterase, but completely released by phosphomonoesterase. This indicated that one phosphorus is linked to glucosamine moiety. 8. The spot A compound is assumed to have the following chemical structure: That is glucosaminyl, ${\beta}-1$, 6-glucosamine to which O-acyl and N-acyl fatty acids are linked, of which the predominant fatty acid is beta-OH $C_{13:0}$ fatty acid in addition to beta-OH $C_{9:0}$ fatty acid 9. The spot B compound is likely to have the linkage of $glucosaminyl-{\beta}-1$, 6-glucosamine to which phosphorus is linked in monoester linkage. Furthermore both O-acyl and N-acyl fatty acids contained beta-OH $C_{13:0}$ fatty acid predominantly in addition to beta-OH $C_{9:0}$ fatty acid.

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Feed Intake Evaluation of Korean Cattle (Hanwoo) Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Compound Fattening Periods (한우의 육성 및 비육기간중 배합사료 급여 수준에 따른 사료섭취량 조사)

  • Shin, K.J.;Oh, Y.G.;Lee, S.S.;Kim, K.H.;Kim, C.H.;Paik, B.H.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.95-104
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    • 2002
  • A study was conducted to evaluate feed intake of Hanwoo bulls and steers fed diets of compound feed and rice straw. Twenty bull calves and sixty steers at 5 to 7 months old were used. The experimental period was divided into three feeding stages which are growing period (〈300 kg body weight (BW)), early fattening period (300-450 kg BW) and late fattening period (〉450 kg BW). The animals were given the diets containing 14.1% crude protein (CP) and 70.0% total digestible nutrients (TDN) in the growing period, 12.1% CP and 70.6% TDN in the early fattening period, and 11.2% CP and 71.9% TDN in the late fattening period, respectively. Experiment 1 was designed to compare feed intake (as-fed basis) between Hanwoo bulls and steers fed the experimental diets ad libitum. In Experiment 2, Hanwoo steers were allocated in one of three compound feed feeding treatments to investigate feed intake (as-fed basis). The treatment groups were ① feeding level 1 group fed compound feed ad libitum through the whole periods; ② feeding level 2 group fed 1.0% compound feed per kg BW in the growing period, 1.5% compound feed per kg BW in the early fattening period and compound feed ad libitum in the late fattening period; and ③ feeding level 3 group fed 1.5% compound feed per kg BW in the growing period, 2.0% compound feed per kg BW in the early fattening period and compound feed ad libitum in the late fattening period. In Experiment 1, the average daily feed intake of bulls increased linearly through the whole experimental period while the feed intake of steers increased until their body weight was reached upto 521 kg, afterward reduced. Average daily feed intake was about 3.5% per kg BW of both bulls and steers at the beginning (150 kg BW) of Experiment 1 while bulls and steers at 600 kg BW consumed the diets of 2.0 and 1.5% per kg BW, respectively. In Experiment 2, the average daily feed intake of steers in the feeding level 1 group gradually increased through the growing and early fattening periods and then steadily reduced over the late fattening period. The average daily feed intake in the feeding level 2 group linearly increased through the whole period while the feed intake in the feeding level 3 group showed a relatively rapid increase and reached a peak at 455 kg BW, and then sharply dropped. The average daily feed intake of steers in the feeding level 1 at the beginning (150 kg BW) of Experiment 2 was about 3.5% per kg BW but there was a reduction (1.5% per kg BW) at 600 kg BW. Besides, The feed intake of steers in the feeding level 2 and 3 in which compound feed was given with limitation increased to 2.0-3.0% per kg BW in the growing period and then reduced to 1.5-2.0% per kg BW. The limited compound feed feeding of steers in Experiment 2 resulted in higher rice straw intakes up to two to three folds and two folds in the growing and early fattening periods, respectively, than the ad libitum feeding.

Detoxification of PSP and relationship between PSP toxicity and Protogonyaulax sp. (마비성패류독의 제독방법 및 패류독성과 원인플랑크톤과의 관계에 관한 연구)

  • CHANG Dong-Suck;SHIN Il-Shik;KIM Ji-Hoe;PYUN Jae-hueung;CHOE Wi-Kung
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.22 no.4
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    • pp.177-188
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    • 1989
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the detoxifying effect on PSP-infested sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, by heating treatment and correlation between the PSP toxicity and the environmental conditions of shellfish culture area such as temperature, pH, salinity, density of Protogonyaulax sp. and concentration of inorganic nutrients such as $NH_4-N,\;NO_3-N,\;NO_2-N\;and\;PO_4-P$. This experiment was carried out at $Suj\u{o}ng$ in Masan, Yangdo in Jindong, $Hach\u{o}ng\;in\;K\u{o}jedo\;and\;Gamch\u{o}n$ bay in Pusan from February to June in $1987\~1989$. It was observed that the detection ratio and toxicity of PSP in sea mussel were different by the year even same collected area. The PSP was often detected when the temperature of sea water about $8.0\~14.0^{\circ}C$. Sometimes the PSP fox of sea mussel was closely related to density of Protogonyaulax sp. at $Gamch\u{o}n$ bay in Pusan from March to April in 1989, but no relationship was observed except above duration during the study period. The concentration of inorganic nutrients effects on the growth of Protogonyaulax sp., then effects of $NO_3-N$ was the strongest among them. When the PSP-infested sea mussel homogenate was heated at various temperature, the PSP toxicity was not changed significantly at below $70^{\circ}C$ for 60 min. but it was proper-tionaly decreased as the heating temperature was increased. For example, when the sea mussel homogenate was heated at $100^{\circ}C,\;121^{\circ}C$ for 10 min., the toxicity was decreased about $67\%\;and\;90\%$, respectively. On the other hand, when shellstock sea mussel contained PSP of $150{\mu}g/100g$ was boiled at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. with tap water, the toxicity was not detected by mouse assay, but that of PSP of $5400{\mu}g/100g$ was reduced to $57{\mu}g/100g$ even after boiling for 120 min.

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Studies on the Amylase Production by Bacteria (세균(細菌)에 의(依)한 Amylase생산(生産)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Park, Yoon-Joong
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.153-170
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    • 1970
  • 1. Isolation and identification of amylase-producing bacteria. The powerful strain A-12 and S-8 were respectively isolated from air and soil after screening a large number of amylase-producing bacteria. Their bacterial characteristics have been investigated and it has been found that all characteristics of strain A-12 and S-8 are similar to Bac. subtilis of Bergey's manual except for the acid formation from a few carbohydrates and the citrate utilization, i.e., the strain A-12 shows negative in the citrate utilization, and the acid formation from arabinose and xylose, S-8 shows negative in the acid formation from xylose. 2. Amylase production by Liquid cultures with solid materials. Several conditions for amylase production by strain A-12 in stationary cultures have been studied. The results obtained are as follows. (1) The optimum conditions are:temperature $35^{\circ}C$, initial pH 6.5 to 7.0 and incubation time 3 to 4 days. (2) The amylase production is not affected by the preservation period of the stock cultures. (3) Among the various solid material, the defatted soy bean is found to be the best for t1e amylase production. However, the alkali treatment of the defatted soy bean gives no effect contrary to the cage of defatted rape seed. The addition of soluble starch to the alkali extract of defatted soy bean shows the increased amylase production. (4) Up to 1% addition of ethanol to carbon dificient media gives the improved amylase production, whereas the above effect is not found in the case of carbon rich media. (5) The amylase production can be increased 2.5 times when 10% of defatted soy bean is admixed to cheaply available wheat bran. (6) The excellent effect is found for amylase production when 20% of wheat bran is admixed to defatted dry milk which is a poor medium. The activity is found to be $D^{40^{\circ}}_{30'}$ 7,000(L.S.V. 1,800) in 10% medium. (7) No significant effect is observed due to the addition of various inorganic salts. 3. Amylase production by solid cultures. Several conditions for amylase production by strain A-12 in wheat bran cultures have been studied and the results obtained are as follows. (1) The optimum conditions: are temperature $33^{\circ}C$, incubation lime 2 days, water content added 150 to 175% and the thickness of the medium 1.5cm, The activity is found to be $D^{40^{\circ}}_{30'}$ 36,000(L.S.V. 15,000) (2) No significant effect is found in the case of the additions of various organic and inorganic substances.

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A Study on the Effects of the Early Use of Nasal CPAP in the Weaning of Mechanical Ventilators (인공호흡기 이탈시 비강내 CPAP 조기 사용 효과에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Yeoung Ju;Jung, Byun Kyung;Lee, Sang Geel
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.46 no.12
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    • pp.1200-1206
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    • 2003
  • Purpose : This study was conducted for the use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), by comparing the early use of non-invasive nasal CPAP with low intermittent mandatory ventilation(low IMV) and endotracheal CPAP in weaning a mechanical ventilator from infants with moderate respiratory distress syndrome(RDS). Methods : Thirty infants in the study group, with moderate RDS from November 2001 to June 2002, were administered surfactants and treated with the mechanical ventilator, and applied the nasal CPAP in weaning. Thirty infants of the control group, from January 1999 to September 2001, were applied low IMV and endoctracheal CPAP in weaning. Results : There were no significant differences in the characteristics, the severity of clinical symptoms, the initial laboratory findings and settings of the mechanical ventilator. After weaning, the study group showed no significant changes in $PaCO_2$. However, the control group showed a slight $CO_2$ retension after one and 12 hours. Twenty eight infants(93.3%) of the study group and 24 infants(80%) of the control group were successfully extubated. The primary cause of failure was apnea. There were no significant differences in the duration of weaning and the mechanical ventilator treatment between the groups. Complications in weaning were related to the fixation of nasal CPAP and the mechanical problems caused by endotracheal tube. Conclusion : Aggressive weaning is possible for moderate RDS, in which the nasal CPAP was used without the low IMV and the endotracheal CPAP process. It had no difficulties. In conclusion, the nasal CPAP is an adequate weaning method for moderate RDS.

A Study on Public Interest-based Technology Valuation Models in Water Resources Field (수자원 분야 공익형 기술가치평가 시스템에 대한 연구)

  • Ryu, Seung-Mi;Sung, Tae-Eung
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.3
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    • pp.177-198
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    • 2018
  • Recently, as economic property it has become necessary to acquire and utilize the framework for water resource measurement and performance management as the property of water resources changes to hold "public property". To date, the evaluation of water technology has been carried out by feasibility study analysis or technology assessment based on net present value (NPV) or benefit-to-cost (B/C) effect, however it is not yet systemized in terms of valuation models to objectively assess an economic value of technology-based business to receive diffusion and feedback of research outcomes. Therefore, K-water (known as a government-supported public company in Korea) company feels the necessity to establish a technology valuation framework suitable for technical characteristics of water resources fields in charge and verify an exemplified case applied to the technology. The K-water evaluation technology applied to this study, as a public interest goods, can be used as a tool to measure the value and achievement contributed to society and to manage them. Therefore, by calculating the value in which the subject technology contributed to the entire society as a public resource, we make use of it as a basis information for the advertising medium of performance on the influence effect of the benefits or the necessity of cost input, and then secure the legitimacy for large-scale R&D cost input in terms of the characteristics of public technology. Hence, K-water company, one of the public corporation in Korea which deals with public goods of 'water resources', will be able to establish a commercialization strategy for business operation and prepare for a basis for the performance calculation of input R&D cost. In this study, K-water has developed a web-based technology valuation model for public interest type water resources based on the technology evaluation system that is suitable for the characteristics of a technology in water resources fields. In particular, by utilizing the evaluation methodology of the Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan to match the expense items to the expense accounts based on the related benefit items, we proposed the so-called 'K-water's proprietary model' which involves the 'cost-benefit' approach and the FCF (Free Cash Flow), and ultimately led to build a pipeline on the K-water research performance management system and then verify the practical case of a technology related to "desalination". We analyze the embedded design logic and evaluation process of web-based valuation system that reflects characteristics of water resources technology, reference information and database(D/B)-associated logic for each model to calculate public interest-based and profit-based technology values in technology integrated management system. We review the hybrid evaluation module that reflects the quantitative index of the qualitative evaluation indices reflecting the unique characteristics of water resources and the visualized user-interface (UI) of the actual web-based evaluation, which both are appended for calculating the business value based on financial data to the existing web-based technology valuation systems in other fields. K-water's technology valuation model is evaluated by distinguishing between public-interest type and profitable-type water technology. First, evaluation modules in profit-type technology valuation model are designed based on 'profitability of technology'. For example, the technology inventory K-water holds has a number of profit-oriented technologies such as water treatment membranes. On the other hand, the public interest-type technology valuation is designed to evaluate the public-interest oriented technology such as the dam, which reflects the characteristics of public benefits and costs. In order to examine the appropriateness of the cost-benefit based public utility valuation model (i.e. K-water specific technology valuation model) presented in this study, we applied to practical cases from calculation of benefit-to-cost analysis on water resource technology with 20 years of lifetime. In future we will additionally conduct verifying the K-water public utility-based valuation model by each business model which reflects various business environmental characteristics.