• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 1988

52 cases of ventricular septal defect [VSD] associated with aortic insufficiency [Al] were found among 1271 patients with simple VSD operated during 27-year period [1959, August-1987, June] at Seoul National University Hospital. Their preoperative data, intraoperative findings and postoperative short-term and long-term follow-up data were evaluated to find the proper timing and method of surgical treatment. The result of this survey shows as follows: 1. To obtain the proper surgical indication, cardiac catheterization and angiography, especially root aortography, was essential. 2. Of all 52 patients, the VSD were type I in 40 patients [77%], type II in 8 [15%] and combination of type I and II in 4 [3%]. Patch closure of VSD were performed in 46 patients and direct suture closure of small VSD in 6. Most common pathologic findings of Al were prolapse of right coronary cusp [40 cases, 77%]. Aortic valve reconstruction were performed in 19 patients, aortic valve replacement in 6 and VSD closure alone in 27. 3. There were 3 surgical deaths [mortality 5.8%], and the long-term follow-up shows that VSD closure alone might have been sufficient to arrest progression of Al in younger patients [less than 10-year old], particularly in those with mild insufficiency. Valve reconstructions, when necessary, were more effective when done at an early age [less than 15-year old]. In a conclusion, we could recommend followings: 1. If patient at any age having VSD with Al is diagnosed, prompt operation is recommended. As for the surgical method, VSD closure only may be fit for mild degree of Al when patient is less than 10-year old, but the management of valve itself may be needed for moderate to severe degree of Al, especially when patient is over 10 year old. The management of valve itself may be variable, but valve reconstruction should be considered as a first choice in less than 15-year old patient. If patient is diagnosed less than 5-year old without evidence of Al, close follow-up observation is recommended. But if Al evidences of clinical findings and/or echocardiography during follow-up examination are notified, corrective operation should be accomplished while the Al is mild. If cusp prolapse and/or even type I VSD of significant size is demonstrated on aortogram, without Al, it should be corrected as early as possible before the patient is about 5 years old.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.197-202
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• 2006

Sex steroids are generally considered as natural sex inducers in fish, and aromatase (cytochrome P450 aromatase) that catalyzes androgens into estrogens in the steroidogenic pathway is also known to be involved in sex differentiation. The timing of aromatase action is, thus, of central importance in the study of fish sex differentiation. We treated sexually undifferentiated tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) larvae with $Fadrozole^{TM}$, a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor (AI), by immersing the fish in a solution containing AI during the sex differentiation period to narrow down the critical period of aromatase action. Fish were treated once at 11 or 13 days post fertilization (dpf), or twice at 11 and 13 dpf. The concentrations of AI at each time of the treatment were 0 mg/L (control), 50 mg/L or 100 mg/L. Survival rate was not statistically associated with AI immersion treatment (p>0.25). However, sex ratio was significantly altered by the treatment, with higher concentration and double immersion being more effective in masculinizing genetic females (p<0.05). These results suggest that aromatase action for sex differentiation in this fish species would begin at least from 11 dpf which is much earlier than previously expected, and that only 3 hours of brief immersion in AI solution is powerful enough to alter genetically programed sex.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.624-635
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• 2018

Objective: This study examined whether emergency department (ED) crowding influences the timing of the initial assessment and treatment in severe trauma patients, as well as their mortality rates. Methods: This retrospective, observational study was conducted between January 2015 and October 2016, and included adult severe trauma patients who presented to the ED. The emergency department occupancy rate (EDOR) was used to measure ED crowding. The patients were divided into four groups using the EDOR quartile. The timeliness of the initial assessment and treatment in the four groups as well as the mortality rates were compared. Results: This study investigated 307 patients. The timing of the first computed tomography (CT) and laboratory test order, CT and laboratory test result acquisition, first transfusion, and patient transfer from the ED to the operating room were similar in the four groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis did not show a significant difference in mortality between the groups. Conclusion: ED crowding was not associated with delays in the initial assessment and treatment of severe trauma patients, or in their mortality rates.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moisture absorbent (MA) application timing for litter management on broiler performance, blood cell characteristics, litter moisture content, incidence of footpad dermatitis (FPD), and economics analysis. Treatment include untreated control (NC), 3-week-old litter treatment (PC), 0-week-old (W1), 0 and 3-week-old (W2), 3-week-old (W3) application of moisture absorbent. Six hundred eighty broilers (1-day-old, 42.0±0.24 g) were divided into 5 treatments (4 replications per treatment, 34 birds per replication) and raised for 5 weeks in a floor (2 m² per pen). There was no significant difference among treatments in performance, blood cell characteristics, and H/L ratio according to the application period of litter and moisture absorbent. The litter moisture content and the FPD score were significantly decreased in the litter and moisture absorbent treatments at the age of 5 weeks (P<0.05). The FPD score of broilers was lowest in PC treatment compared to NC treatment (P<0.05). The incidence of FPD was lower in PC and W3 treatments compared to other treatments, and that was the highest in NC treatment. As a result of analyzing the economic feasibility, the highest expenditure occurred in PC treatment, and the lowest expenditure occurred in W3 treatment. Income was the highest in W3 treatment, and lowest in NC treatment. The profit was 185,859 won (1,367 won/unit), the highest in the W3 treatment. In conclusion, when MA was applied to the litter of broiler house at the age of 3 weeks, the litter moisture content and FPD were improved.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2011

Maxillary canine impaction is a common eruption problem in children. Impaction frequently involves further complications such as root resorption of adjacent teeth, cyst formation and migration of the neighboring teeth, etc. Various treatment modalities include extraction of preceding deciduous canine, orthodontic traction, and surgical extraction followed by immediate replantation of the extracted tooth at the proper position(autotransplantation). Autotransplantation is considered as the treatment of choice when surgical exposure and subsequent orthodontic traction are difficult or impossible due to unfavorable impacted position. The prognosis of autotransplantation is affected by the degree of apex formation, surgical procedures performed, timing of root canal treatment, and length of stabilization period. In these two cases presented, the patients with unerupted maxillary canine were treated with autotransplantation. One case was thought that guidance of eruption by orthodontic traction was difficult because of its unfavorable impacted position. In the other case, parents didn't agree to treat by orthodontic traction, therefore autotransplantation was done. In both cases, autotransplantation was carried out following root canal treatment and orthodontic treatment, and both cases have demonstrated to be successful to this day.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2004

Plasma steroid hormone levels in the viviparous rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) were examined in relation to gonadal histology under controlled photoperiods and water temperatures. To investigate those effects in S. schlegeli the photoperiod was maintained at 15L:9D in June and then it was gradually decreased to 9L: 15D in October. It was then gradually increased to 12L:12D in January, followed by 14L:I0D in February. The water temperature was $19-20^{\circ}C$ in July. From August to October, it was from $18^{\circ}C\;to\;12^{\circ}C$. Then, it was dropped to a low of $19-11^{\circ}C$ in November to December and then gradually increased to $14-15^{\circ}C$ in February. In females, both plasma $estradiol-l7\beta\;$ (E2) and testosterone (T) levels from August to February showed a similar pattern in both the treatment and the control groups. In the treatment group, the peaks of plasma E2 and T were observed in November, and the peaks were closely correlated to histological observations. Oocytes contained many yolk globules (final vitellogenic oocytes), and oocytes at the migratory nucleus stage increased in size. Plasma levels of progesterone did not change much throughout the experimental period. However, in the control group, the peaks of E2, T, and progesterone were observed in February. These results indicate that the controlled photoperiod and water temperature accelerated sexual maturity, corresponding to the advancement of plasma E2 and T peaks by approximately 3 months. In males, plasma T levels showed a similar pattern from August to October in the treatment and control groups, though levels in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group. From histological observations, the treatment group copulated one month earlier.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.349-366
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• 1994

The method of treatment in skeletal Class III malocclusion must be chosen according to an etiology and timing of the treatment. Maxillry protraction has been used as an effective treatment method in growing children with maxillary deficiency. The efficacy of maxillary protraction has been viewed as a result of downward-backward displacement of mandible and compensatory dental displacement during the treatment rather than forward -downward growth of maxilla itself. In this study, 104 subjects treated with maxllary protraction, and 19 males and 21 females with known annual growth amount have been chosen longitudinally as treated group and normal group, respectively. And changes in position of maxilla, mandible and dentition have been comparatively analyzed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs by age. The results were as follows : 1. Treated group showed more forward movement of maxilla compare to the normal group and the mandible displaced backward compare to the normal group. 2. Downward movement of maxilla in treated group was similar to that of normal group with statistical signigicance in female 12 year old group and downward movement of mandible in treated group was similar to that of normal group. 3. In treated group, maxillary central incisor moved more forward than the normal group with statistical significance in male 8, 10 year-old groups and female 8, 9, 10 year-old groups. In treated group, downward movement of maxillary central incisor was similar to that of the normal group with statistical significance in male and female 7,8 year-old groups. Considering the above results and the duration of the treatment, the forward movement of maxilla due to maxillary protraction was effective compared to normal growth amount of the normal group.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2009

Relatively little is known about the neurobiology of insomnia, despite its wide prevalence and broad medical impact. Although much is still to be learned about the pathophysiology of the disorder, identification, systematic assessment, and appropriate treatment are clearly beneficial to patients. Recent research, using quantitative EEG, polysomnography (PSG), multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) and neuroimaging techniques, suggests that some broad areas can be identified as possible pathophysiological models. Sleep-wake homeostat model hypothesizes a failure in homeostatic regulation of sleep, an attenuated increase in sleep drive with time awake, and/or defective sensing of sleep need. Circadian clock model hypothesizes a dysfunctional circadian clock, resulting in changes in the timing of sleep-wake propensity that are incompatible with normal sleep. Intrinsic sleep-wake state mechanism model suggests that abnormal function of insomnia comprises the systems responsible for expression of the sleep states themselves. Extrinsic over-ride mechanism (stress-response) model suggests that insomnia reflects the consequences of overactivity of one of the systems considered "extrinsic" to normal sleep-wake control. Many current therapies for insomnia are based on these physiological models. Several attempts have been made to create a physiological model that would explain this disorder and could be used as a foundation for treatment. However, it appeared that no model can fully explain and clarify all aspects of insomnia. Future research should be necessary to expand our knowledge on the biological dimensions of insomnia.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.199-206
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• 2017

As the population ages, the life of women after menopause becomes much longer than the past, and the quality of life of old age becomes increasingly principal issue. There is a period that women experience the physical symptoms of menopause, although there are differences in degree, and the management of this period is a suitable time for women to improve their quality of life. According to the menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) and Timing Hypothesis, which has been proven in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) and the Early vs Late Intervention Trial with Estradiol (ELITE) study, a relatively young woman before and after menopause can benefit from long-term beneficial effects such as prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease by early initiation of hormone therapy to alleviate menopausal symptoms. MHT should be considered for all women in healthy (without other important diseases) menopausal years, expecting to improve their quality of life through symptom relief in menopausal women and, in the long term, to prevent cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. When applying hormone therapy to individuals, it is necessary to establish various treatment strategies according to the menopausal symptoms of individual patients (individualization of treatment) and judge the suitability of clinical application.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1994

This study was conducted to examine the condition of activation of the nuclear transplant bovine embryos. In vitro fertilized(IVF) and nuclear transplant embryos(NTs) were co-cultured with bovine oviduct epithelial tissue(BOET). NTs were treated with cycloheximide(CHXM) for 0 to 6 h after electrofusion to investigate the activation conditin of recipient ooplast. Then, the infljence of the CHXM treatment timing on the cleavage and development of NTs were investigated in relation to the nuclear transplant time. The cleavage rates of NTs were increased with the increasing time of the CHXM treatment from 0 to 6 h (54.7 to 91.3%, P<0.01). Similar trend was shown in the development into the morula or blastocyst stage, but very limitted. Activation of enucleated oocytes prior to fusion enhanced development of NTs compared with that post fustion. This result suggests that the frequency of activation of NTs can be greatly enhanced by treating with CHXM for 6 h. The result also suggests that if blastomeres of unknown cell cycle stage are used, activation of enucleated oocytes prior to fusion enhances development of NTs.