• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 1992

Since the first sewage treatment plant was constructed in 1976, the sewerage systems of Korea have been rapidly expanded. As of the end of 1991, 22 sewage treatment plants with total capacity of 5.4 million tons/day are in operation which is equivalent of 3395 total daily sewage generation. Total extension of sewer 39.534 km in 1990 which is 55% of the target extension for the year 2001. However, the most sewage treatment plants employ activated sludge process which may not be suitable for medium and/or small scale plants. The poor existing sewer systems do not effectively collect and transport sewage to adversely affect the function of sewage treatment plant. To select the appropriate treatment system, the cities are classified into 3 categories such as large and medium size inland cities, small size cities and coastal cities. Considering the criteria suggested during this study, appropriate treatment processes were selected for each category. Conventional activated sludge process and step aeration process were found to be the most appropriate for big inland cities while biological nutrient removal processes should be considered for the cities discharge the effluent to lakes or reservoirs. RBC or Oxidation Ditch process might be appropriate for the medium size cities while several processes which do not require skilled operation and maintenance were suggested for the small cities. Ocean discharge after primary treatment can be considered for some east coast cities, Appropriate methodology to rehabilitate the existing sewers and strategy to convert combined sewer system to separate sewer system were proposed. This paper also include the appropriate management system for industrial wastewater, sludge and nightsoil.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 2020

Odontogenic keratocysts (OKCs) are one of the most aggressive cysts in the oral and maxillofacial area because of their high recurrence rate and infiltrative behavior. In growing patients with OKCs, a radical treatment approach might cause numerous complications, including the disturbance of jaw growth and loss of the involved tooth. This case report describes successful comprehensive orthodontic treatment combined with marsupialization of the cyst in a young girl who exhibited an OKC with impacted teeth. The 10-year-old girl presented with an OKC extending from the mandibular symphysis through the left mandibular body, with ectopic impaction of the mandibular left canine and first premolar, as well as congenitally missing bilateral mandibular second premolars. Interestingly, spontaneous improvement of the positions of the ectopic impacted teeth, along with a reduction in the size of the cyst, occurred during marsupialization. The sequential use of removable and fixed appliances enabled orthodontic traction of the impacted teeth. The treatment outcome was stable at 2.5 years after the end of the treatment. We speculate that comprehensive orthodontic treatment combined with marsupialization can be an effective treatment strategy for patients with OKCs, especially when they are encountered in young, growing patients with impacted teeth.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.115-120
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• 2012

Although high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDCT/autoSCT) have improved the prognosis for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB), event-free survival rates remain in the range of 30 to 40%, which is unsatisfactory. To further improve outcomes, several clinical trials, including tandem HDCT/autoSCT, high-dose $^{131}I$-metaiodobenzylguanidine treatment, and immunotherapy with NB specific antibody, have been undertaken and pilot studies have reported encouraging results. Nonetheless, about half of high-risk NB patients still experience treatment failure and have no realistic chance for cure with conventional treatment options alone after relapse. Therefore, a new modality of treatment is warranted for these patients. In recent years, several groups of investigators have examined the feasibility and effectiveness of reduced-intensity allogeneic stem cell transplantation (RI alloSCT) for the treatment of relapsed/progressed NB. Although a graft-versus-tumor effect has not yet been convincingly demonstrated in the setting of relapsed NB, the strategy of employing RI alloSCT has provided hope that treatment-related mortality will be reduced and a therapeutic benefit will emerge. However, alloSCT for NB is still investigational and there remain many issues to be elucidated in many areas. At present, alloSCT is reserved for specific clinical trials testing the immunomodulatory effect against NB.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 2019

Treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is relatively straightforward, however, there is still some debate regarding the best strategy for treatment. The most practical recommendations of up to date were identified by a review of literature. The author reviewed the literature on CSDH management from the past to now to identify the best methods. Till 1970s, craniotomy was the most commonly used method. Burr hole (BH) became the most preferred method from 1980s. In 1977, twist drill (TD) craniostomy was introduced. Closed system drainage after a BH or a TD became the most frequently used surgical method. Although nonsurgical treatment is often successful, trephination has more advantages, such as rapid resolution of the symptoms and short period of hospitalization. Nonsurgical treatment is possible in asymptomatic patients with a small CSDH. For the symptomatic patients with CSDH, trephination is the treatment of choice, either by BH or TD. In gray zone between surgery and medical treatment, shared decision making can be an ideal approach. For the recurrent CSDHs, repeated trephination is still effective for patients with a low risk of recurrence. If the risk of recurrence is high, additional management would be helpful. For the refractory CSDHs, it is necessary to obliterate the subdural space.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.73-84
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• 2023

PURPOSE: This study analyzed the impact of AI and biosensors on physical therapy, identifying the stage of customized technology development and future prospects. AI and biosensors improve the efficiency, establish customized treatment plans, and expand patient treatment opportunities. The study employed a literature review by searching databases and collecting research. METHODS: This study searched various databases related to the topic, collected existing research, papers, and reports, evaluated the literature, and summarize the results. RESULTS: Exercise therapy utilizing artificial intelligence can provide personalized and optimal exercise plans while monitoring rehabilitation progress. In addition, biosensors such as EMG sensors and accelerometers can monitor the individual progress in physical therapy, particularly in stroke patients, which can help improve physical therapy strategy and promote patient recovery. CONCLUSION: This study suggested that artificial intelligence can be applied in many areas of physical therapy, such as exercise therapy, customized treatment plans, rehabilitation and management, pain management, neuro rehabilitation, and auxiliary devices. Using AI technology, it is possible to analyze and improve exercise and posture, retrain the central nervous system, establish customized treatment plans for individual patients, predict and compare patient progress before and after treatment, and provide customized pain analysis and treatment methods. In addition, AI can provide neuro rehabilitation programs and customized auxiliary devices.

• Clinical Endoscopy
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.417-425
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• 2022

Background/Aims: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for diverticulum-associated colorectal lesions is generally contraindicated because of the high risk of perforation. Several studies on patients with such lesions treated with ESD have been reported recently. However, the feasibility and safety of ESD for lesions in proximity to a colonic diverticulum (D-ESD) have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of D-ESD. Methods: D-ESD was defined as ESD for lesions within approximately 3 mm of a diverticulum. Twenty-six consecutive patients who underwent D-ESD were included. Two strategic approaches were used depending on whether submucosal dissection of the diverticulum-related part was required (strategy B) or not (strategy A). Treatment outcomes and adverse events associated with each strategy were analyzed. Results: The en bloc resection rate was 96.2%. The R0 and curative resection rates were 76.4% and 70.6% in strategy A and 88.9% and 77.8% in strategy B, respectively. Two cases of intraoperative perforation and one case of delayed perforation occurred. The delayed perforation case required emergency surgery, but the other cases were managed conservatively. Conclusions: D-ESD may be a feasible treatment option. However, it should be performed in a high-volume center by expert hands because it requires highly skilled endoscopic techniques.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5909-5919
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of the intensive ankle joint strategy training on the muscular strength and balancing ability in the elderly women. The subject of this study were 30 elderly women aged from 65 to 80 and randomly assigned to three groups. For 6 weeks, two experimental groups took the training an hour every 3 days of a week. The results that measured the dynamometer, FRT, and SEBT after implementing general lower limbs exercise and the intensive ankle joint strategy training for 6 weeks showed that the changes in the control and experimental group I were not statistically significant while the changes in the experimental group II were statistically significant (p<.05). For the prevention of the elderlies from fall and the treatment approaches, it is deemed to be necessary additional studies on the diverse variables through the intensive training of the ankle strategy.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.587-595
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• 2019

Pharmacological research on (CHA), a marine-derived quinazolinone alkaloid with significant cytotoxic activity, is restricted by low yields and is a problem that needs to be settled urgently. In this work, the selection of additional nitrogen sources and the optimization of additional concentrations and longer fermentation times using ammonium acetate, were investigated. CHA production was optimized to 62.1 mg/l with the addition of 50 mM ammonium acetate at 120 h of the fermentation in the shaker flask. This feeding strategy significantly increased 3-deoxy-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase activity and transcript levels of critical genes (laeA, dahp, and trpC) in the shikimate pathway compared with the non-treatment group. In addition, the selection of the feeding rate (0.01 and $0.03g/l{\cdot}h$) was investigated in a 5-L bioreactor. As a result, CHA production was increased by 57.9 mg/l with a $0.01g/l{\cdot}h$ ammonium acetate feeding rate. This work shows that the strategy of ammonium acetate supplementation had an effective role in improving CHA production by Aspergillus fumigatus CY018. It also shows that this strategy could serve as an important example of large-scale fermentation of a marine fungus in submerged culture.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.206-218
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• 1999

Relapse is one of the most serious problem in alcoholism treatment area. But there is no proper post-treatment management program for preventing relapse in Korea. The purposes of this study are the analysis of several alcoholism treatment programs and recommendation about consideration for developing our alcoholism treatment program to prevent relapse in our country. Five different alcoholism treatment programs were collected for this study, two programs were collected by participant observation and three were collected by instruction manuals, references, and briefing materials. The followings are the criteria for this analysis of the five treatment programs. 1. the specific characteristics of the treatment program 2. the criterion of the patients, the duration and period (or the treatment, the special activities, and goals of the treatment. 3. the common characteristics of the five treatments. The common characteristics of those treatment programs are; 1 preparation for post-treatment from the beginning of the treatment (hospitalization) 2. assessment of relapse related factors 3. assessment of the relapse-warning signs 4. development and plan of individualized intervention strategy 5. practice of the plan The common characteristics of those treatment programs are 1. groups are classified the recovery training groups and the self-help groups 2 all kind of treatment programs carried out as groups rather than individuals. 3. usefulness which apply to various settings and various types 4. multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach As results, those programs were developed as post-detoxication management program, follow up program, and continued care program and their theoretical framework was from social learning theory. Those programs used the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the classes, groups, and social skill training. These finding can be used for developing culturally appropriate alcoholism treatment programs focused on relapse prevention.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.234-243
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• 2006

Objectives : Several factors, such as biological markers, clinical correlates, and course of the depressive disorders with psychotic symptoms differ from those without psychotic symptoms. Therefore, specification of a treatment algorithm for depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms is legitimated. This article provides a systematic review of somatic treatments for depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms. Methods : According to the search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R & D Project, first, PubMed and EMBASE were searched using terms with regard to the treatment of depressive disorders with psychotic symptoms(until July 2006). Reference lists of related reviews and studies were searched. In addition, relevant practice guidelines were searched using PubMed. All identified clinical literatures were reviewed and summarized in a narrative manner. Results : Treatment options, such as a combination of an antidepressant and an antipsychotic versus an antidepressant or an antipsychotic alone are summarized. In addition, issues regarding the electroconvulsive therapy( ECT), combination therapy, and maintenance treatment are discussed. Conclusion : In former times, the combination of an antidepressant and an antipsychotic or ECT were recommended as the first line treatment for depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms. Recently, however, there was a suggestion that there was no conclusive evidence that the combination of an antidepressant and an antipsychotic drug is more effective than an antidepressant alone. More evidence regarding the pharmacological treatment for depressive disorder with psychotic symptoms is needed.