• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.146-148
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• 2012

The use of GEANT4 simulation toolkit has increased in the radiation medical field for the design of treatment system and the calibration or validation of treatment plans. Moreover, it is used especially on calculating dose simulation using medical data for radiation therapy. However, using internal visualization tool of GEANT4 detector constructions on expressing dose result has deficiencies because it cannot display isodose line. No one has attempted to use this code to a real patient's data. Therefore, to complement this problem, using the result of gMocren that is a three-dimensional volume-visualizing tool, we tried to display a simulated dose distribution and isodose line on medical image. In addition, we have compared cross-validation on the result of gMocren and GEANT4 simulation with commercial radiation treatment planning system. We have extracted the analyzed data of dose distribution, using real patient's medical image data with a program based on Monte Carlo simulation and visualization tool for radiation isodose mapping.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.142-149
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• 2022

Purpose: This study seeks to compare the dosimetric parameters of the bulk electron density (ED) approach and synthetic computed tomography (CT) image in terms of position variation of the air cavity in magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) for patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods: This study included nine patients that previously received MRgRT and their simulation CT and magnetic resonance (MR) images were collected. Air cavities were manually delineated on simulation CT and MR images in the treatment planning system for each patient. The synthetic CT images were generated using the deep learning model trained in a prior study. Two more plans with identical beam parameters were recalculated with ED maps that were either manually overridden by the cavities or derived from the synthetic CT. Dose calculation accuracy was explored in terms of dose-volume histogram parameters and gamma analysis. Results: The D_95% averages were 48.80 Gy, 48.50 Gy, and 48.23 Gy for the original, manually assigned, and synthetic CT-based dose distributions, respectively. The greatest deviation was observed for one patient, whose D_95% to synthetic CT was 1.84 Gy higher than the original plan. Conclusions: The variation of the air cavity position in the gastrointestinal area affects the treatment dose calculation. Synthetic CT-based ED modification would be a significant option for shortening the time-consuming process and improving MRgRT treatment accuracy.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2007

An empirical formula fur the neutron dose equivalent at the maze entrance of medical accelerator treatment rooms was derived on the basis of a Monte Carlo simulation. The simulated neutron dose equivalents around the Varian medical accelerator by the MCNPX code were employed. Two cases of target rotational planes were considered: parallel and perpendicular to maze walls. Most of the maximum neutron dose equivalents at the doorway were found when the target rotational planes were parallel to maze walls and the beams were directed to the inner maze entrances. The neutron dose equivalents at the outer maze entrances were calculated for about 698 medical accelerator facilities which were generated from the geometry configurations of running treatment rooms, based on such gantry rotation that produces the maximum neutron dose at the doorway. The results calculated with the empirical formula in this study were compared with those calculated by the Kersey method for 7 operating facilities. It was found that the maximum disagreement between the calculation of this study and that of the Kersey method was a factor of 8.54 with the value calculated by the Kersey method exceeding that of this study. It was concluded that the kersey method estimated the neutron dose equivalent at the doorway computed by MCNPX more conservatively than this study technique.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.248-251
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• 2002

The intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with a multileaf collimator (MLC) requires the conversion of a radiation fluence map into a leaf sequence file that controls the movement of the MLC during radiation treatment of patients. Patient dose verification is clinically one of the most important parts in the treatment delivery of the radiation therapy. The three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of dose distribution delivered to the target helps to verify patient dose and to determine the physical characteristics of beams used in IMRT. A new method is presented for the pretreatment dosimetric verification of two dimensional distributions of photon intensity by means of Beam Intensity Scanner System (BISS) as a radiation detector with a custom-made software for dose calculation of fluorescence signals from scintillator. The scintillator is used to produce fluorescence from the irradiation of 6MV photons on a Varian Clinac 21EX. The BISS reproduces 3D- relative dose distribution from the digitized fluoroscopic signals obtained by digital video camera-based scintillator(DVCS) device in the IMRT. For the intensity modulated beams (IMBs), the calculations of absorbed dose are performed in absolute beam fluence profiles which are used for calculation of the patient dose distribution. The 3D-dose profiles of the IMBs with the BISS were demonstrated by relative measurements of photon beams and shown good agreement with radiographic film. The mechanical and dosimetric properties of the collimating of dynamic and/or step MLC system alter the generated intensity. This is mostly due to leaf transmission, leaf penumbra and geometry of leaves. The variations of output according to the multileaf opening during the irradiation need to be accounted for as well. These phenomena result in a fluence distribution that can be substantially different from the initial and calculative intensity modulation and therefore, should be taken into account by the treatment planning for accurate dose calculations delivered to the target volume in IMRT.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.104-111
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• 2019

Purpose: Online magnetic resonance-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MRgART), an emerging technique, is used to address the change in anatomical structures, such as treatment target region, during the treatment period. However, the electron density map used for dose calculation differs from that for daily treatment, owing to the variation in organ location and, notably, air pockets. In this study, we evaluate the dosimetric effect of electron density override on air pockets during online ART for pancreatic cancer cases. Methods: Five pancreatic cancer patients, who were treated with MRgART at the Seoul National University Hospital, were enrolled in the study. Intensity modulated radiation therapy plans were generated for each patient with 60Co beams on a ViewrayTM system, with a 45 Gy prescription dose for stereotactic body radiation therapy. During the treatment, the electron density map was modified based on the daily MR image. We recalculated the dose distribution on the plan, and the dosimetric parameters were obtained from the dose volume histograms of the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk. Results: The average dose difference in the PTV was 0.86Gy, and the observed difference at the maximum dose was up to 2.07 Gy. The variation in air pockets during treatment resulted in an under- or overdose in the PTV. Conclusions: We recommend the re-contouring of the air pockets to deliver an accurate radiation dose to the target in MRgART, even though it is a time-consuming method.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.62-69
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• 2012

적응 방사선 치료(Adaptive Radiation Therapy, ART)를 실행하기 위한 매 치료 마다 획득되는 Megavoltage cone-beam CT (MVCBCT) 영상을 이용한 재 선량 계산 과정은 필수적이다. 본 연구의 목적은 intensity 보정 방법을 적용한 MVCBCT 영상 기반의 선량 계산 결과와 kilo-voltage CT (kV CT) 영상 기반의 선량 계산 결과의 비교 및 MVCBCT 영상 기반의 선량계산 정확성의 향상이다. MVCBCT 영상의 intensity 교정을 위해 kV CT와 MVCBCT을 이용하여 12 종류의 전자밀도 바를 제공하는 Cheese 팬텀 영상을 획득하고, Cheese 팬텀 영상의 동일한 전자밀도 바에서 표현되는 kV CT 영상과 MVCBCT 영상의 intensity 관계를 도출하였다. 이후 kV CT, MVCBCT를 이용한 Rando 팬텀 영상을 획득하여 MVCBCT 영상은 3차원 강체 정합을 수행하였고 본 과정을 통해 MVCBCT 영상은 kV CT 영상과 마치 동일한 모달리티에서 획득한 영상과 같은 위치 및 intensity 분포로 변환되었고, MVCBCT 영상의 잡음을 없애기 위한 Gaussian smoothing 필터를 적용하였다. 위의 과정을 거친 MVCBCT 영상을 토대로 intensity 교정을 적용한 영상과, intensity 교정을 적용하지 않은 영상, kV CT영상을 기반으로 방사선 치료 계획 시스템을 이용한 선량 계산을 시행 하였다. 선량 계산의 결과는 선량 분포의 차이 및 Percentage difference로 평가되었다. Intensity 보정을 적용한 MVCBCT 영상의 선량 계산 결과의 경우 kV CT 영상 기반의 선량 계산 결과와의 Percentage difference가 두경부 영상의 경우 1.08%, 흉부 영상의 경우 2.44%였다. 본 연구에서 적용한 intensity 변환을 통해 MVCBCT 영상을 이용한 선량 계산의 정확성이 향상됨을 확인하였고, 본 연구 방법은 실제 선량 계산에 적용 및 사용의 편리성을 확인하였다. 차후 연구 계획도 본 연구 내용에 의해 제안되었다.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.138-140
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• 2002

The spinal cord dose is the one of the limiting factor for the radiation treatment of the head & neck (H&N) or the thorax region. Due to the fact that the cord is the elongated shaped structure, it is not an easy task to maintain the cord dose within the clinically acceptable dose range. To overcome this problem, the spinal cord partial block technique (PBT) with the dynamic Multi-Leaf Collimator (dMLC) has been developed. Three dimension (3D) conformal beam directions, which minimize the coverage of the normal organs such as the lung and the parotid gland, were chosen. The PBT field shape for each field was designed to shield the spinal cord with the dMLC. The transmission factors were determined by the forward calculation method. The plan comparisons between the conventional 3D conformal therapy plan and the PTB plan were performed to evaluate the validity of this technique. The conformity index (CI) and the dose volume histogram (DVH) were used as the plan comparison indices. A series of quality assurance (QA) was performed to guarantee the reliable treatment. The QA consisted of the film dosimetry for the verification of the dose distribution and the point measurements. The PBT plan always generated better results than the conventional 3D conformal plan. The PBT was proved to be useful for the H&N and thorax region.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.247-253
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• 1996

목적 : Buchler type의 강내조사장치에 대한 선량계산 프로그램을 개발하였다. 방법 : 프로그램 디스크를 5도씩 72 분할하여 구한 좌표에서 선원의 왕복 크기와 activity의 분포를 결정하였다. 각각의 프로그램 디스크별 그리고 각 선원별로 선량율을 계산하여 선량율 표를 작성하였다. 이 선량율표를 이용하여 인체내 관심점에 대한 선량율 계산에 이용하도록 하였다. 각 관심점에 대한 선량율을 계산한 후 등선량 분포곡선을 작성하여 화면에 표시하였다. 결과 : 각 프로그램 디스크와 선원별로 선량율표를 작성하므로써 저장 용량은 다소 증가한다. 그러나 인체내 관심점의 선량 계산이 빠르게 이루어지기 때문에 환자 치료시 바로 이용할 수 있다. 또한 등선량곡선을 바로 확인할 수 있어 선원의 배열 등을 즉시 교정 할 수 있다. 결론 : 종전의 등선량 분포곡선을 이용한 근사적 계산보다 정확한 선량 계산을 훨씬 빠르게 할 수 있다. 선량계산 문제점의 해결로 Buchler type의 강내조사장치를 다양하게 치료에 응용할 수 있다. 또한 다양한 선원에 대한 선량계산에도 이용할 수 있다.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2003년도 제27회 추계학술대회
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• pp.56-56
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• 2003

For the treatment of superficial tumors like squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, 6 MV photon beam is not appropriate and a spoiler is widely used to increase dose in the buildup region, while preserving the skin sparing effect. However, commercially available treatment planning systems assume a normal unspoiled beam, thereby cannot predict the buildup dose with spoiler accurately. We aimed to implement a Monte Carlo (MC) based planning system to apply it to the radiation treatment of head and neck. Lucite with thickness of 10-mm was used for the beam spoiler with Siemens Primus 6 MV photon beam. BEAM/DOSXYZ MC system was employed to model the linac and the spoiler. To verify the calculation accuracy of MC simulations, the percent depth doses (PDDs) and profiles with and without spoiler were measured using a parallel-plate chamber. For the MC based planning, we adopted a hybrid interface system between Pinnacle (Philips, USA) and BEAM/DOSXYZ to support treatment parameters of Siemens linac and the spoiler. The measurements of PDDs and profiles agreed with the corresponding MC simulations within 2% (lSD), which demonstrate the reliability of our MC simulations. The spoiler generated electrons make a contribution to the absorbed dose up to depth of 2cm, which shows that the dominant source of increased dose from spoiler system is the contaminating electrons created by the spoiler. The whole procedures necessary for MC based treatment planning were performed seamlessly between Pinnacle and BEAM/DOSXYZ system. This ability helps to increase the clinical efficiency of the spoiler technique. In conclusion, we implemented a MC based treatment planning system for a 6 MV photon beam with a spoiler. We demonstrate sophisticated MC technique makes it possible to predict dose distributions around buildup region accurately.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2019년도 춘계학술논문요약집
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• pp.349-350
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• 2019