• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an efficient mass propagation method for the mature $Prunus$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura (43 to 58 years old). Cutting was conducted depending on cutting time, auxin treatments (IBA and NAA treatments mixed with talc powder), and cuttings position on shoots in a plastic house equipped with a fog system without heating. Rooted cuttings were transplanted to a nursery bed, and their growth characteristics were investigated in order to check whether the cuttings are successful or not for roadside tree planting. The average rooting rate was highly significant ($P$ < 0.0001) in all treatments: cutting on June 1st (61.4%) was more than two times greater in rooting rate than that on August 1st (23.6%); IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (90.8%) and IBA 500 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (89.2%) showed much greater rooting rates than those of the other treatments; upper part of the cuttings treated with IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed the highest rooting rate, 96.7%. The interactions among treatments in the average rooting rate were also significant. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the auxin treatments in the survival rate of leafed cuttings transplanted to a nursery bed. The average survival rate was 46.5%, and IBA 1,000 $mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment was the highest in leafed cuttings 79.2%, but most of leafless cuttings were dead. There were significant differences ($P$ < 0.0001) among the cuttings, grafts, and in the seedlings height, diameter at root collar, the number of roots, branches, and leaves, etc., and the cuttings was the best. We can expect a possibility of mass propagation of improved $P.$ $yedoensis$ Matsumura and a high planting survival rate through the transplanting of cuttings to a nursery bed in which the cuttings should be the following conditions: cutting in June to July, use of the upper part of cuttings, IBA treatment, and rooting in August in a cutting-greenhouse equipped with a fog system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

Korean housing developers are in a very competitive market and their way of attracting buyers is landscaping better than competing firms do. Thus, transplanting larger pine trees(Pinus densiflora S. et. Z.) is in vogue. A typical case is a pine tree about 30-year old, 35 diameters at breast height, transplanted 223 km afar from the Gangwon Province to Seoul. We estimated and compared carbon emissions during the whole transplanting works, and carbon intake by the tree if it survives 50 more years on site. Findings are; first, a large tree will take up and sequestrate approximately 90 kgC if it survives 50 more years. Second, transplanting works emit approximately 113.69 kgC, which is about 1.26 times of its possible future intake of carbon. Landscaping is a legal requirement for the purposes not only of aesthetics but also of environmental quality. Transplanting larger trees that came from a dam or a road building site may be inevitable and acceptable. However, transplanting larger trees long distance was evaluated to be harmful to the environment. It is strongly recommended to prohibit transplanting large trees. Landscape professionals need to guide clients to have desirable consumer attitude.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.220-226
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• 2005

We investigated the effect of $O_3$ on the photosynthetic characteristics of oriental plane (Platanus orientalis L.) that is used as a side tree or ornamental tree in Korea. Two-year-old oriental plane seedlings were transplanted to pots and transferred into a closed $O_3$ chamber, Photosynthetic pigment content and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves were measured every three weeks during 100 ppb $O_3$ fumigation. There was no visible foliar injury by $O_3$ exposure and the content of photosynthetic pigments did not show significant differences between control and $O_3$-treated seedlings. But photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency in leaves of $O_3$-treated seedlings were reduced after six weeks of ozone fumigation. In addition, reduction of carboxylation efficiency and photochemical efficiency was observed in leaves of $O_3$-treated seedlings after three weeks and six weeks. In accordance with our results, carboxylation efficiency, the most sensitive parameter to $O_3$ stress, was considered to be a suitable indicator of $O_3$ sensitivity.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.535-544
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• 2009

This study was conducted to establish the selection criteria for the trees to be transplanted in the forest reserves which are expected to be developed in the future. The main task in this endeavor was to access the transplantability of the trees focused on their feature, diameter at breast height (D.B.H.), soil feature, etc. The selection of the trees for transplantation consisted of two stages. The first stage was to select trees on the basis of their indigenousness and forest successional stage. The second was to select trees on the basis of their type, D.B.H., the layers of soil, etc. At the first stage, the trees which are not indigenous or expected not to survive were eliminated from the selection list, and the result showed that approximately 5.9% (about 3,841 trees) of the trees proved to be inadequate for transplanting. At the second stage, the investigation of the trees based on the criteria of tree type, D.B.H., the layers of soil was carried out, and the result showed that approximately 33.7% (1,218) out of 3,613 trees turned out to adequate for transplanting however, 23.0% of the trees, which are 829 trees, were found to be impossible to transplant. In addition, it was discovered that in the case of approximately 43.3%(1,566 trees) of the trees there was little difference between transplanting cost and planting cost of new trees. Therefore the investigation indicated that it is more advisable to transplant trees to preserve the ecological environment. However, the study showed that there are other elements to be considered, such as tree feature and soil condition, for the successful tree transplantation, and the necessary information can be provided by the managing personnel who are in charge of the forest.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2001

In this study, it was examined the effect of carbonized wastewoods on soil improvement and effect of charcoal size on tree seedling growth Thuja accidentalis seedlings grow better in the charcoal-treated soil than in the non-treated soil. Especially Pinus koraiensis charcoal with good adsorption. brought the best growth result. The charcoal treatment also improved the height growth of transplanted Aesuculus turbinate seedling However charcoal sizes(i.e. powder and particle) did not affect the growth of the seedling. Also apple trees which had been suffering from rotten roots caused by root rot was recovered by application particle-sized charcoal.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 1990

To select suitable siecies for barrier trees in the middle tmperature forest zone of Korea, sprout ratio, verdi cal density ratio and impenetrability were analyzed for 41 species including 9 evergreen conifer trees which had been transplanted 18 years ago and maintained as a hedge at Pocheon - Gun, Kyonggi -Do, Korea. 1. The species with high sprout ratio of hedges were Rosa multiflora, Lonicera maackii, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Thuja occidentalis in order at the upper portion, Thuja occidentalis, Rosa multiflora, Chamaecyparis pisifera, in order oa the middle portion, and Thuja occidentals, Chamaecyparis pisigera, Rosa multiflora, Cercdiphyllum japonicum, Cornus kousa, Ulmus pumila, Robinia pseudoacacia in order at the lower portion of hedges. 2. the species with high vertical density ratio were Thuja occidentalis, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Weigela subsessilis, Acer ginnala in order. 3.The species with hight impnetrability were Thuja occidentalis, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Forsythia Koreana, Juniperus rigida, Juniperus chinensis, Pinus strobus in order. 4. the values of correlation coefficents between the sprout ratio and impenetrability are given in table 3 and positive significant correlations can be observed in conifer trees.5. The species with high suitability for tree barrier were Thuja occidontalis, Chamaecyparis pisifera, Acer ginnala, Juniperus chinensis, Rosa multiflora, Counus kousa, Cercidiphyllum japonocum, Weigela subsessilis, Cornus officinalis, Philadelphus schrenckii in order.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.335-337
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• 1995

The effect of plant growth regulators on proliferation of shoot from stem node culture of Japanese yew (Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc.) was studied using Quoirin and Lepoivre (1977) medium. Among the cytokinin tested, BAP, kinetin, and thidiazuron at various concentrations had no effect on shoot multiplication However when zeatin at 5$\times$10$^{-5}$ M was added to the medium, an average of 6 shoots were regenerated per explant after 8 weeks of culture. The ratio of rooting ex vitro was remarkably increased up to 34% by dipping the basal end in 0.5 to 1.0% IBA on talc compared with 3% in vitro rooting. Rooted plantlets were acclimated in greenhouse conditions for one month and successfully transplanted to the field.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.77-84
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• 2004

This study was carried out to analyze the vertical and horizontal distribution of fine root biomass of Pinus thunbergii transplanted in reclaimed land from the sea near Gwangyang Bay. The fine-root biomass according to 6 planting ground types were as follows: 98.5 g DM/$m^2$ for P2, 51.1 g DM/$m^2$ for P6, 47.8 g DM$m^2$ for P5, 44.6 g DM/$m^2$ for P3, 38.2 g DM/$m^2$ for P4, 31.8 g DM/$m^2$ for Pl, respectively. The vertical distribution of fine root biomass decreased at descending soil depths of the 6 mounding types. Fine root biomass was 31∼55% in the topsoil of 20cm depth. Fine root biomass that were related to the Spatial distance from the nearest tree were unevenly distributed horizontally in 6 stands. distribution patterns of fine root biomass were closely related to soil hardness and alkalic cation (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+) concentrations. Therefore, in order to have good condition for the growth of landscaping plants, we suggest that there is a need for the construction of planting grounds as well as a need for soil improvement in bad soil environments.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2013

This study was conducted to select superior provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) well adapted to Korean environment for timber production. In 1976, twenty-two provenances of Scots pine were introduced from Sweden and the seeds were sown in seed beds in March. After one year, the seedlings were transplanted to nursery beds. The resulting 1-1 seedlings of 22 provenances were planted at Whaseong in 1978. Randomized complete block design with 3 replications were used for test plantation. Each provenance was planted with 20-tree row plot in each block and at a spacing of $1.8{\times}1.8m$. The growth performance of each provenance was monitored up to 33-years after planting. There were significant differences among provenances in volume growth. F3001 provenance showed the best volume growth of 33-years after planting ($0.160m^3$), which was 2.2 times greater than that of the lowest provenance W2027 ($0.072m^3$). The ranking of provenances was stabilized after 14 years. Comparing to reference tree species, Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora), all Scots pine provenances showed poor growth performance. In other words, volume growth of Japanese red pine at age 28 and 33 were 2.1 and 3.3 times greater than that of Scots pine, respectively. Moreover, survival rate of Scots pine was lower than that of Japanese red pine. Based on these results, it was suggested that Scots pine was not suitable to Korean environments. The cause of maladaptation of Scots pine and the implications of introduction breeding were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2010

The effect of soil salinity and soil-wetting by rise of water table on the growth of fruit trees was studied to obtain information for orchard establishment in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land. Survival ratio of trees was 85%for grape, 31%for fig, 15%for apple and pear, and near zero for peach and blueberry. Wet injury induced by water-logged or flooded condition, rather than salt injury(soil EC was lower than 3.0dS $m^{-1}$ during growing period) is thought to be more responsible for low survival ratio of fruit trees transplanted in Saemangeum area. During the summer raining season in the reclaimed areas, the soil salinity tends to be decreased by natural rainfall effect, and the rainfall acceptable capacity(RAC) of soils dramatically is reduced(10-24 mm) as rainfall is continued to occur. In spite of high hydraulic conductivity(121 cm $day^{-1}$) of soils across the area, low RAC of soils might be due to high soil saturation and elevated water table during summer raining season. Therefore, the installation of effective drainage system should be the primary factor determining successful establishment of orchard in the Saemangeum reclaimed tidal land.