• 한국작물학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.44-48
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• 1999

Uptake, assimilation and translocation of nitrogen and dry matter assimilation and translocation in ten rice cultivars were observed in no-till direct-sown rice-vetch cropping system. There was a large degree of variation in N-uptake, grain yield, nitrogen translocation efficiency and dry matter assimilation and translocation in tested rice cultivars. Forty kg N/ha base, as compound fertilizer (21-17-21% of N-P-K) three weeks after sowing and 30 kg N/ha top-dressed at panicle initiation stage as in the form of (NH$_4$)$_2$$CO_2$ was applied. ‘Newbounet’, ‘Daesanbyeo’, and ‘Hwayeongbyeo’ showed higher translocation efficiency. The contribution of pre-heading dry matter assimilates to grain ranged from 33% to 99% of dry grain weight. Dry matter of ‘Calrose 76’ was lower than Newbounet but N content was higher in Calrose 76 than Newbonnet. By maturity, N content in vegetative parts declined considerably more than dry matter, vegetative and reproductive parts, N translocation efficiency, and N harvest index. Nitrogen translocation efficiency was greater in ‘Nonganbyeo’, Daesanbyeo, and Newbounet. Grain N concentration was positively correlated with N concentration or N content of the vegetative parts at heading in Nonganbyeo, ‘Dasanbyeo’, ‘Dongjinbyeo’, and Newbonnet. These results indicated that the greater amount of dry matter and N accumulated before heading stage, the higher translocation rates of dry matter to grain and the greater net losses at maturity.

• Plant Resources
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1998

Laboratory experiments for the removal efficiency of heavy metals in land application of sludge, the accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in x plants after transplanting, and the responses of Minari growth with different ratio of land application of sludge were conducted to determine the potential ability of bioremediation with Minari plants. The removal rate and translocation of copper. zinc. lead. and cadmium in soil and plants were compared after transplanting the Minari plants to soil treated with different ratio of sludge. The removal efficiency of heavy metals in soil incorporated with sludge was different with application ratio, but increased with growing periods of Minari plants. The removal efficiency of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd ranged from 67 to 74% from 51% to 63%, from 37% to 71%. and from 15% to 25% after 45 days of transplanting. respectively. The amount removed the copper value. 65.9 mg/kg, observed to be highest in soil incorporated 3% sludge after 45 days. The translocation of Cu. Zn. Pb. and Cd from shoots to roots ranged from 18 to 53%, from 17 to 32%, from 14 to 49%, and from 23 to 38% over growing periods. respectively. In plant responses it appeared to be inhibited the plant growth in the treatment compared with the control at early stage of growth. However, the fresh weights of Minari plant increased from 12.5 to 62.5% in the sludge application after 45 days relative to the control. Therefore the Minari might play a useful role in bioremediation of Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd in the land application of sludge.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 1974

삼요소시험(三要素試驗)(1967~69)을 중심(中心)으로 정조수량등급별(正租收量等級別)로 N, P, K, Si의 흡수량(吸收量)과 이들의 정조생산효율(正租生産効率) 및 전이율(轉移率)을 본결과 다음과 같다. 1) 수량증가(收量增加)에 따른 각양분(各養分)의 요구도(要求度)는 유사(類似)한 비율(比率)로 증가(增加)하였으나 규산(珪酸)이 가장 변화(變化)가 컸다. 2) 질소효율(窒素効率)이 낮은(46kg/Nkg) 삼요소(三要素)시험에서는 수량(收量)이 증가(增加)할수록 효율(効率)과 전이율(轉移率)이 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이다. 3) 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)이 증가(增加)할수록 질소(窒素)의 정조생산효율(正租生産効率)이 감소(減少)하였으며 이감소정도는 비종(肥種) 및 품종(品種)에 따라 크게 다르다. 질소효율(窒素効率)은 식질(埴質)에서보다 수량(收量)이 높은 사양토(砂壤土)에서 높았다. 4) 질소(窒素)의 정조생산효율(正租生産効率)은 질소(窒素)의 인으로의 전이율(轉移率)과 정상관관계(正相關關系)였다. 5) 다수확(多收穫)은 질소효율(窒素効率)이 50정도에서 머문채 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)만을 증가(增加)시켜 이루어지고 있다. 6) 질소효율(窒素効率)의 저하(低下)가 저수(低收)의 큰요인(要因)으로 보였다. 7) 삼요소시험(三要素試驗)에서 인산(燐酸)의 정조생산(正租生産) 효율(効率)이 상당히 낮은 편인데 인산(燐酸)의 토양환원(土壤還元)에 의(依)한 과다흡수(過多吸收)에 기인(基因)하는 것 같다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.575-584
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• 2014

Potassium is a macronutrient that is crucial for healthy plant growth. Potassium availability, however, is often limited in agricultural fields and thus crop yields and quality are reduced. Therefore, improving the efficiency of potassium uptake and transport, as well as its utilization, in plants is important for agricultural sustainability. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in potassium uptake and transport in plants, and the molecular response of plants to different levels of potassium availability. Based on this information, four strategies for improving potassium use efficiency in plants are proposed; 1) increased root volume, 2) increasing efficiency of potassium uptake from the soil and translocation in planta, 3) increasing mobility of potassium in soil, and 4) molecular breeding new varieties with greater potassium efficiency through marker assisted selection which will require identification and utilization of potassium associated quantitative trait loci.

• 한국육종학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.349-359
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• 2011

Agriculture plays a vital role in the sustenance of human society and is the fundamental of developing economies. Nitrogen is one of the most critical inputs that define crop productivity. To ensure better value for investment as well as to minimize the adverse impacts of the accumulative nitrogen species in environment, improving nitrogen use efficiency of crop plants is of key importance. Efforts have been made to study the genetic and molecular biological basis as well as the biochemical mechanisms involved in nitrogen uptake, assimilation, translocation and remobilization in crops and model plants. This review gives an overview of metabolic, enzymatic, genetic and biotechnological aspects of nitrogen uptake, assimilation, remobilization and regulation. This review presents the complexity of nitrogen use efficiency and the need for an integrated approach combining physiology, quantitative trait genetics, system biology, soil science, ecophysiology and biotechnological interventions to improve nitrogen use efficiency.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.60-65
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• 1971

In order to observe the factors affecting light utilization efficiency in the canopy of a rice crop grown in reclaimed saline areas in Korea, 22 varieties of rice were cultured at the average salt concentration of 6.05mmhos/cm $25^{\circ}C$, (0.39%) in saline soils and non-saline silty loam soils. The inhibition of tillering ability by salt damage at the maximum tillering stage was greater than to growth in height. A significant direct correlation was observed between both ratios and salt concentration with each variety. In the salty areas the length of the flag leaf of the maturing stage showed a positive correlation with the production of rough rice while other living leaf showed a negative correlation. LAI of maturing stage was less in the salty area than in the non-salty area, while the former showed higher ratio in net assimilation and translocation to head with greater RGR before and after the heading stage.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.111-119
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• 2007

배아줄기세포는 외부 기인 특정 요소를 이용한 세포 조절물질 활성을 통하여 원하는 세포형태로 분화될 수 있다. 배아줄기세포의 이용성세포침투성단백질(CPP)은 몇 개의 아미노산으로 구성된 작은 펩타이드로 유용한 물질 수송계 중의 하나로 인식되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 몇 종류의 CPP를 이용하여 특정 단백질을 생쥐배아줄기세포(R1)내로 트렌스펙션하는데 있어 그 정도를 결정할 수 있는 요소들의 영향을 분석하였다. CPP인 Buforin II, pEP-1을 강도를 강화한 녹색형광단백질(EGFP)에 부착되도록 하여 살아있는 세포에서 볼 수 있도록 하였다. 다양한 시간대별로 그리고 다양한 농도로 재조합 CPP-EGPF를 생쥐 배아줄기세포에 처리하였으며, 대조군으로 사용한 EGFP는 CPP를 갖고 있지 않았다. 재조합 CPP-EGFP들이 R1 배아줄기세포에 미치는 세포독성은 CPP 종류와 재조합 CPP-EGFP 농도에 의존적이었다. CPP-EGFP가 배아줄기세포의 세포질이나 핵질로 들어간 증거는 처리 후 30분 이내에서는 찾을 수 없었다. 1시간 후, pEP-1-EGFP-N을 처리한 일부 세포에서만 형광단백질이 세포안으로 들어간 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 처리를 24시간까지 하였으나 흥미롭게도 세포안으로 들어가는 정도와는 비례관계가 없었다. 또한, 배아줄기세포의 막을 통과할 수 있는 CPP의 경우, 처리 농도는 세포막을 침투하여 세포내로 이동하는 것과 비례적 관계는 없으나, 매우 높은 농도에서 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 요약하면, CPP-EGFP의 트렌스펙션 효과는 전적으로 CPP에 의존적이며, CPP에 따라서는 His tag의 위치 또한 트렌스펙션에 영향을 줄 수 있으며, 처리시간은 CPP를 이용하여 배아줄기세포내로 단백질을 수송하는데 있어 중요 변수가 아니다. 또한, CPP-EGFP의 농도는 배아줄기세포막을 가로질러 수송되는데 큰 영향을 주지 않았다. 앞으로의 연구에서, 이들 CPP의 변형 또는 매개자 개발을 통한 배아줄기세포에서 좋은 단백질성 매개 수송자를 만드는 것이 필요하며 이를 이용한 분화 유도는 매우 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

• 약학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.416-426
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• 1991

The effects of an irreversible or a reversible $\alpha_1$-adrenoceptor antagonist (dibenamine or prazosin) on $\alpha_1$-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstrictions were studied in the endothelium-denuded rat aorta. In these experiments, the mobilization of intracelluier calcium and translocation of extracellular calcium were also studied. To exclude the modulation of endothelium releasing EDRF and EDCF, the endothelium was removed in all rat aortas. Contraction induced by phenylephrine (a full $\alpha_1$-adrenoceptor agonist) was separated into a fast phasic component of the response due to the release of intracellular calcium and a slow tonic one due to the influx of extracellular calcium. Pretreatments with increasing doses of reversible $\alpha_1$-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin, as well as irreversible $\alpha_1$-adrenoceptor antagonist dibenamine, inhibited the phasic component of phenylephrine-induced contraction more effectively than the tonic one. Pretreatment of dibenamine (0.2 $\mu{M}$) or prazosin (10 nM) to the rat aorta abolished phasic response but remained tonic one about 41% and 51%, respectively. These results suggest that as the efficiency of phenylephrine was progressively reduced by pretreatments with increasing doses of an irreversible or a reversible $\alpha_1$-adrenoceptor antagonist (dibenamine or prazosin), the contraction induced by phenylephrine became progressively more dependent on the influx of extracellular calcium.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1236-1241
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• 2007

Five fusion proteins between Z domains derived from Staphylococcal Protein A and Green Fluorescent Protein or Human Proinsulin were produced on the periplasm of Escherichia coli. The effects of the molecular weight and amino acid composition of the translocated peptide, culture medium composition, and growth phase of the bacterial culture were analyzed regarding the expression and periplasmic secretion of the recombinant proteins. It was found that secretion was not affected by the size of the translocated peptide (17-42 kDa) and that the highest periplasmic production values were obtained on the exponential phase of growth. Moreover, the highest periplasmic values were obtained in minimal medium, showing the relevance of the culture medium composition on secretion. In silico prediction analysis suggested that with respect to the five proteins used in this study, those that are prone to form ${\alpha}$-helix structures are more translocated to the periplasm.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 1975

질소(窒素)의 정조생산효율(正租生産効率)(E)과 수량(收量)(Y) 수확지수(收穫指數)(HI) 질소전이율(窒素轉移率)(T) 질소흡수량(窒素吸收量)(N) 정조중(正租中)N농도(濃度)(GN%) 고중농도(藁中濃度)(SN%) 전건물생산량(全乾物生産量)(TY) 간(間)의 관계(關係)를 4개질소영양환경(個窒素營養環境)(고위지(高位地)와 저위지(低位地)에서 6 및 12kg 시비수준(施肥水準))에서 수도품종(水稻品種)(구(舊) 및 신품종(新品種)) 간(間)에 단순상관분석(單純相關分析)으로 조사(調査)하였다. 질소(窒素)의 전건물(全乾物) 생산효율(生産効率) (TE)을 포함 이상(以上)의 두 인자(因子)들간(間)의 관계(關係)를 분석(分析)하였다. 1. E는 T, Y, HI와 유의정상관(有意正相關), SN%, N 및 GN와는 행의상관(行意相關)을, TY와는 부상관(負相關) 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 2. T는 GN% 및 Y와 유의정상과나(有意正相關)을, SN%와는 유의부상관(有意負相關)을 보였다. 3. TE는 TY와 유의정상관(有意正相關)을 N와는 유의부상관(有意負相關)을 보였다. 4. 품종간(品種間) E의 순위(順位)는 서로 다른 질소영양(窒素營養) 환경(環境)에서 일정성(一定性)을 보였다. 5. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)들로 다수품종(多收品種)은 고전이율(高轉移率)에 기인(基因)한 고질소효율(高窒素効率)을 갖고 띠라서 고중(藁中) N농도(濃度)가 낮으며 자실(子實)로 전류(轉流)된 N는 광합성산물(光合成産物)에 의(依)하여 크게 희석(稀析)되는 것으로 결론(結論)된다. 6. 최근육종(最近育種)된 이수성(多收性) IR 계통(系統)의 기보(旣報)된 생리적(生理的) 특성(特性)은 이 계통(系統)의 고질소효율(高窒素効率)과 잘 일치(一致)하였으며 수도육종(水稻育種)은 질소효율(窒素効率)에 기반(基盤)한 선발(選拔)로 진행(進行)되어왔다. 7. 고질소효율(高窒素効率) 품종(品種)은 생육후기(生育後期)에 효율(効率)이 큰 토양질소(土壤窒素)를 흡수(吸收)할 수 있도록 생육초기(生育初期)에 근생장(根生長)에 질소효율(窒素効率)이 클 것으로 추정(推定)된다.