• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.254-260
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• 2014

Potato Rpi-blb2 encodes a protein with a coiled-coil-nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBSLRR) motif that recognizes the Phytophthora infestans AVRblb2 effector and triggers hypersensitive cell death (HCD). To better understand the components required for Rpi-blb2-mediated HCD in plants, we used virus-induced gene silencing to repress candidate genes in Rpi-blb2-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants and assayed the plants for AVRblb2 effector. Rpi-blb2 triggers HCD through NbSGT1-mediated pathways, but not NbEDS1- or NbNDR1-mediated pathways. In addition, the role of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) in Rpi-blb2-mediated HCD were analyzed by monitoring of the responses of NbICS1-, NbCOI1-, or NbEIN2-silenced or Rpi-blb2::NahG-transgenic plants. Rpi-blb2-mediated HCD in response to AVRblb2 was not associated with SA accumulation. Thus, SA affects Rpi-blb2-mediated resistance against P. infestans, but not Rpi-blb2-mediated HCD in response to AVRblb2. Additionally, JA and ET signaling were not required for Rpi-blb2-mediated HCD in N. benthamiana. Taken together, these findings suggest that NbSGT1 is a unique positive regulator of Rpi-blb2-mediated HCD in response to AVRblb2, but EDS1, NDR1, SA, JA, and ET are not required.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.49-52
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• 2010

A DNA extraction method using Chelex 100 is widely used for bacteria, Chlamydomonas, and animal cell lines, but only rarely for plant materials due to the need for additional time-consuming and tedious steps. We have modified the Chelex 100 protocol and successfully developed a rapid and simple method of DNA extraction for efficient PCR-based detection of transgenes from a variety of transgenic plant and algal species. Our protocol consists of homogenizing plant tissue with a pestle, boiling the homogenized tissue in a microfuge tube with 5% Chelex 100 for 5 min, and centrifuging the boiled mixture. The supernatant, which is used for PCR analysis, was able to successfully amplify transgenes in transgenic tobacco, tomato, potato, Arabidopsis, rice, strawberry, Spirodela polyrhiza, Chlamydomonas, and Porphyra tenera. The entire DNA extraction procedure requires <15 min and is therefore comparable to that used for bacteria, Chlamydomonas, and animal cell lines.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.182-193
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• 2021

The transcription factor SHE1 was identified as an interacting partner with the cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) 1a protein in the yeast two-hybrid system, by a pull-down assay, and via bimolecular fluorescent complementation. Using fluorescent-tagged proteins and confocal microscopy, the CMV 1a protein itself was found distributed predominantly between the nucleus and the tonoplast membrane, although it was also found in speckles in the cytoplasm. The SHE1 protein was localized in the nucleus, but in the presence of the CMV 1a protein was partitioned between the nucleus and the tonoplast membrane. SHE1 expression was induced by infection of tobacco with four tested viruses: CMV, tobacco mosaic virus, potato virus X and potato virus Y. Transgenic tobacco expressing the CMV 1a protein showed constitutive expression of SHE1, indicating that the CMV 1a protein may be responsible for its induction. However, previously, such plants also were shown to have less resistance to local and systemic movement of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) expressing the green fluorescent protein, suggesting that the CMV 1a protein may act to prevent the function of the SHE1 protein. SHE1 is a member of the AP2/ERF class of transcription factors and is conserved in sequence in several Nicotiana species, although two clades of SHE1 could be discerned, including both different Nicotiana species and cultivars of tobacco, varying by the presence of particular insertions or deletions.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.250-261
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• 2010

The expression of vaccine antigens in transgenic plants has the potential to provide a convenient, stable, safe approach for oral vaccination alternative to traditional parenteral vaccines. Over the past two decades, many different vaccine antigens expressed via the plant nuclear genome have elicited appropriate immunoglobulin responses and have conferred protection upon oral delivery. Up to date, efforts to produce antigen proteins in plants have focused on potato, tobacco, tomato, banana, and seed (maize, rice, soybean, etc). The choice of promoters affects transgene transcription, resulting in changes not only in concentration, but also in the stage tissue and cell specificity of its expression. Inclusion of mucosal adjuvants during immunization with the vaccine antigen has been an important step towards the success of plant-derived vaccines. In animal and Phase I clinical trials several plant-derived vaccine antigens have been found to be safe and induce sufficiently high immune response. Future areas of research should further characterize the induction of the mucosal immune response and appropriate dosage for delivery system of animal and human vaccines. This article reviews the current status of development in the area of the use of plant for the development of oral vaccines.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2007

A disease resistance related gene, MbR7, was identified in the wild apple species, Malus baccata. The MbR7 gene has a single open reading frame (ORF) of 3,288 nucleotides potentially encoding a 1,095-amino acid protein. Its deduced amino acid sequence resembles the N protein of tobacco and the NL27 gene of potato and has several motifs characteristic of a TIR-NBS-LRR R gene subclass. Ectopic expression of MbR7 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance against a virulent pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Microarray analysis confirmed the induction of defense-related gene expression in 35S::MbR7 heterologous Arabidopsis plants, indicating that the MbR7 gene likely activates a downstream resistance pathway without interaction with pathogens. Our results suggest that MbR7 can be a potential target gene in developing a new disease-resistant apple variety.

• 식물병연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2002

Tobacco diseases have not been recorded until 1900s in Korea, where tobacco plants were introduced at early 1700s. Practical researches on the disease have been conducted since mid 1960s. Major ten tobacco diseases were mosaic caused by tobacco mosaic virus·potato virus Y·cucumber mosaic virus, bacterial wilt, hollow stalk, wild fire caused by angular leaf spot strain, black shank, brown spot, powdery mildew and fusarium wilt. But their annual occurrences were varied according to changes of tobacco varieties and their cultivating practices. As no useful chemicals, several biological tactics have been developed to control the viral or bacterial diseases that give significant economic damages on sustainable crop yield, but not practicable to field farming condition yet. Transgenic tobacco plants containing foreign disease resistant genes have been developed by current bio-technology, but not released to farmers yet. Though some disease-resistant tobacco varieties have been developed by the conventional breeding technology and currently used by farmers, their disease controlling efficacy have been diminished by occurrence of the new strain or race. Future research on tobacco diseases has been focused on technical development to produce high quality tobacco with less production cost, which leads Korean tobacco industry to keep its competence against foreign industry and decreasing overall market.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.405-410
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• 2003

환경스트레스는 식물의 생산성에 영향을 미치는 주된 제한요인이다. 여러 종류의 환경스트레스에 대해 내성을 지닌 형질전환 감자식물체 개발에 활용하기 위하여 두 품종의 감자(대서, 수미)의 leaf disc를 사용하여 고온을 포함하여 여러 가지 환경 스트레스에 대한 감수성을 조사하였다. 37$^{\circ}C$에서 84시간 고온처리에 대해서는 고온에 감수성 품종인 대서가 수미에 비해 약 20%피해를 더 많이 받아 감수성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 감자 식물체의 leaf disc는 2$\mu$M methyl viologen(MV)을 처리하였을 때 대서가 수미에 비해 약 38%더 많은 피해를 받았으며 10$\mu$M MV에서는 감수성은 더 높았다. 0.75M NaCl에 대해서는 대서 품종이 수미에 비해 약 45%의 낮은 엽록소 함량을 나타내어 감수성이 높은 것으로 나타났으나, 고농도에서는 큰 차이가 없었다. $H_2O$$_2$에 대한 두 품종의 감수성은 복합적이었으며, 25mM $H_2O$$_2$에서는 수미가 대서에 비해 높은 감수성을 나타내었으나 100mM $H_2O$$_2$에서는 대서가 릎은 감수성을 나타내었다. 본 연구에 사용한 leaf disc는 식물체의 활성을 잘 반영할 뿐 아니라 간편하기 때문에 복합스트레스 내성 형질전환 감자식물체의 선발 및 특성규명에 유용하게 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2011

Xylogone ganodermophthora, an ascomycetous fungus, is known to cause yellow rot in the cultivated mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we investigated the dissemination of this fungal pathogen in G. lucidum grown in cultivation houses. To determine the role of ascospores produced by X. ganodermophthora in disease development, we constructed a green fluorescent protein-labeled transgenic strain. This X. ganodermophthora strain produced a number of ascomata in the tissues of oak logs on which G. lucidum had been grown and on the mushroom fruit bodies. However, the ascospores released from the ascomata were not able to germinate on water agar or potato dextrose agar. Moreover, less than 0.1% of the ascospores showed green fluorescence, indicating that most ascospores of X. ganodermophthora were not viable. To determine the manner in which X. ganodermophthora disseminates, diseased oak logs were either buried in isolated soil beds as soil-borne inocula or placed around soil beds as air-borne inocula. In addition, culture bottles in which G. lucidum mycelia had been grown were placed on each floor of a five-floor shelf near X. ganodermophthora inocula. One year after cultivation, yellow rot occurred in almost all of the oak logs in the soil beds, including those in beds without soil-borne inocula. In contrast, none of the G. lucidum in the culture bottles was infected, suggesting that dissemination of X. ganodermophthora can occur via the cultivation soil.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.20-30
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• 1999

In order to modify lipid production of Perilla qualitatively as well as quantitatively by genetic engineering, genes involved in carbon metabolism were isolated and characterized. These include acyl-ACP thioesterases from Perilla frutescens and Iris sp., four different $\beta$-ketoacyl- ACP synthases from Perilla frutescens, and two $\Delta$15 a-cyl-ACP desaturases(Pffad7, pffad3). Δ15 acyl-ACP desa turase (Δ15-DES) is responsible for the conversion of linoleic acid (18:2) to $\alpha$-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3). pffad 3 encodes Δ15 acyl-desaturase which is localized in ER membrane. On the other hand, Pffad7 encodes a 50 kD plastid protein (438 residues), which showed highest sequence similarity to Sesamum indicum fad7 protein. Northern blot analysis revealed that the Pffad7 is highly expressed in leaves but not in roots and seeds. And Pffad3 is expressed throughout the seed developmental stage except very early and fully mature stage. We constructed Pffad7 gene under 355 promoter and Pffad3 gene under seed specific vicillin promoter. Using Pffad7 construct, Perilla, an oil seed crop in Korea, was transformed by Agrobacterium leaf disc method. $\alpha$-linolenic acid contents increased in leaves but decreased in seeds of transgenic Perilla. Currently, we are transforming Perilla with Pffad3 construct to change Perilla seed oil composition. We isolated three ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) genes from Perilla immature seed specific cDNA library. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that two of three AGP (Psagpl, Psagp2) genes encode AGP small subunit polypeptides and the remaining (Plagp) encodes an AGP large subunit. PSAGPs, AGP small subunit peptide, form active heterotetramers with potato AGP large subunit in E. coli expressing plant AGP genes.

• 한국연초학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연초학회 1997년도 담배과학 국제학술대회
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• pp.134-152
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• 1997

담배 모자이크 바이러스(TMV)와 감자 바이러스 Y(PVY) 등 식물바이러스병은 잎담배 생산에 심한 경제적 손실을 초래하고 있다. 바이러스병 방제를 위한 여러 가지 경종적 방법은 충분한-방제 효과를 얻지 못하는 경우가 많아 바이러스의 방제에는 우수한 저항성 품종의 사용이 가장 바람직한 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 기존의 육종 방법이 저항성 품종 개발에 항상 바람직한 것은 아닌데 그 이유는 저항성 유전자원이 없는 경우가 많고 또한 육종을 통해 유전자원의 열등한 특성이 도입될 수 있기 때문이다. 따라서 본 연구실에서는 TMV와 PVY의 여러 가지 형태의 외피단백질(CP) (비전사부분 포함 또는 제거, 비 전사부분 등) 및 복제유전자(Nlb) (3' 및 5' 결손 유무, 돌연변이)를 상용 담배 품종인 NC 82와 Burley 21에 형질전환시켜 바이러스 저항성 개발을 시도하였다. 각각의 유전자 cDNA를 1-2개의 35S promotor를 가진 식물발현벡타에 클로닝한 후 Agrobacteriupn (upnefaciens LBA 4404를 이용하여 식물의 잎조직에 도입시킨 후 kanamycin 함유 MS 배지에서 식물체를 재닥화하였다. 재분화 식물체는 TMV와 PVY에 대한 저항성 검정을 하였다. 그 결과 TMV에 저항성인 TMV CP 형질전환 식물체와 8 가지 Nlb 형질전환 식물체 계통 중에 6 계통의 저항성 형질전환 식물체를 획득하였다. 여기에서는 TMV와 PVY의 접종시험을 통하여 각각의 바이러스에 대한 형질전환 담배의 계통별 저항성 정도를 조사하고, 저항성 형질전환 식물체에서의 도입 유전자 확인하며, 세대별 저항성의 유전 및 안정성을 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 유망 저항성 형질전환 계통의 식물체 내에서의 바이러스 증식 및 이동과 관련된 저항성 기작, 여러 가지 PVY 계통에 대한 저항성 유무, 수량, 생육 특성 및 주요 화학 성분 함량 등을 발표하고자 한다.-glucose로 구성된 다당류 이었다. 아미노산은 Asp 및 Glu의 산성 아미노산과 Ala, Leu 등의 함량이 높게 나타났으며, 비알칼리 추출물에서 Ser과 Thr의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS는 평균 분자량이 2,000 kD와 12kD에서 주 peak를 나타냈으며, 수용성 분획의 평균 분자량은 12kD이고 비수용성 분획은 36~2,000 kD의 평균 분자량 분포를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. IR과 NMR 분석 결과 890 cm-1에서 흡수 peak를 나타내어 $\beta$-(1,3)0glucan과 $\beta$-(1,6)-glucan의 구조를 갖는 다당류로 확인 되었다. T-AS 분획은 C:H:O:N의 함량비가 38.9:5.7:49.6:1.84%이며, 이 물질의 융점은 163 $^{\circ}C$로 연한 갈색을 나타낸다. 분리된 GLG의 항암활성 기전 규명을 위해, in vivo 항암실험, 항보체 활성능, 항체 생성능, serum protein 분비능, 대식세포의 탐식능과 활성능 및 세포간 물질 분비 등의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 다당류 GLG 분획물들 가운데 항보체의 활성이 높았던 분획은 sarcome 180에 대한 항암 활성이 높게 나타났다. 다당류 T-AS의 보체 활성화 기작은 classical과 alternative complement pathway의 양 경로를 통해 활성화 되었다. T-AS 분획은 mouse내의 특정 혈청단백을 증가시켰으며, 항체 생성능의 증가가 관찰되어 effect T 세포의 활성화가 나타나고 있음을 알 수 있었다. T-AS는 생체내 투여시에 대식세포의 탐식능이 증진되었으며, 대식세포 기능 저해제에 의한 대식세포의 기능 저해 현상이 회복되었다. 이와 같은 결과들로부터, T-AS의 항암 활성은 활성화된 보체 성분 및 당 수용체들이 존재하는 대식세포의 개입을 시사한다.가능성과